| 1. |
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Goedecke, Julia H, et al.
(författare)
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Differential effects of abdominal adipose tissue distribution on insulin sensitivity in black and white South African women
- 2009
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Ingår i: Obesity. - : Wiley. - 1930-7381 .- 1930-739X. ; 17:8, s. 1506-1512
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Black South African women are more insulin resistant than BMI-matched white women. The objective of the study was to characterize the determinants of insulin sensitivity in black and white South African women matched for BMI. A total of 57 normal-weight (BMI 18-25 kg/m(2)) and obese (BMI > 30 kg/m(2)) black and white premenopausal South African women underwent the following measurements: body composition (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), body fat distribution (computerized tomography (CT)), insulin sensitivity (S(I), frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test), dietary intake (food frequency questionnaire), physical activity (Global Physical Activity Questionnaire), and socioeconomic status (SES, demographic questionnaire). Black women were less insulin sensitive (4.4 +/- 0.8 vs. 9.5 +/- 0.8 and 3.0 +/- 0.8 vs. 6.0 +/- 0.8 x 10(-5)/min/(pmol/l), for normal-weight and obese women, respectively, P < 0.001), but had less visceral adipose tissue (VAT) (P = 0.051), more abdominal superficial subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) (P = 0.003), lower SES (P < 0.001), and higher dietary fat intake (P = 0.001) than white women matched for BMI. S(I) correlated with deep and superficial SAT in both black (R = -0.594, P = 0.002 and R = 0.495, P = 0.012) and white women (R = -0.554, P = 0.005 and R = -0.546, P = 0.004), but with VAT in white women only (R = -0.534, P = 0.005). In conclusion, body fat distribution is differentially associated with insulin sensitivity in black and white women. Therefore, the different abdominal fat depots may have varying metabolic consequences in women of different ethnic origins.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Hemmingsson, Erik, et al.
(författare)
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Impact of social support intensity on walking in the severely obese : a randomized clinical trial
- 2008
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Ingår i: Obesity. - : Wiley. - 1930-7381 .- 1930-739X. ; 16:6, s. 1308-1313
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: There are few established methods for promoting physical activity (PA) in the severely obese. Because social support is a potential method for promoting PA, we compared mean steps/day during 18 weeks in severely obese outpatients receiving either standard support (SS) or added support (AS). METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Eighty severely obese outpatients from an obesity clinic were invited; 66 provided written consent, 55 were randomized, and 42 were included in final analyses (9 men, 33 women; age 44.4 +/- 13.1 years; BMI 41.9 +/- 5.5 kg/m(2)). All participants received a pedometer and a walking promotion booklet. In addition to SS, the AS group received ten 2-h group counseling sessions aimed at increasing weekly accumulated steps, every second week during the study. Each participant was asked to complete a 7-day walking diary every second week (10 observations). RESULTS: Baseline steps/day was 6,912 for the AS group and 5,311 for the SS group (P = 0.023). Data at 18 weeks showed that the AS group recorded 10,136 steps/day and the SS group 6,118 steps/day (P = 0.024). There was no allocation x time interaction (P = 0.46). During the follow-up period as a whole, the AS group recorded 1,794 more steps/day than the SS group (P = 0.0074). DISCUSSION: The AS group recorded more steps/day than the SS group, reaching a mean level of approximately 10,000 steps/day. However, the nonsignificant interaction between allocation x time suggests that this difference was present already at baseline and did not increase during follow-up.
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| 6. |
- Hemmingsson, Erik, et al.
(författare)
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No apparent progress in bioelectrical impedance accuracy : validation against metabolic risk and DXA.
