| 1. |
- Babu, Md Abu Ahammed, 1994, et al.
(författare)
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Impact of Image Data Splitting on the Performance of Automotive Perception Systems
- 2024
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Ingår i: Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing. - 1865-1356 .- 1865-1348. ; 505 LNBIP, s. 91-111
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Context: Training image recognition systems is one of the crucial elements of the AI Engineering process in general and for automotive systems in particular. The quality of data and the training process can have a profound impact on the quality, performance, and safety of automotive software. Objective: Splitting data between train and test sets is one of the crucial elements in this process as it can determine both how well the system learns and generalizes to new data. Typical data splits take into consideration either randomness or timeliness of data points. However, in image recognition systems, the similarity of images is of equal importance. Methods: In this computational experiment, we study the impact of six data-splitting techniques. We use an industrial dataset with high-definition color images of driving sequences to train a YOLOv7 network. Results: The mean average precision (mAP) was 0.943 and 0.841 when the similarity-based and the frame-based splitting techniques were applied, respectively. However, the object-based splitting technique produces the worst mAP score (0.118). Conclusion: There are significant differences in the performance of object detection methods when applying different data-splitting techniques. The most positive results are the random selections, whereas the most objective ones are splits based on sequences that represent different geographical locations.
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| 2. |
- Borg, Markus, et al.
(författare)
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Agility in Software 2.0 – Notebook Interfaces and MLOps with Buttresses and Rebars
- 2022
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Ingår i: International Conference on Lean and Agile Software DevelopmentLASD 2022: Lean and Agile Software Development pp 3-16. - Cham : Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH. - 1865-1356 .- 1865-1348. - 9783030942373 ; , s. 3-16
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Artificial intelligence through machine learning is increasingly used in the digital society. Solutions based on machine learning bring both great opportunities, thus coined “Software 2.0,” but also great challenges for the engineering community to tackle. Due to the experimental approach used by data scientists when developing machine learning models, agility is an essential characteristic. In this keynote address, we discuss two contemporary development phenomena that are fundamental in machine learning development, i.e., notebook interfaces and MLOps. First, we present a solution that can remedy some of the intrinsic weaknesses of working in notebooks by supporting easy transitions to integrated development environments. Second, we propose reinforced engineering of AI systems by introducing metaphorical buttresses and rebars in the MLOps context. Machine learning-based solutions are dynamic in nature, and we argue that reinforced continuous engineering is required to quality assure the trustworthy AI systems of tomorrow.
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| 3. |
- Borg, Markus, et al.
(författare)
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The AIQ Meta-Testbed : Pragmatically Bridging Academic AI Testing and Industrial Q Needs
- 2021
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Ingår i: Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing. - Cham : Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH. - 1865-1348 .- 1865-1356. - 9783030658533 ; 404, s. 66-77
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- AI solutions seem to appear in any and all application domains. As AI becomes more pervasive, the importance of quality assurance increases. Unfortunately, there is no consensus on what artificial intelligence means and interpretations range from simple statistical analysis to sentient humanoid robots. On top of that, quality is a notoriously hard concept to pinpoint. What does this mean for AI quality? In this paper, we share our working definition and a pragmatic approach to address the corresponding quality assurance with a focus on testing. Finally, we present our ongoing work on establishing the AIQ Meta-Testbed.
