| 1. |
- Agevall, Ola, 1970-, et al.
(författare)
-
The Emergence of the Professional Field of Higher Education in Sweden
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Professions & Professionalism. - : Høgskolen i Oslo og Akershus. - 1893-1049. ; 3:2, s. 1-22
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The changing structure of the Swedish university system has shaped its corps of university teachers. The analytical device used to demonstrate this connection is the changing social functions of Swedish universities which serve as the lens through which we understand this change. We argue for five successive and historically added layers of functions: the training of church officials, state functionaries, experts of the industrial society, the welfare professions, and, finally, the mass of employees of the “knowledge society.” Each new function is superimposed on the existing ones, adding to the complexity of tasks, areas of knowledge, and teacher categories in the universities. The position of the university as the arbiter of the highest form of knowledge, the internal differentiation of the field of higher education, and the growth and stratification of its teaching corps are three main building blocks for this history of the Swedish system of higher education.
|
|
| 2. |
- Brante, Thomas
(författare)
-
Professions as Science-Based Occupations
- 2011
-
Ingår i: Professions and Professionalism. - 1893-1049. ; 1:1, s. 4-20
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- How professions should be defined and separated from other occupations has constituted an enduring theoretical and empirical problem in studies of the professions. In this article, the definitions of the so-called list approaches, involving enumerations of social attributes, are scrutinized. Weak-nesses are highlighted and analysed. It is argued that an alternative approach to the issue of definition, commencing from the epistemic or cognitive dimensions of professions, may be more fruitful. One such possibility is presented by setting out from realist philosophy of science. The links between science and profession are explored by addressing, primarily, the relation between the concepts of mechanism and intervention. A new, ‘invariant’ definition is proposed. In conclusion, a few consequences for future empirical studies of the professions are outlined.
|
|
| 3. |
- Brante, Thomas
(författare)
-
The Professional Landscape: The Historical Development of Professions in Sweden
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Professions and Professionalism. - : OsloMet - Oslo Metropolitan University. - 1893-1049. ; 3:2, s. 1-18
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This special issue of Professions & Professionalism seeks to explain the transition of occupations from non-professions to professions and the conditions and causes that generate professions (i.e., the bases of professionalization). Empirically, we use the histories of the Swedish professions, positing that these histories have several close similarities (and, of course, differences) with those of other nations, thus making this project of international interest. Theoretically, we define a number of general concepts that are employed to explain the processes of professionalization. The most general concept, which covers the professional layer, is called the professional landscape. It is divided into a number of professional fields and generations, creating a typology of professions. The fields that are presented, together with the professions assuming key positions in the fields, are technology, health, social integration, social regulation, education, and academia. The historical emergence of the fields and the transition from occupation and pre-profession to full profession are outlined.
|
|
| 4. |
- Carlhed, Carina, 1967-
(författare)
-
The Rise of the Professional Field of Medicine in Sweden
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Professions & Professionalism. - : OsloMet - Oslo Metropolitan University. - 1893-1049. ; 3:2, s. 562-577
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article is an analysis of conditions enabling the rise of the professional field of medicine in Sweden. The analysis is based mainly on second- ary data, while the use of primary data is restricted to official statistics. Primarily, it aims to study the conditions promoting professionalization in medicine. Important exogenous conditions were derived from early emerging nation state administration structures concerning policy and governance of public health, as well as a delegated supervision of professional health activities to the medical profession and the organization of a public national health care system. Professionalization strategies such as social organization of the medical profession and their use of a variety of legitimizing resources as tools for jurisdictional claims are considered as endogenous conditions. Broadly, the analysis shows a close relationship between the growth of professionalization in the field of medicine and the development of state prosperity in the Swedish welfare state.
|
|
| 5. |
- Funck, Elin K., 1979-
(författare)
-
Professional archetype change : The effects of restricted professional autonomy
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Professions & Professionalism. - : Hoegskolen i Oslo og Akershus. - 1893-1049. ; 2:2, s. 1-18
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- One of the points on which researchers agree is the centrality of autonomy to professionalism. Moreover, a common conclusion in the studies of professions is that the profound changes in society over the last fifty years have threatened the autonomy and changed the archetype of professionalism. This paper contributes to the research on changes and continuities, challenges and opportunities for professionalism by discussing advantages and disadvantages of restricted professional autonomy. By describing the historical development in the Swedish and Canadian healthcare context, two major findings are discussed. First, although medical professionals have been subjected to certain constraints, they still appear to maintain a relatively high level of autonomy concerning the technical content of the work. Second, restricting professional autonomy is not negative merely due to the preservation of the professional archetype; rather, a «reasonable» limitation can be positive if professional autonomy is understood as a contract based on public trust.