- 2009
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Ingår i: Obesity. - : Wiley. - 1930-7381 .- 1930-739X. ; 17:1, s. 183-7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Bioelectrical impedance (BIA) is quick, easy, and safe when quantifying fat and lean tissue. New BIA models (Tanita BC-418 MA, abbreviated BIA(8)) can perform segmental body composition analysis, e.g., estimate %trunkal fatness (%TF). It is not known, however, whether new BIA models can detect metabolic risk factors (MRFs) better than older models (Tanita TBF-300, abbreviated BIA(4)). We therefore tested the correlation between MRF and percentage whole-body fat (%BF) from BIA(4) and BIA(8) and compared these with the correlation between MRF and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA, used as gold standard), BMI and waist circumference (WC). The sample consisted of 136 abdominally obese (WC >or= 88 cm), middle-aged (30-60 years) women. MRF included fasting blood glucose and insulin; high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides; high sensitive C-reactive protein, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), and fibrinogen; and alanine transaminase (ALT) liver enzyme. We found that similar to DXA, but in contrast to BMI, neither %BF BIA(4) nor %BF BIA(8) correlated with blood lipids or ALT. In the segmental analysis of %TF, BIA(8) only correlated with inflammatory markers, but not insulin, blood lipids, or ALT liver enzyme (in contrast to WC and %TF DXA). %TF DXA was associated with homeostatic model assessment insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) independently of WC (P = 0.03), whereas %TF BIA(8) was not (P = 0.53). Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves confirmed that %TF BIA(8) did not differ from chance in the detection of insulin resistance (P = 0.26). BIA estimates of fatness were, at best, weakly correlated with obesity-related risk factors in abdominally obese women, even the new eight-electrode model. Our data support the continued use of WC and BMI.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Lilja, Mikael, 1953-, et al.
(författare)
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Trends in obesity and its distribution : data from the Northern Sweden MONICA survey, 1986–2004
- 2008
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Ingår i: Obesity. - : Wiley. - 1930-7381 .- 1930-739X. ; 16:5, s. 1120-1128
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: Obesity, especially abdominal, is a risk factor for many diseases. This study explored trends in theprevalence of general and abdominal obesity, 1986–2004, in northern Sweden. Methods and Procedures: Cross-sectional population surveys were performed in 1986, 1990, 1994, 1999, and 2004;250 men and 250 women aged 25−34, 35−44, 45−54, and 55−64 years (from 1994, also 65−74 years) were randomlyselected; the overall participation rate was 77%. Anthropometric data were used. Results: Weight and BMI increased in all men, most significantly in men aged 25−64 years (P < 0.0005). Weightincreased in women aged 25−64 years (P < 0.005) and BMI in women aged 25−44 years (P < 0.005). Prevalence ofobesity (BMI≥ 30) increased significantly in men aged 25−44 and 55−74 years (P < 0.005; for men 65−74 years old,P< 0.05) and in women aged 25−44 years (P < 0.005). Waist circumference decreased significantly between 1986and 1990 in all women (P < 0.005) and in men aged 55−64 years (P < 0.05). After 1990 waist circumference increased, most markedly so in women; by 2004 circumference measurements for women, and for men aged 55−64 years, were equal to those of 1986, while for men aged 25−54 years they were higher. Prevalence of abdominal obesity has increased since 1990, most markedly so in women aged 45−64 years (P < 0.0005). Discussion: The rapid increase in both general and central obesity raises concern for the future; increasing abdominalobesity in women is particularly alarming.
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| 9. |
- Mattsson, Cecilia, et al.