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| 4. |
- Eriksson, Kristina M., 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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A Case Study Initiating Discrete Event Simulation as a Tool for Decision Making in I4.0 Manufacturing
- 2021
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Ingår i: Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing. - Cham : Springer Science+Business Media B.V.. - 1865-1348 .- 1865-1356. ; 414 LNBIP, s. 84-96
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Smart manufacturing needs to handle increased uncertainty by becoming more responsive and more flexible to reconfigure. Advances in technology within industry 4.0 can provide acquisition of large amounts of data, to support decision making in manufacturing. Those possibilities have brought anew attention to the applicability of discrete event simulation for production flow modelling when moving towards design of logistics systems 4.0. This paper reports a study investigating challenges and opportunities for initiation of discrete event simulation, as a tool for decision making in the era of industry 4.0 manufacturing. The research has been approached through action research in combination with a real case study at a manufacturing company in the energy sector. The Covid-19 pandemic fated that adjusted and new ways of communication, collaboration, and data collection, in relation to the methods, had to be explored and tried. Throughout the study, production data, such as processing times, have been collected and analyzed for discrete event simulation modelling. The complexity of introducing discrete event simulation as a new tool for decision making is highlighted, where we emphasize the human knowledge and involvement yet necessary to understand and to draw conclusions from the data. The results also demonstrate that the data analysis has given valuable insights into production characteristics, that need addressing. Thus, revealing opportunities for how the initiative of introducing discrete event simulation as an anew tool in the wake of industry 4.0, can act as a catalyst for improved decision making in future manufacturing. © 2021, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
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| 5. |
- Green, Rolf, 1991, et al.
(författare)
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Autonomously Improving Systems in Industry : A Systematic Literature Review
- 2021
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Ingår i: Software Business. - Cham : Springer. - 9783030672911 - 9783030672928 ; 407, s. 30-45
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- A significant amount of research effort is put into studying machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) technologies. Real-world ML applications help companies to improve products and automate tasks such as classification, image recognition and automation. However, a traditional “fixed” approach where the system is frozen before deployment leads to a sub-optimal system performance. Systems autonomously experimenting with and improving their own behavior and performance could improve business outcomes but we need to know how this could actually work in practice. While there is some research on autonomously improving systems, the focus on the concepts and theoretical algorithms. However, less research is focused on empirical industry validation of the proposed theory. Empirical validations are usually done through simulations or by using synthetic or manually alteration of datasets. The contribution of this paper is twofold. First, we conduct a systematic literature review in which we focus on papers describing industrial deployments of autonomously improving systems and their real-world applications. Secondly, we identify open research questions and derive a model that classifies the level of autonomy based on our findings in the literature review.
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| 6. |
- Gren, Lucas, 1984
(författare)
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Understanding work practices of autonomous agile teams: A social-psychological review
- 2020
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Ingår i: Agile Processes in Software Engineering and Extreme Programming – Workshops. XP 2020. Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing. - Cham : Springer, Cham. - 1865-1348 .- 1865-1356. - 9783030588571
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this paper is to suggest additional aspects of social psychology that could help when making sense of autonomous agile teams. To make use of well-tested theories in social psychology and instead see how they replicated and differ in the autonomous agile team context would avoid reinventing the wheel. This was done, as an initial step, through looking at some very common agile practices and relate them to existing findings in social-psychological research. The two theories found that I argue could be more applied to the software engineering context are social identity theory and group socialization theory. The results show that literature provides social-psychological reasons for the popularity of some agile practices, but that scientific studies are needed to gather empirical evidence on these under-researched topics. Understanding deeper psychological theories could provide a better understanding of the psychological processes when building autonomous agile team, which could then lead to better predictability and intervention in relation to human factors.
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| 7. |
- Gren, Lucas, 1984, et al.
(författare)
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What an Agile Leader Does: The Group Dynamics Perspective
- 2020
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Ingår i: Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 1865-1356 .- 1865-1348. - 9783030493912 ; 383 LNBIP, s. 178-194
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- When large industrial organizations change to (or start with) an agile approach to operations, managers and some employees are supposed to be “agile leaders” often without being given a clear definition of what that comprises when building agile teams. An inductive thematic analysis was used to investigate what 15 appointed leaders actually do and perceive as challenges regarding group dynamics working with an agile approach. Team maturity, Team design, and Culture and mindset were all categories of challenges related to group dynamics that the practitioners face and manage in their work-life that are not explicitly mentioned in the more process-focused agile transformation frameworks. The results suggest that leader mitigation of these three aspects of group dynamics is essential to the success of an agile transformation.
