| 1. |
- Ahlberg, Viktor, et al.
(author)
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Global transcriptional response to ISCOM-Matrix adjuvant at the site of administration and in the draining lymph node early after intramuscular injection in pigs
- 2012
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In: Developmental and Comparative Immunology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0145-305X .- 1879-0089. ; 38, s. 17-26
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- ISCOM vaccines induce a balanced Th1/Th2 response, long-lasting antibody responses and cytotoxic T lymphocytes. The mode of action for the adjuvant component, the ISCOM-Matrix, is known to some extent but questions remain regarding its mechanism of action. The Affymetrix GeneChip (R) Porcine Genome Array was applied to study the global transcriptional response to ISCOM-Matrix in pigs at the injection site and in the draining lymph node 24 h after i.m. injection. Gene enrichment analysis revealed inflammation, innate immunity and antigen processing to be central in the ISCOM-Matrix response. At the injection site, 594 genes were differentially expressed, including up-regulation of the cytokines osteopontin (SPP1), IL-10 and IL-18 and the chemokines CCL2, CCL19 and CXCL16. Of the 362 genes differentially expressed in the lymph node, IL-1 beta and CXCL11 were up-regulated whereas IL18, CCL15 and CXCL12 were down-regulated. ISCOM-Matrix also modulated genes for pattern recognition receptors at the injection site (TLR2, TLR4, MRC1, PTX3, LGALS3) and in the lymph node (TLR4, RIG-I, MDA5, OAS1, ElF2AK2, LGALS3). A high proportion of up-regulated interferon-regulated genes indicated an interferon response. Thus, several genes, genetic pathways and biological processes were identified that are likely to shape the early immune response elicited by ISCOM-based vaccines. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Cerenius, Lage, 1956-, et al.
(author)
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High sequence variability among hemocyte-specific Kazal-type proteinase inhibitors in decapod crustaceans
- 2010
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In: Developmental and Comparative Immunology. - : Elsevier. - 0145-305X .- 1879-0089. ; 34:1, s. 69-75
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Crustacean hemocytes were found to produce a large number of transcripts coding for Kazal-type proteinase inhibitors (KPIs). A detailed study performed with the crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus and the shrimp Penaeus monodon revealed the presence of at least 26 and 20 different Kazal domains from the hemocyte KPIs, respectively. Comparisons with KPIs from other taxa indicate that the sequences of these domains evolve rapidly. A few conserved positions, e.g. six invariant cysteines were present in all domain sequences whereas the position of P1 amino acid, a determinant for substrate specificity, varied highly. A study with a single crayfish animal suggested that even at the individual level considerable sequence variability among hemocyte KPIs produced exist. Expression analysis of four crayfish KPI transcripts in hematopoietic tissue cells and different hemocyte types suggest that some of these KPIs are likely to be involved in hematopoiesis or hemocyte release as they were produced in particular hemocyte types or maturation stages only.
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| 5. |
- Decaestecker, Ellen, et al.
(author)
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Candidate innate immune system gene expression in the ecological model Daphnia
- 2011
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In: Developmental and Comparative Immunology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0145-305X .- 1879-0089. ; 35:10, s. 1066-1075
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The last ten years have witnessed increasing interest in host-pathogen interactions involving invertebrate hosts. The invertebrate innate immune system is now relatively well characterised, but in a limited range of genetic model organisms and under a limited number of conditions. Immune systems have been little studied under real-world scenarios of environmental variation and parasitism. Thus, we have investigated expression of candidate innate immune system genes in the water flea Daphnia, a model organism for ecological genetics, and whose capacity for clonal reproduction facilitates an exceptionally rigorous control of exposure dose or the study of responses at many time points. A unique characteristic of the particular Daphnia clones and pathogen strain combinations used presently is that they have been shown to be involved in specific host-pathogen coevolutionary interactions in the wild. We choose five genes, which are strong candidates to be involved in Daphnia-pathogen interactions, given that they have been shown to code for immune effectors in related organisms. Differential expression of these genes was quantified by qRT-PCR following exposure to the bacterial pathogen Pasteuria ramosa. Constitutive expression levels differed between host genotypes, and some genes appeared to show correlated expression. However, none of the genes appeared to show a major modification of expression level in response to Pasteuria exposure. By applying knowledge from related genetic model organisms (e.g. Drosophila) to models for the study of evolutionary ecology and coevolution (i.e. Daphnia), the candidate gene approach is temptingly efficient. However, our results show that detection of only weak patterns is likely if one chooses target genes for study based on previously identified genome sequences by comparison to homologues from other related organisms. Future work on the Daphnia-Pasteuria system will need to balance a candidate gene approach with more comprehensive approaches to de novo identify immune system genes specific to the Daphnia-Pasteuria interaction.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Ek, Weronica, et al.