(författare)
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Gender-specific links between hepatic 11beta reduction of cortisone and adipokines
- 2007
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Ingår i: Obesity. - : Wiley. - 1930-7381 .- 1930-739X. ; 15:4, s. 887-894
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: Reduction of cortisone to cortisol is mediated by 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11betaHSD1), a putative key enzyme in obesity-related complications. Experimental studies suggest that adipokines, notably leptin and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), are of importance for 11betaHSD1 activity. We hypothesized that the regulation of hepatic preceptor glucocorticoid metabolism is gender-specific and associated with circulating levels of leptin and TNF-alpha receptors and/or sex hormones. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: A total of 34 males and 38 women (14 premenopausal and 22 postmenopausal) underwent physical examination and fasting blood sampling. Insulin sensitivity was tested by euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamps, and hepatic 11betaHSD1 enzyme activity was estimated by the conversion of orally-ingested cortisone to cortisol. RESULTS: Hepatic 11betaHSD1 activity was negatively associated with leptin and soluble TNF (sTNF) r1 and sTNFr2 in males. These correlations remained significant after adjustment for age and insulin sensitivity, and for sTNF-alpha receptors also after adjustment of BMI and waist circumference. In contrast, 11beta reduction of cortisone was positively associated to leptin in females after adjustment for BMI and waist circumference. DISCUSSION: Hepatic 11beta reduction shows different links to circulating adipocyte-derived hormones in males and females. This emphasizes the need for further studies on tissue-specific regulation of 11betaHSD1 in both genders.
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| 10. |
- Movérare-Skrtic, Sofia, et al.
(författare)
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Dihydrotestosterone treatment results in obesity and altered lipid metabolism in orchidectomized mice.
- 2006
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Ingår i: Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.). - : Wiley. - 1930-7381 .- 1930-739X. ; 14:4, s. 662-72
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: To determine the role of androgen receptor (AR) activation for adipose tissue metabolism. Sex steroids are important regulators of adipose tissue metabolism in men. Androgens may regulate the adipose tissue metabolism in men either directly by stimulation of the AR or indirectly by aromatization of androgens into estrogens and, thereafter, by stimulation of the estrogen receptors. Previous studies have shown that estrogen receptor alpha stimulation results in reduced fat mass in men. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Orchidectomized mice were treated with the non-aromatizable androgen 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), 17beta-estradiol, or vehicle. Vo(2), Vco(2), resting metabolic rate, locomotor activity, and food consumption were measured. Furthermore, changes in hepatic gene expression were analyzed. RESULTS: DHT treatment resulted in obesity, associated with reduced energy expenditure and fat oxidation. In contrast, DHT did not affect food consumption or locomotor activity. Furthermore, DHT treatment resulted in increased high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and triglyceride levels associated with markedly decreased 7alpha-hydroxylase gene expression, indicating decreased bile acid production. DISCUSSION: We showed that AR activation results in obesity and altered lipid metabolism in orchidectomized mice. One may speculate that AR antagonists might be useful in the treatment of obesity in men.
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| 11. |
- Neovius, Martin, et al.
(författare)
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Bioelectrical impedance underestimates total and truncal fatness in abdominally obese women.
- 2006
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Ingår i: Obesity. - : Wiley. - 1930-7381 .- 1930-739X. ; 14:10, s. 1731-8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: To compare estimates of total and truncal fatness from eight-electrode bioelectrical impedance analysis equipment (BIA(8)) with those from DXA in centrally obese women. The secondary aim was to examine BMI and waist circumference (WC) as proxy measures for percentage total body fat (%TBF) and truncal body fat percentage (tr%BF).RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: This was a cross-sectional study of 136 women (age, 48.1 +/- 7.7 years; BMI, 30.4 +/- 2.9 kg/m(2); %TBF(DXA), 46.0 +/- 3.7%; WC, 104 +/- 8 cm). Fatness was measured by DXA and Tanita BC-418 equipment (Tanita Corp., Tokyo, Japan). Agreement among methods was assessed by Bland-Altman plots, and regression analysis was used to evaluate anthropometric measures as proxies for total and abdominal fatness.RESULTS: The percentage of overweight subjects was 41.9%, whereas 55.9% of the subjects were obese, as defined by BMI, and all subjects had a WC exceeding the World Health Organization cut-off point for abdominal obesity. Compared with DXA, the BIA(8) equipment significantly underestimated total %BF (-5.0; -3.6 to -8.5 [mean; 95% confidence interval]), fat mass (-3.6; -3.9 to -3.2), and tr%BF (-8.5; -9.1 to -7.9). The discrepancies between the methods increased with increasing adiposity for both %TBF and tr%BF (both p < 0.001). Variation in BMI explained 28% of the variation in %TBF(DXA) and 51% of %TBF(BIA8). Using WC as a proxy for truncal adiposity, it explained only 18% of tr%BF(DXA) variance and 27% of tr%BF(BIA8) variance. The corresponding figures for truncal fat mass were 49% and 35%, respectively. No significant age effects were observed in any of the regressions.DISCUSSION: BIA(8) underestimated both total and truncal fatness, compared with DXA, with higher dispersion for tr%BF than %TBF. The discrepancies increased with degree of adiposity, suggesting that the accuracy of BIA is negatively affected by obesity.