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| 8. |
- Hyrynsalmi, Sami, et al.
(författare)
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Quō vādis, Data Business?: A Study for Understanding Maturity of Embedded System Companies in Data Economy
- 2022
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Ingår i: Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 1865-1356 .- 1865-1348. ; 463 LNBIP, s. 141-148, s. 141-148
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Data has been claimed to be the new oil of the 21st century as it has seen to be able both to improve the existing products and services as well as to create new revenue streams for its utilizing company with a secondary customers base. However, while there is active streams of research for developing machine learning and data science methods, considerably less has been done to understand and characterize data business activities in the software-intensive companies. This study uses a multiple case study approach in the software-intensive embedded system domain. Four large international embedded system companies were selected as the case study subjects. The objective is to understand how the case companies are developing their activities for successful utilization of the data. The study identifies six distinct stages with their own challenges. In addition, this study serves as a starting for further work for supporting software-intensive embedded system companies to start data business.
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| 9. |
- John, Meenu Mary, et al.
(författare)
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Architecting AI Deployment: A Systematic Review of State-of-the-Art and State-of-Practice Literature
- 2021
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Ingår i: Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 1865-1356 .- 1865-1348. ; 407, s. 14-29, s. 14-29
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Companies across domains are rapidly engaged in shifting computational power and intelligence from centralized cloud to fully decentralized edges to maximize value delivery, strengthen security and reduce latency. However, most companies have only recently started pursuing this opportunity and are therefore at the early stage of the cloud-to-edge transition. To provide an overview of AI deployment in the context of edge/cloud/hybrid architectures, we conduct a systematic literature review and a grey literature review. To advance understanding of how to integrate, deploy, operationalize and evolve AI models, we derive a framework from existing literature to accelerate the end-to-end deployment process. The framework is organized into five phases: Design, Integration, Deployment, Operation and Evolution. We make an attempt to analyze the extracted results by comparing and contrasting them to derive insights. The contribution of the paper is threefold. First, we conduct a systematic literature review in which we review the contemporary scientific literature and provide a detailed overview of the state-of-the-art of AI deployment. Second, we review the grey literature and present the state-of-practice and experience of practitioners while deploying AI models. Third, we present a framework derived from existing literature for the end-to-end deployment process and attempt to compare and contrast SLR and GLR results.
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| 10. |
- Kaili, Michalis, 1997, et al.
(författare)
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Improving the Representation Choices of Privacy Policies for End-Users
- 2023
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Ingår i: Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing. - 1865-1356 .- 1865-1348. ; 494 LNBIP, s. 42-59
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Privacy policies provide users the possibility to get informed about how their data are being used by specific services and vendors. Unfortunately their texts are usually long and users are not devoting the required time to read them and understand their content. Tools that bring the privacy policies closer to the users can assist towards enhancing users’ privacy awareness. In this work, we are presenting the updated version of Privacy Policy Beautifier, our approach and accompanying tool that offers various representations of the privacy policy text, as a way to assist the users in better understanding the policy, devoting less time to explore its main content. Text highlighting, text summarization, word cloud, GDPR terms presence/absence are the techniques employed for the representations. The updated version of Privacy Policy Beautifier has been evaluated for its enhanced features via the participation of 32 users with promising results.
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| 11. |
- Nilsson Tengstrand, Sara, et al.