|
|
| 6. |
- Jacobsson, Katarina
(författare)
-
Categories by Heart: Shortcut Reasoning in a Cardiology Clinic
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Professions and Professionalism. - : OsloMet - Oslo Metropolitan University. - 1893-1049. ; 4:3, s. 1-15
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article examines the practice of doctors and nurses to invoke the categories of age, sex, class, ethnicity, and/or lifestyle factors when discussing individual patients and patient groups. In what situations are such references explicitly made, and what does this practice accomplish? The material consists of field notes from a cardiology clinic in Sweden, and a theory of descriptive practice guided the analysis. When professionals describe patients, discuss decisions, or explain why a patient is ill, age, sex, class, ethnicity, and/or lifestyle serve as contextualization cues, often including widespread results from epidemiological research about groups of patients at higher or lower risk for cardiac disease. These categories work as shortcut reasoning to nudge interpretations in a certain direction, legitimize decisions, and strengthen arguments. In general, studying the descriptions of patients/clients/students provides an entrance to professional methods of reasoning, including their implicit moral assumptions.
|
|
| 7. |
- Kallberg, Maria
(författare)
-
Archivists : A Profession in Transition?
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Professions & Professionalism. - : OsloMet - Oslo Metropolitan University. - 1893-1049. ; 2:1
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- E-government development has put pressure on public organizations to work with electronic information. Records from complex e-government services have to be captured and managed in order to be accessible both in the present and in the long term. The data and analysis presented is based on a multiple case study of nine Swedish local governments (municipalities) identified as good ex-amples of best practice of e-government. An analytical model for recordkeeping awareness in three arenas: the legal, the political and the workplace has been created in order to identify how political decisions and new technology impact on professional archivists’ practice and status. The research findings demonstrate a gap between the legal and workplace arenas in both directions caused by lack of recordkeeping awareness primarily within the political arena. Archivists´ profes-sional status seems to be limited, which opens up possibilities for other profes-sional groups to replace them.
|
|
| 8. |
- Larsson, Bengt, 1966, et al.
(författare)
-
Discretion in the “Backyard of Law”: Case Handling of Debt Relief in Sweden
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Professions and Professionalism. - Oslo : OsloMet - Oslo Metropolitan University. - 1893-1049. ; 3:1
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article explores discretion in welfare professional work. The aim is to analyse what room for discretionary decision-making that exist in case handling of debt relief at the Swedish Enforcement Authority (SEA). The analysis is guided by a conceptual distinction between structural and epistemic aspects of discretion, as well as between substantive and procedural aspects. The data comprises official and internal SEA documents, interviews with management and staff and field notes from observations. The analysis points to a change in the balance between standards and discretion in relation to the on-going formalization of case handling at the SEA, though not in the simplistic sense that discretion is diminished through formalization. When taking into account the different analytical aspects of discretion, it is concluded that discretion is narrowed only in some respects. There is still space for case officers in selecting and interpreting information and assess-ing the conditions regarding subject matter.
|
|
| 9. |
- Nilsson-Lindström, Margareta, et al.
(författare)
-
The professionalization of the field of education in Sweden: A historical analysis
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Professions and Professionalism. - 1893-1049. ; 3:2, s. 1-17
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article analyses the professionalization of the education field in Sweden from a historical perspective by tracing efforts towards professionalization of teaching from a clerically consecrated to a scientifically grounded praxis. Some of these efforts seem to be fairly typical for welfare states like Sweden. However, others are more unique, such as the state ambition to create a unified teacher profession based on a scientific knowledge base across elementary and grammar school teacher categories. This ambition failed. Some reasons are speculatively discussed primarily from a Bourdieuan perspective in terms of different teacher habitus, education capital and professionalization strategies among teachers in different positions in the field of education. Primary and secondary data sources are used but National Policy Documents have formed the main data source.
|
|
| 10. |
- Rexvid, Devin, 1975-, et al.
(författare)
-
Risk reduction technologies in general practice and social work
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Professions & Professionalism. - : OsloMet - Oslo Metropolitan University. - 1893-1049. ; 2:2
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- General practitioners (GPs) and social workers (SWs) are professions whose professional autonomy and discretion have changed in the so-called risk and audit society. The aim of this article is to compare GPs’ and SWs’ responses to Evidence-Based and Organizational Risk Reduction Technologies (ERRT and ORRT). It is based on a content analysis of 54 peer-reviewed empirical articles. The results show that both professions held ambivalent positions towards ERRT. The response towards ORRT differed in that GPs were sceptical whilst SWs took a more pragmatic view. Furthermore the results suggest that SWs might experience professional benefits by adopting an adherent approach to the increased dis-semination of risk reduction technologies (RRT). GPs, however, did not seem to experience such benefits.