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| 12. |
- Norberg, Margareta, et al.
(författare)
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Components of metabolic syndrome predicting diabetes : no role of inflammation or dyslipidemia.
- 2007
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Ingår i: Obesity. - : Wiley. - 1930-7381 .- 1930-739X. ; 15:7, s. 1875-85
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: The diagnostic criteria and the clinical usefulness of the metabolic syndrome (MetSy) are currently questioned. The objective was to describe the structure of MetSy and to evaluate its components for prediction of diabetes type 2 (T2DM).RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: This was a case-referent study nested within a population-based health survey. Among 33,336 participants, we identified 177 initially non-diabetic individuals who developed T2DM after 0.1 to 10.5 years (mean, 5.4 years), and, for each diabetes case, two referents matched for sex, age, and year of health survey. Baseline variables included oral glucose tolerance test, BMI, blood pressure, blood lipids, adipokines, inflammatory markers, insulin resistance, and beta-cell function. Exploratory and confirmative factor analyses were applied to hypothesize the structure of the MetSy. The prediction of T2DM by the different factors was evaluated by multivariate logistic regression analysis.RESULTS: A hypothetical five-factor model of intercorrelated composite factors was generated. The inflammation, dyslipidemia, and blood pressure factors were predicitive only in univariate analysis. In multivariable analyses, two factors independently and significantly predicted T2DM: an obesity/insulin resistance factor and a glycemia factor. The composite factors did not improve the prediction of T2DM compared with single variables. Among the original variables, fasting glucose, proinsulin, BMI, and blood pressure values were predictive of T2DM.DISCUSSION: Our data support the concept of a MetSy, and we propose five separate clusters of components. The inflammation and dyslipidemia factors were not independently associated with diabetes risk. In contrast, obesity and accompanying insulin resistance and beta-cell decompensation seem to be two core perturbations promoting and predicting progression to T2DM.
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| 13. |
- Nordfjall, Katarina, et al.
(författare)
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Telomere Length Is Associated With Obesity Parameters but With a Gender Difference
- 2008
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Ingår i: Obesity. - : Wiley. - 1930-739X .- 1930-7381. ; 16:12, s. 2682-2689
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and obesity have been coupled to short telomere length in peripheral blood. The biological background to this observation is not obvious from the literature. In this study we have analyzed a large set of known risk factors for CVD in relation to telomere length in blood cells on a merged cohort of 989 individuals recruited in the Malmo Diet and Cancer Cohort (MDCC) and the Northern Sweden MONICA project. We found a significant or borderline association between obesity parameters and telomere length in women after age and center adjustments (BMI: r = -0.106, P = 0.021, weight: r = -0.087, P = 0.060, waist circumference: r = -0.099, P = 0.032, hip circumference: r = -0.128, P = 0.005). In men, a positive borderline correlation to high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (r = 0.111, P = 0.053) and a negative correlation to 2-h post-oral glucose-tolerance test (OGTT) was observed (r = -0.202, P = 0.045). In neither group any association was found between telomere length and cholesterol, serum triglycerides, serum low-density lipoprotein, plasma insulin, blood pressure, pulse pressure, or smoking habits. Our data indicate that telomere length is associated with an "obesity-phenotype" but only in women.