(författare)
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Challenges of Adopting SAFe in the Banking Industry – A Study Two Years After Its Introduction
- 2021
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Ingår i: XP 2021: Agile Processes in Software Engineering and Extreme Programming.Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing book series (LNBIP, volume 419). - Cham : Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH. - 1865-1356 .- 1865-1348. - 9783030780975 ; , s. 157-171
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Scaled Agile Framework (SAFe) is a framework for scaling agile methods in large organizations. We have found several experience reports and white papers describing SAFe adoptions in different banks, which indicates that SAFe is being used in the banking industry. However, there is a lack of academic publications on the topic, the banking industry is missing in the scientific reports analyzing SAFe transformations. To fill this gap, we present a study on the main challenges with a SAFe transformation at a large full-service bank. We identify the challenges in the bank under study and compare the findings with experience reports from other banks, as well as with research on SAFe transformations in other domains. Many of the challenges reported in this paper overlap with the generic SAFe challenges, including management and organization, education and training, culture and mindset, requirements engineering, quality assurance, and systems architecture. However, we also report some novel challenges specific to the banking domain, e.g., the risk of jeopardizing customer relations, stability, and trust of external stakeholders. This study validates several SAFe-related challenges reported in previous work in the banking context. It also brings up some novel challenges specific to the banking industry. Therefore, we believe our results are particularly useful to practitioners responsible for SAFe transformations at other banks. © 2021, The Author(s).
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| 12. |
- Ochodek, M., et al.
(författare)
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Automated Code Review Comment Classification to Improve Modern Code Reviews
- 2022
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Ingår i: Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 1865-1356 .- 1865-1348. ; 439 LNBIP, s. 23-40
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Modern Code Reviews (MCRs) are a widely-used quality assurance mechanism in continuous integration and deployment. Unfortunately, in medium and large projects, the number of changes that need to be integrated, and consequently the number of comments triggered during MCRs could be overwhelming. Therefore, there is a need for quickly recognizing which comments are concerning issues that need prompt attention to guide the focus of the code authors, reviewers, and quality managers. The goal of this study is to design a method for automated classification of review comments to identify the needed change faster and with higher accuracy. We conduct a Design Science Research study on three open-source systems. We designed a method (CommentBERT) for automated classification of the code-review comments based on the BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers) language model and a new taxonomy of comments. When applied to 2,672 comments from Wireshark, The Mono Framework, and Open Network Automation Platform (ONAP) projects, the method achieved accuracy, measured using Matthews Correlation Coefficient, of 0.46–0.82 (Wireshark), 0.12–0.8 (ONAP), and 0.48–0.85 (Mono). Based on the results, we conclude that the proposed method seems promising and could be potentially used to build machine-learning-based tools to support MCRs as long as there is a sufficient number of historical code-review comments to train the model.
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| 13. |
- Ochodek, Miroslaw, et al.
(författare)
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On Identifying Similarities in Git Commit Trends—A Comparison Between Clustering and SimSAX
- 2020
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Ingår i: SWQD 2020: Software Quality: Quality Intelligence in Software and Systems Engineering. - Cham : Springer. - 1865-1348 .- 1865-1356. - 9783030355104
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Software products evolve increasingly fast as markets continuously demand new features and agility to customer’s need. This evolution of products triggers an evolution of software development practices in a different way. Compared to classical methods, where products were developed in projects, contemporary methods for continuous integration, delivery, and deployment develop products as part of continuous programs. In this context, software architects, designers, and quality engineers need to understand how the processes evolve over time since there is no natural start and stop of projects. For example, they need to know how similar two iterations of the same program or how similar two development programs are. In this paper, we compare three methods for calculating the degree of similarity between projects by comparing their Git commit series. We test three approaches—the DNA-motifs-inspired …
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| 14. |
- Olsson, Helena Holmström, et al.