|
|
| 11. |
- Sjöstrand, Glenn, 1966-
(författare)
-
The Field of Technology in Sweden: The Historical Take-off of the Engineering Professions
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Professions & Professionalism. - : OsloMet - Oslo Metropolitan University. - 1893-1049. ; 3:2, s. 1-18
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Although the engineering profession has been called “the failed profession” owing to its lack of social closure, engineers have been successful in claiming their area of expertise and specialized knowledge as legitimate areas of research, knowledge, and intervention. In this article, the historical development of engineering professions in Sweden is used as a case of professional development. With the use of primary statistical sources and secondary historical sources, I endeavor to explain engineers’ professional development via coinciding factors such as the expansion and scientific content of lower and higher engineering education, the struggle for power in interest groups and unions, and engineers’ position in what seems to be an ever-increasingly diversified labor market. I argue that the professionalization process for Swedish engineers has fluctuated and that more than one professional take-off (two or even three) has occurred.
|
|
| 12. |
- Svensson, Kerstin, et al.
(författare)
-
The Field of Social Regulation: How the State Creates a Profession
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Professions and Professionalism. - : Oslo and Akershus University College. - 1893-1049. ; 3:2, s. 1-16
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article describes the process of professionalisation in the field of social control in Sweden. The aim is to analyse how the state by legislation created the profession of social workers for local social services and thus for social control by public administration. We show how organisations for social work have developed and played an important role since the 19th century and that social investigation should be seen as a hub for the practice. The work now mediated though professional organisations was initially performed by volunteers. In the early 20th century, volunteers and employed social workers cooperated, where social investigation was a central task for social workers. In the 1960s and ‘70s, more social workers were educated, the importance of social investigation was highlighted, and volunteers became subordinated to paid social workers. The legal professions have throughout the process had a role in making decisions, but not in the performance of investigating or executing procedures.
|
|
| 13. |
- Svensson, Lennart G., 1944, et al.
(författare)
-
Social integration as professional field. Psychotherapy in Sweden
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Professions and Professionalism. - : OsloMet - Oslo Metropolitan University. - 1893-1049. ; 3:2, s. 1-18
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present article describes and analyses the emergence and development of a professional field called social integration. Ideas, theories, and occupational practices forming this field are explored, particularly those related to the development of a new discipline, that of psychotherapy. The development of three occupations (psychiatry, psychology and social work) and their professionalisation is described through their qualitative and quantitative take‑offs in particular historical periods. Three periods are identified: formation, 1850-1920, when psychiatry was defined as a medical sub-discipline; consolidation, 1920-1945, with the institutionalisation of psychiatric care, and with psychoanalysis and mental hygiene as qualitatively new cognitive bases for practitioners; and professionalisation, 1945-1980, with the deinstitutionalisation of psychiatric care and the professionalisation of psychologists and social workers. New ideas on subjectivity and individualism, new welfare state institutions, as well as collaborative professionalism all favoured the creation of psychotherapy as professional knowledge, and a possible new profession of psychotherapists.
|
|
| 14. |
- Thörne, Karin, et al.
(författare)
-
The dynamics of physicians’ learning and support of others’ learning
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Professions & Professionalism. - : Universitetsbiblioteket OsloMet. - 1893-1049. ; 4:1, s. 1-15
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Learning has been defined as a condition for improving the quality of healthcare practice. The focus of this paper is on physicians’ learning and their support of others’ learning in the context of Swedish healthcare. Data were generated through individual and focus group interviews and analyzed from a socio-material practice theory perspective. During their workday, physicians dynamically alternated between their own learning and their support of others’ learning in individual patient processes. Learning and learning support were interconnected with the versatile mobility of physicians across different contexts and their participation in multiple communities of collaboration and through tensions between responsibilities in healthcare. The findings illustrate how learning enactments are framed by the existing “practice architectures.” We argue that productive reflection on dimensions of learning enactments in practice can enhance physicians’ professional learning and improve professional practice.
|
|
| 15. |
- Wallander, Lisa, et al.
(författare)
-
Disentangling Professional Discretion : A Conceptual and Methodological Approach
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Professions & Professionalism. - : The Nordic Publisher for Humanities and Social Sciences. - 1893-1049. ; 3:4, s. 1-19
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- With the aim of furthering the investigation of professional discretion, this article builds on a combination of a conceptual framework for understanding discretion and an advanced method for collecting data on human judgments. Discretion is described as consisting of two dimensions—a structural dimension (discretionary space) and an epistemic dimension (discretionary reasoning). Discretionary reasoning is defined as the cognitive activity that may take place within the discretionary space of professional judgment, and it is illustrated by means of Toulmin’s model of argumentation. The factorial survey, a quasi-experimental vignette approach, is proposed and illustrated as a method with substantial potential for studying agreement and disagreement in discretionary reasoning. While the combined framework presented in this article could form the basis for case studies and/or comparative studies of discretionary reasoning across professions and contexts, the results of such studies could be used for improving practice within a specific professional field.
|
|