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| 14. |
- Nordquist, Niklas, et al.
(författare)
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The Transcription Factor TFAP2B Is Associated With Insulin Resistance and Adiposity in Healthy Adolescents
- 2009
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Ingår i: Obesity. - : Wiley. - 1930-7381 .- 1930-739X. ; 17:9, s. 1762-1767
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Insulin resistance and central adiposity are strong risk indicators for type 2 diabetes and coronary heart disease. An important role for adipose tissue in the etiology and progression of these conditions has recently become more evident. A transcription factor, TFAP2B, has been shown to participate in the regulation of adipocyte metabolism, by facilitating glucose uptake and lipid accumulation, while simultaneously reducing insulin sensitivity, and recently a direct function for TFAP2B as an inhibitor of adiponectin expression was observed. In this study, we have investigated how insulin resistance, plasma adiponectin, and central adiposity, in a normal population of adolescents, are affected by genetic variability in TFAP2B. Our results show that both insulin sensitivity, as measured from levels of fasting glucose and insulin, and central adiposity, estimated by subscapular skinfold thickness, were significantly associated to genetic variability in TFAP2B. This association was restricted to males only, where carriers of the 4-repeat allele of intron 2 had higher insulin sensitivity and lower subscapular skinfold thickness. Levels of adiponectin did not show any association to the TFAP2B polymorphism, but was negatively correlated to central adiposity in females. These results suggest that reduction of TFAP2B expression could have a protective effect against future risk of complications associated with decreased insulin sensitivity and central adiposity, such as type 2 diabetes and coronary heart disease.
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| 15. |
- Nyamdorj, Regzedmaa, et al.
(författare)
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BMI compared with central obesity indicators as a predictor of diabetes incidence in Mauritius
- 2009
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Ingår i: Obesity. - : Wiley. - 1930-7381 .- 1930-739X. ; 17:2, s. 342-348
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of the study was to compare BMI with waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), and waist-to-stature ratio (WSR) as a predictor of diabetes incidence. A total of 1,841 men and 2,104 women of Mauritian Indian and Mauritian Creole ethnicity, aged 25-74 years, free of diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and gout were seen at baseline in 1987 or 1992, and follow-up in 1992 and/or 1998. At all time points, participants underwent a 2 h 75 g oral glucose tolerance test. Hazard ratios for diabetes incidence were estimated applying an interval-censored survival analysis using age as timescale. Six hundred and twenty-eight individuals developed diabetes during the follow-up period. Multivariable adjusted hazard ratios for diabetes incidence corresponding to a 1 s.d. increase in baseline BMI, WC, WHR, and WSR for Mauritian Indians were 1.49 (1.31-1.71), 1.58 (1.38-1.81), 1.54 (1.37-1.72), and 1.61 (1.41-1.84) in men and 1.33 (1.17-1.51), 1.35 (1.19-1.53), 1.39 (1.24-1.55), and 1.38 (1.21-1.57) in women, respectively; and for Mauritian Creoles they were 1.86 (1.51-2.30), 2.07 (1.68-2.56), 1.92 (1.62-2.26), and 2.17 (1.76-2.69) in men and 1.29 (1.06-1.55), 1.27 (1.04-1.55), 1.24 (1.04-1.48), and 1.27 (1.04-1.55) in women. Paired homogeneity tests showed that there was no difference between BMI and each of the central obesity indicators (all P > 0.05). The relation of BMI with the development of diabetes was as strong as that for indicators of central obesity in this study population.
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| 16. |
- Nyholm, Maria, et al.