(författare)
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Strategic Digital Product Management in the Age of AI
- 2024
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Ingår i: Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing. - 1865-1356 .- 1865-1348. ; 500 LNBIP, s. 344-359
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The role of software product management is key for building, implementing and managing software products. However, although there is prominent research on software product management (SPM) there are few studies that explore how this role is rapidly changing due to digitalization and digital transformation of the software-intensive industry. In this paper, we study how key trends such as DevOps, data and artificial intelligence (AI), and the emergence of digital ecosystems are rapidly changing current SPM practices. Whereas earlier, product management was concerned with predicting the outcome of development efforts and prioritizing requirements based on these predictions, digital technologies require a shift towards experimental ways-of-working and hypotheses to be tested. To support this change, and to provide guidelines for future SPM practices, we first identify the key challenges that software-intensive embedded systems companies experience with regards to current SPM practices. Second, we present an empirically derived framework for strategic digital product management (SPM4AI) in which we outline what we believe are key practices for SPM in the age of AI.
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| 15. |
- Porras, Jari, et al.
(författare)
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How Could We Have Known? Anticipating Sustainability Effects of a Software Product
- 2021
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Ingår i: Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 1865-1356 .- 1865-1348. ; 434 LNBIP, s. 10-17
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Companies are required to think of ways to address their sustainability responsibilities and impacts. Although they commonly present some of their activities and impacts at a high-level of abstraction in their sustainability strategies, the impacts of their products and services may remain unclear in such reporting. This is partly due to the lack of suitable tools to increase their awareness regarding the potential effects of these products and services on different sustainability dimensions. Using a case study, this paper shows how the Sustainability Awareness Framework (SusAF) can be applied to identify such potential effects of an IT company’s (software) product and how such identified effects could be linked to the company focus.
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| 16. |
- Ros, Rasmus, et al.
(författare)
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Continuous Experimentation with Product-Led Business Models : A Comparative Case Study
- 2021
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Ingår i: Software Business - 11th International Conference, ICSOB 2020, Proceedings. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 1865-1356 .- 1865-1348. - 9783030672911 ; 407, s. 143-158
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Context. Continuous experimentation is used by many companies to improve their products with users data. In this study, the efficacy of continuous experimentation as used in two different types of business models (product-led or sales-led). Method. Two case companies with a product-led business model and three companies with sales-led business model were compared against each other. 14 interviewees were selected from the cases. Results. Having a product-led business model enabled four different drivers to continuous experimentation: 1) development and sales & marketing integration, 2) improved prioritization, 3) decreased feature bloat, and 4) product measurability. Conclusions. The takeaway message is that a company must be structured in the right way to obtain benefits from experimentation.
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| 17. |
- Staron, Miroslaw, 1977, et al.
(författare)
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Comparing Anomaly Detection and Classification Algorithms: A Case Study in Two Domains
- 2023
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Ingår i: Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing. - 1865-1356 .- 1865-1348. ; 472 LNBIP, s. 121-136
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Utilizing large data sets in practical scenarios usually requires identifying, annotating and classifying rare events or anomalies. Although several methods exists, there are two classes of algorithms: anomaly detection algorithms and classification algorithms. Both types of algorithms have different characteristics and in this paper, we set out to compare them on two cases. We use data from a neurointensive care unit and from microwave radio transmissions. We apply Isolation Forest and Random Forest algorithms to find events in the data that occur with a frequency of ca. 1%. The results show that classification algorithms (Random Forest) perform better and can achieve up to 100% accuracy, while the anomaly detection algorithms (Isolation Forest) can achieve only 73% at best. Based on the results, we conclude that it is better to invest in annotating data á priori and use classification algorithms, despite the lower costs of using the anomaly detection algorithms.
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| 18. |
- Staron, Miroslaw, 1977, et al.
(författare)
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Improving Quality of Code Review Datasets – Token-Based Feature Extraction Method
- 2021
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Ingår i: Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 1865-1356 .- 1865-1348. ; 404, s. 81-93
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Machine learning is used increasingly frequent in software engineering to automate tasks and improve the speed and quality of software products. One of the areas where machine learning starts to be used is the analysis of software code. The goal of this paper is to evaluate a new method for creating machine learning feature vectors, based on the content of a line of code. We designed a new feature extraction algorithm and evaluated it in an industrial case study. Our results show that using the new feature extraction technique improves the overall performance in terms of MCC (Matthews Correlation Coefficient) by 0.39 – from 0.31 to 0.70, while reducing the precision by 0.05. The implications of this is that we can improve overall prediction accuracy for both true positives and true negatives significantly. This increases the trust in the predictions by the practitioners and contributes to its deeper adoption in practice.