(author)
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Mapping QTL affecting a systemic sclerosis-like disorder in a cross between UCD-200 and red jungle fowl chickens.
- 2012
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In: Developmental and comparative immunology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1879-0089 .- 0145-305X. ; 38:2, s. 352-9
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Systemic sclerosis (SSc) or scleroderma is a rare, autoimmune, multi-factorial disease characterized by early microvascular alterations, inflammation, and fibrosis. Chickens from the UCD-200 line develop a hereditary SSc-like disease, showing all the hallmarks of the human disorder, which makes this line a promising model to study genetic factors underlying the disease. A backcross was generated between UCD-200 chickens and its wild ancestor - the red jungle fowl and a genome-scan was performed to identify loci affecting early (21 days of age) and late (175 days of age) ischemic lesions of the comb. A significant difference in frequency of disease was observed between sexes in the BC population, where the homogametic males were more affected than females, and there was evidence for a protective W chromosome effect. Three suggestive disease predisposing loci were mapped to chromosomes 2, 12 and 14. Three orthologues of genes implicated in human SSc are located in the QTL region on chromosome 2, TGFRB1, EXOC2-IRF4 and COL1A2, as well as CCR8, which is more generally related to immune function. IGFBP3 is also located within the QTL on chromosome 2 and earlier studies have showed increased IGFBP3 serum levels in SSc patients. To our knowledge, this study is the first to reveal a potential genetic association between IGFBP3 and SSc. Another gene with an immunological function, SOCS1, is located in the QTL region on chromosome 14. These results illustrate the usefulness of the UCD-200 chicken as a model of human SSc and motivate further in-depth functional studies of the implicated candidate genes.
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| 8. |
- Frankowiack, Marcel, et al.
(author)
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IgA deficiency in wolves
- 2013
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In: Developmental and Comparative Immunology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0145-305X .- 1879-0089. ; 40:2, s. 180-184
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Low mean concentrations of serum immunoglobulin A (IgA) and an increased frequency of overt IgA deficiency (IgAD) in certain dog breeds raises the question whether it is a breeding-enriched phenomenon or a legacy from the dog's ancestor, the gray wolf (Canis lupus). The IgA concentration in 99 serum samples from 58 free-ranging and 13 captive Scandinavian wolves, was therefore measured by capture ELISA. The concentrations were markedly lower in the wolf serum samples than in the dog controls. Potential differences in the IgA molecule between dogs and wolves were addressed by sequencing the wolf IgA heavy chain constant region encoding gene (IGHA). Complete amino acid sequence homology was found. Detection of wolf and dog IgA was ascertained by showing identity using double immunodiffusion. We suggest that the vast majority of wolves, the ancestor of the dog, are IgA deficient.
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| 9. |
- Lindberg, Bo G., et al.
(author)
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Medium from gamma-irradiated Escherichia coli bacteria stimulates a unique immune response in Drosophila cells
- 2014
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In: Developmental and Comparative Immunology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0145-305X .- 1879-0089. ; 46:2, s. 392-400
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- It is well known that gamma-irradiated, non-dividing bacteria can elicit potent immune responses in mammals. Compared to traditional heat or chemical inactivation of microbes, gamma -irradiation likely preserves metabolic activity and antigenic features to a larger extent. We have previously shown that antimicrobial peptides are induced in Drosophila by peptidoglycan fragments secreted into the medium of exponentially growing bacterial cultures. In this study, we gamma-irradiated Escherichia coil cells at a dose that halted cell division. The temporal synthesis and release of peptidoglycan fragments were followed as well as the potential of bacterial supernatants to induce immune responses in Drosophila S2 cells. We demonstrate that peptidoglycan synthesis continues for several days post irradiation and that monomeric peptidoglycan is shed into the medium. Whole transcriptome analysis revealed a strong immune response against the bacterial medium. The response to medium taken directly post irradiation shows a large overlap to that of peptidoglycan. Medium from prolonged bacterial incubation does, however, stimulate a selective set of immune genes. A shift towards a stress response was instead observed with a striking induction of several heat shock proteins. Our findings suggest that gamma-irradiated bacteria release elicitors that stimulate a novel response in Drosophila.
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| 10. |
- Liu, Haipeng, et al.
(author)
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Peptidoglycan activation of the proPO-system without a peptidoglycan receptor protein (PGRP)?
