| 1. |
- Akrami, Nazar, et al.
(författare)
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Classical and modern prejudice : attitudes toward people with intellectual disabilities.
- 2006
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Ingår i: Research in Developmental Disabilities. - : Elsevier BV. - 0891-4222 .- 1873-3379. ; 27:6, s. 605-617
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In two studies, we examine whether attitudes toward people with intellectual disabilities, like sexism and racism, consist of two forms – a classical and a modern, where the classical is overt and blatant and the modern is more subtle and covert. Self-report scales tapping these two forms were developed in Study 1. Based on confirmatory factor analyses, the results in Study 1 supported our hypothesis and revealed that the modern and classical forms are correlated but distinguishable. This outcome was replicated in Study 2. Construct and discriminatory validations of the scales provided further support for the distinction. The theoretical and practical importance of the results is discussed in relation to previous research on attitudes toward people with intellectual disabilities and other social outgroups.
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| 2. |
- Blomberg, Stefan, et al.
(författare)
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Fears, hyperacusis and musicality in Williams syndrome
- 2006
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Ingår i: Research in Developmental Disabilities. - : Elsevier BV. - 0891-4222 .- 1873-3379. ; 27:6, s. 668-680
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The study investigated the prevalence of fear and hyperacusis and the possible connections between fear, hyperacusis and musicality in a Swedish sample of individuals with Williams syndrome (WS). The study included 38 individuals and a cross-sectional design, with no matched control group. Two persons, who knew the participant well, completed a questionnaire. On reported fears, 58% of the participants scored higher than +2S.D., compared to a psychometric study. Thirteen percent scored above the suggested cut-off for hyperacusis, compared to 2.5% in a psychometric study. Female participants generally had higher reported fears and hyperacusis compared to male participants. There were also startling findings of correlations between reported fears and hyperacusis. This preliminary report supports a hypothesis that fears and anxiety could be associated with hyperacusis in the WS population. A hypothesis that musicality could serve as a protective factor and prevent anxiety, received no or very limited support. A hypothesis that hyperacusis could be connected to a general, readily arousal, tendency in the sympathetic nervous system and could be seen as vulnerability for psychopathology is discussed. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 3. |
- Holck, Pernille, et al.
(författare)
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Children with cerebral palsy, spina bifida and pragmatic language impairment: Differences and similarities in pragmatic ability
- 2009
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Ingår i: Research in developmental disabilities. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-3379 .- 0891-4222. ; 30, s. 942-951
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Pragmatically related abilities were studied in three clinical groups of children from 5 to 11 years of age; children with cerebral palsy (CP; n = 10), children with spina bifida and hydrocephalus (SBH; n = 10) and children with pragmatic language impairment (PLI; n = 10), in order to explore pragmatic abilities within each group. A range of pragmatic, linguistic and cognitive assessments were performed, and comparisons between the groups were made. In addition, connections between variables were studied. The most salient result was the many similarities and the lack of clear boundaries between the groups. The only significant differences found concerned short-term memory and inference ability, where all three groups experienced problems but to varying extent. Different patterns of variance were found in the groups, indicating that different underlying abilities such as reception of grammar, inferential comprehension and lexical comprehension seem to affect pragmatic ability in somewhat different ways. The results suggest that the children with CP and SBH in this study shared a number of pragmatically related traits, being more similar than would be expected according to earlier research. Finally, it is suggested that pragmatic assessment is further subdivided into a socially versus a linguistically related assessment.
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| 4. |
- Larsson, Maria, 1969, et al.
(författare)
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Early reading and spelling abilities in children with severe speech and physical impairment: A cross-linguistic comparison.
- 2009
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Ingår i: Research in developmental disabilities. - : Elsevier BV. - 0891-4222. ; 30, s. 70-95
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Early reading and spelling abilities in children from Ireland and Sweden with severe speech and physical impairment (SSPI) were studied and compared. The aim was to look for similarities as well as for differences that could be related to the different linguistic environments. Both group consisted of 15 children, and were matched on linguistic age. Reading and spelling as well as phonological awareness and memory were tested. Both groups performed fairly well on the phonological awareness tasks, but the Swedish children did not seem to manage to use this ability successfully for reading and spelling. Overall the Irish children showed a slightly stronger performance, and were significantly better at the reading tasks. There were some signs that children were affected by the structure of their individual languages. The Irish children revealed the greatest problems with pseudoword spelling which is in line with results from speaking children with English as their mother tongue and could be a result of using a strategy based on larger linguistic units. The Swedish children had particular problems with tasks presented without oral support, which may be an effect of memory problems due to their lack of articulatory ability.
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| 5. |
- Miniscalco, Carmela, 1963, et al.
(författare)
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Non-word repetition in young school-age children with language impairment and/or neuropsychiatric disorder.
- 2009
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Ingår i: Research in Developmental Disabilities. - : Elsevier BV. - 0891-4222. ; 30:6, s. 1145-1154
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We wanted to test the hypothesis that neuropsychiatric disorder (NPD) with language impairment (LI) is a more severe variant of NPD than NPD without LI, and that this variant can be easily picked up by a non-word repetition (NWR) task. We therefore tested 56 (mean 7.6, range 6.1-9.5 years) children divided into three subgroups: one with LI only (n=8), one with NPD only (n=16) and one with a combination of LI and NPD (n=32). We used a Swedish NWR test, a real word repetition test, the Verbal Comprehension and Freedom from Distractibility factor of the WISC-III. All three subgroups had difficulties with NWR and real word repetition compared to the norm, but the within-subgroup variations were considerable. The subgroup with NPD only performed best on both NWR and real word repetitions, but remarkably poorly given that they had never been noted for having language problems. NPD with LI consistently had the lowest scores. Of the three subgroups, only NPD with LI scored lower than the normal range on Verbal Comprehension and Freedom from Distractibility. Significant correlations were found between NWR on the one hand, and Freedom from Distractibility and Verbal Comprehension, on the other, indicating that poor results on a NWR test is probably not a "clean" measure of speech and language impairment, but also taps into other neuropsychological constructs, including executive dysfunction. In conclusion, the study confirmed the hypothesis that NPD with LI constitutes a more severe variant of NPD, and that this variant can easily be picked up by a quick and easy NWR screening test.
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| 6. |
- Niklasson, Lena, 1947, et al.
(författare)
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Autism, ADHD, mental retardation and behavior problems in 100 individuals with 22q11 deletion syndrome.
- 2009
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Ingår i: Research in Developmental Disabilities. - : Elsevier BV. - 0891-4222. ; 30:4, s. 763-773
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study assessed the prevalence and type of associated neuropsychiatric problems in children and adults with 22q11 deletion syndrome. One-hundred consecutively referred individuals with 22q11 deletion syndrome were given in-depth neuropsychiatric assessments and questionnaires screens. Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and/or attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) were diagnosed in 44 cases. ASD was diagnosed in 23 cases of whom only 5 had autistic disorder. ADHD was diagnosed in 30 individuals. In nine of these cases with ASD or ADHD there was a combination of these diagnoses. Mental retardation (MR) with or without ASD/ADHD was diagnosed in 51 individuals. ASD, ADHD, and/or MR were present in 67 cases. Females had higher IQ than males. The results of this study showed that the vast majority of all individuals with 22q11 deletion syndrome have behavior and/or learning problems and more than 40% meet criteria for either ASD, ADHD or both. Neuropsychiatric and neuropsychological evaluations are indicated as parts of the routine clinical assessment of individuals with 22q11 deletion syndrome.
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