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| 19. |
- Zdravkovic, Jelena, et al.
(författare)
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Preface
- 2022
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Ingår i: Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing. - 1865-1356 .- 1865-1348. ; 451, s. V-VI
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 20. |
- Zhang, Hongyi, 1996, et al.
(författare)
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Engineering Federated Learning Systems : A Literature Review
- 2021
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Ingår i: Software Business. - Cham : Springer. - 9783030672911 - 9783030672928 ; 407, s. 210-218
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- With the increasing attention on Machine Learning applications, more and more companies are involved in implementing AI components into their software products in order to improve the service quality. With the rapid growth of distributed edge devices, Federated Learning has been introduced as a distributed learning technique, which enables model training in a large decentralized network without exchanging collected edge data. The method can not only preserve sensitive user data privacy but also save a large amount of data transmission bandwidth and the budget cost of computation equipment. In this paper, we provide a state-of-the-art overview of the empirical results reported in the existing literature regarding Federated Learning. According to the problems they expressed and solved, we then categorize those deployments into different application domains, identify their challenges and then propose six open research questions.
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| 21. |
- Zhang, Hongyi, 1996, et al.
(författare)
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Towards Federated Learning: A Case Study in the Telecommunication Domain
- 2021
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Ingår i: Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 1865-1356 .- 1865-1348. ; 434 LNBIP, s. 238-253, s. 238-253
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Federated Learning, as a distributed learning technique, has emerged with the improvement of the performance of IoT and edge devices. The emergence of this learning method alters the situation in which data must be centrally uploaded to the cloud for processing and maximizes the utilization of edge devices’ computing and storage capabilities. The learning approach eliminates the need to upload large amounts of local data and reduces data transfer latency with local data processing. Since the Federated Learning technique does not require centralized data for model training, it is better suited to edge learning scenarios in which nodes have limited data. However, despite the fact that Federated Learning has significant benefits, we discovered that companies struggle with integrating Federated Learning components into their systems. In this paper, we present case study research that describes reasons why companies anticipate Federated Learning as an applicable technique. Secondly, we summarize the services that a complete Federated Learning system needs to support in industrial scenarios and then identify the key challenges for industries to adopt and transition to Federated Learning. Finally, based on our empirical findings, we suggest five criteria for companies implementing reliable Federated Learning systems.
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| 22. |
- Koutsikouri, Dina, 1970, et al.
(författare)
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Agile Transformation: How Employees Experience and Cope with Transformative Change
- 2020
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Ingår i: Agile Processes in Software Engineering and Extreme Programming – Workshops. XP 2020 Workshops, Copenhagen, Denmark, June 8–12, 2020, Revised Selected Papers. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 1865-1348. - 9783030588588
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Modern manufacturing is highly competitive, requiring that organizations reduce lead times and achieve greater organizational flexibility, for example by implementing agile ways of working. However, studies show that incumbent firms have persistent problems with adopting and scaling such practices. In this paper, we present an empirical account of agile transformation in a large manufacturing company that has adopted the SAFe framework. Based on interviews, focus groups, and observation data, we identify three themes for understanding how employees experience and cope with transformative change by: 1) making sense of the new, 2) practicing with peers and 3) letting go of legacy. Key findings are that initially employees are more concerned with making sense of the new rather than with the implementation of agile itself and that implementation of agile happens very gradually over time rather than through major breakthroughs. Thus, it takes time for employees to weather change, become acquainted with the new way of working and stabilize how they work together in the agile teams and across the ARTs (Agile Release Trains). We contribute to extant literature with insight into the human implications of agile transformation.
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