- 2011
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In: Developmental and Comparative Immunology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0145-305X .- 1879-0089. ; 35:1, s. 51-61
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Recognition of microbial polysaccharide by pattern recognition receptors triggers the prophenoloxidase (proPO) cascade, resulting in melanin synthesis and its deposition on the surface of invading pathogens. Several masquerade-like proteins and serine proteinase homologues have been shown to be involved in the proPO activation in insects. In this study, a novel serine proteinase homologue, Pl-SPH2, was found and isolated as a 30 kDa protein from hemocytes of the freshwater crayfish, Pacifastocus leniusculus, by its binding property to a partially lysozyme digested or TCA-treated insoluble Lysine (Lys)-type pepticloglycan (PGN) and soluble polymeric Lys-type PGN. Two other proteins, the Pl-SPH1 and lipopolysaccharide- and beta-1,3-glucan-bincling protein (LGBP) were also found in the several different PGN-binding assays. However no PGRP homologue was detected. Neither was any putative PGRP found after searching available crustacean sequence databases. If RNA interference of Pl-SPH2, Pl-SPH1 or LGBP in the crayfish hematopoietic tissue cell culture was performed, it resulted in lower PO activity following activation of the proPO-system by soluble Lys-type PGN. Taken together, we report for the first time that Lys-type PGN is a trigger of proPO-system activation in a crustacean and that two Pl-SPlis are involved in this activation possibly by forming a complex with LGBP and without a PGRP.
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| 11. |
- Noonin, Chadanat, et al.
(author)
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Circadian regulation of melanization and prokineticin homologues is conserved in the brain of freshwater crayfish and zebrafish
- 2013
-
In: Developmental and Comparative Immunology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0145-305X .- 1879-0089. ; 40:2, s. 218-226
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Circadian clock is important to living organisms to adjust to the external environment. This clock has been extensively studied in mammals, and prokineticin 2 (Prok2) acts as one of the messenger between the central nervous system and peripheral tissues. In this study, expression profiles of Prok1 and Prok2 were investigated in a non-mammalian vertebrate brain, zebrafish, and the expression was compared to the Prok homologues, astakines (Ast1 and Ast2) in crayfish. These transcripts exhibited circadian oscillation in the brain, and Ast1 had similar pattern to Prok2. In addition, the expression of tyrosinase, an enzyme which expression is regulated by E-box elements like in Prok2, was also examined in zebrafish brain and was compared with the expression of prophenoloxidase (proPO), the melanization enzyme, in crayfish brain. Interestingly, the expressions of both Tyr and proPO displayed circadian rhythm in a similar pattern to Prok2 and Ast1, respectively. Therefore, this study shows that circadian oscillation of prokineticin homologues and enzymes involved in melanization are conserved.
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
- Sampson, Christopher J., et al.
(author)
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The RhoGEF Zizimin-related acts in the Drosophila cellular immune response via the Rho GTPases Rac2 and Cdc42
- 2012
-
In: Developmental and Comparative Immunology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0145-305X .- 1879-0089. ; 38:1, s. 160-168
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Zizimin-related (Zir), a Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor (RhoGEF) homologous to the mammalian Dock-C/Zizimin-related family, was identified in a screen to find new genes involved in the Drosophila melanogaster cellular immune response against eggs from the parasitoid wasp Leptopilina boulardi. Rho-GEFs activate Rho-family GTPases, which are known to be central regulators of cell migration, spreading and polarity. When a parasitoid wasp is recognized as foreign, multiple layers of circulating immunosurveillance cells (haemocytes) should attach to the egg. In Zir mutants this process is disrupted and lamellocytes, a haemocyte subtype, fail to properly encapsulate the wasp egg. Furthermore, macrophage-like plasmatocytes exhibit a strong reduction in their ability to phagocytise Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. During encapsulation and phagocytosis Zir genetically interacts with two Rho-family GTPases, Rac2 and Cdc42. Finally, Zir is dispensable for the humoral immune response against bacteria. We propose that Zir is necessary to activate the Rho-family GTPases Rac2 and Cdc42 during the Drosophila cellular immune response.
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
- Seyedoleslami Esfahani, Shiva, et al.
(author)
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Activation of an innate immune response in large numbers of permeabilized Drosophila embryos
- 2011
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In: Developmental and Comparative Immunology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0145-305X .- 1879-0089. ; 35:3, s. 263-266
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Innate immunity in Drosophila involves the inducible expression and synthesis of antimicrobial peptides. We have previously shown that not only Drosophila larvae and adults, but also embryos, are capable of mounting an immune response after injection of bacterial substances. To simplify genetic dissection of the signaling pathways involved in immune-gene regulation we developed a procedure for permeabilization of large number of embryos and subsequent infiltration with bacterial fragments. This approach, which promoted expression of CecropinA1- and Diptericin-driven β-gal expression in the epidermis of more than 90% of the treated embryos, will enable analysis of mutants that are embryonic lethal. Thus, genes that are involved in essential pleiotrophic functions, in addition to being candidates in immune-regulation will be amenable for analysis of their involvement in the fly's immune defense.
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| 16. |
- Soonthornchai, Wipasiri, et al.
(author)
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Expression of immune-related genes in the digestive organ of shrimp, Penaeus monodon, after an oral infection by Vibrio harveyi
- 2010
-
In: Developmental and comparative immunology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1879-0089 .- 0145-305X. ; 34:1, s. 19-28
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In all previous studies, to study shrimp immune response, bacteria were directly injected into the shrimp body and as a consequence the initial step of a natural interaction was omitted. In this study we have instead used an immersion technique, which is a more natural way of establishing an infection, to study immune responses in black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon). Normally, Vibrio harveyi (Vh) is highly pathogenic to post-larval shrimp, but not to juveniles which usually resist an infection. In post-larvae, Vh causes a massive destruction of the digestive system, especially in the hepatopancreas and in the anterior gut. We have therefore investigated changes in transcription levels of fifteen immune-related genes and morphological changes in juvenile shrimp following an immersion of shrimp in Vh suspension. We found that a pathogenic bacterium, Vh, has the capacity to induce a local expression of some immune-related genes in shrimp after such a bacterial immersion. Our results show that in the juvenile gut small changes in expression of the antimicrobial peptide (AMP) genes such as antilipopolysaccharide factor isoform 3, crustin and penaeidin were observed. However some other genes were more strongly induced in their expression compared to the AMP genes. C-type lectin, Tachylectin 5a1 and mucin-like peritrophic membrane were increased in their expression and the C-type lectin was affected most in its expression. Several other examined genes did not change their expression levels. By performing histology studies it was found that Vh infection induced a strong perturbation of the midgut epithelium in some regions. As a consequence, the epithelial cells and basement membrane of the infected site were completely damaged and necrotic and massive hemocyte infiltration occurred underneath the affected tissue to combat the infection.
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
- Theopold, Ulrich, et al.
(author)
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The Drosophila clotting system and its messages for mammals
- 2014
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In: Developmental and Comparative Immunology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0145-305X .- 1879-0089. ; 42:1, s. 42-46
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Drosophila has been increasingly used as a model to study hemolymph clotting. Proteomics and bioinformatics identified candidate clotting-factors, several of which were tested using genetics. Mutants and lines with reduced expression of clotting-factors show subtle effects after wounding, indicating that sealing wounds may rely on redundant mechanisms. More striking effects are observed after infection, in particular when a natural infection model involving entomopathogenic nematodes is used. When translated into mammalian models these results reveal that mammalian blood clots serve a similar immune function, thus providing a new example of the usefulness of studying invertebrate models.
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| 20. |
- Udompetcharaporn, Attasit, et al.
(author)
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Identification and characterization of a QM protein as a possible peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP) from the giant tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon
- 2014
-
In: Developmental and Comparative Immunology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0145-305X .- 1879-0089. ; 46:2, s. 146-154
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In an attempt to identify a peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP) in Penaeus (Penaeus) monodon, in vitro pull-down binding assays were used between shrimp proteins and purified peptidoglycan (PG). By gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry followed by Mascot program analysis, proteins from shrimp hemocyte peripheral membrane proteins showed significant homology to records for a QM protein, actin and prophenoloxidase 2 precursor (proPO2), while proteins from cell-free plasma showed significant homology to records for a vitellogenin, a fibrinogen related protein (FREP) and a C-type lectin. Due to time and resource limitations, specific binding to PG was examined only for recombinant PmQM protein and PmLec that were synthesized based on sequences reported in the Genbank database (accession numbers FJ766846 and DQ078266, respectively). An in vitro assay revealed that hemocytes would bind with and encapsulate agarose beads coated with recombinant PmQM (rPmQM) or rPmLec and that melanization followed 2 h post-encapsulation. ELISA tests confirmed specific binding of rPmQM protein to PG. This is the first time that PmQM has been reported as a potential PGRP in shrimp or any other crustacean. The two other potential PGRP identified (FREP and the vitellin-like protein present in male P. monodon, unlike other vitellin subunits) should also be expressed heterologously and tested for their ability to activate shrimp hemocytes.
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