(författare)
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The validity of obesity based on self-reported weight and height: Implications for population studies
- 2007
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Ingår i: Obesity. - Hoboken : Wiley. ; 15:1, s. 197-208
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: To validate self-reported information on weight and height in an adult population and to find a useful algorithm to assess the prevalence of obesity based on self-reported information. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: This was a cross-sectional survey consisting of 1703 participants (860 men and 843 women, 30 to 75 years old) conducted in the community of Vara, Sweden, from 2001 to 2003. Self-reported weight, height, and corresponding BMI were compared with measured data. Obesity was defined as measured BMI > or = 30 kg/m2. Information on education, self-rated health, smoking habits, and physical activity during leisure time was collected by a self-administered questionnaire. RESULTS: Mean differences between measured and self-reported weight were 1.6 kg (95% confidence interval, 1.4; 1.8) in men and 1.8 kg (1.6; 2.0) in women (measured higher), whereas corresponding differences in height were -0.3 cm (-0.5; -0.2) in men and -0.4 cm (-0.5; -0.2) in women (measured lower). Age and body size were important factors for misreporting height, weight, and BMI in both men and women. Obesity (measured) was found in 156 men (19%) and 184 women (25%) and with self-reported data in 114 men (14%) and 153 women (20%). For self-reported data, the sensitivity of obesity was 70% in men and 82% in women, and when adjusted for corrected self-reported data and age, it increased to 81% and 90%, whereas the specificity decreased from 99% in both sexes to 97% in men and 98% in women. DISCUSSION: The prevalence of obesity based on self-reported BMI can be estimated more accurately when using an algorithm adjusted for variables that are predictive for misreporting.
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
- Nyholm, Maria, et al.
(författare)
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What Is the Accurate Prevalence of Obesity in Sweden in the 21st Century? Methodological Experiences From the Skaraborg Project.
- 2008
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Ingår i: Obesity. - : Wiley. - 1930-739X .- 1930-7381. ; 16, s. 896-898
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective:To examine the impact of non-response to self-reported body weight and height in health questionnaires for the estimation of obesity prevalence.Methods and Procedures:A cross-sectional population-based health survey in the community ofVara with 16,009 residents (in year 2002) in South-western Sweden. Participants randomly selected in strata by sex and age among residents being 30-74 years old were consecutively invited to the local health care center for a health examination, including two visits. Self-reported information on body weight and height were obtained by health questionnaires at the first visit, and measured information on both variables at the second visit. For this study 1,809 subjects (904 men and 905 women) completed both visits (participation rate 81%), and a nurse measured body weight and height of all at visit two. Participants not self-reporting body weight and/or height at the first visit were defined as non-responders.Results:Both male and female non-responders were significantly older than responders. Female non-responders had significantly higher BMI (29.8 +/- 5.8 kg/m(2)) than female responders (26.6 +/- 5.3 kg/m(2)), (P < 0.001). No similar findings were seen in men. Non-responders were more likely to be obese than responders both in men (odds ratio (OR) 2.06, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03-4.11) and in women (OR 2.24, 95% CI 1.25-4.02).Discussion:Non-responders to self-reported body weight and height in health questionnaires contribute to the underestimation of obesity. Measured body weight and height are to prefer when describing the accurate prevalence of obesity in populations.Obesity (2008) doi:10.1038/oby.2007.134.
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| 19. |
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| 20. |
- Risérus, Ulf, et al.
(författare)
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Alcohol intake, insulin resistance, and abdominal obesity in elderly men
- 2007
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Ingår i: Obesity (Silver Spring). - : Wiley. - 1930-7381 .- 1930-739X. ; 15:7, s. 1766-1773
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: Moderate and high alcohol intake have been associated with decreased and increased risk of type 2 diabetes, respectively. Insulin resistance, insulin secretion, and abdominal obesity are major predictors of diabetes, but the links with alcohol intake remain contradictory because of limited data. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: In a population-based cohort of 807 men (age, 70 years), we studied whether alcohol intake was related to insulin sensitivity, measured with the gold standard technique (euglycemic clamp), insulin secretion (early insulin response), or adiposity [BMI, waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio]. Alcohol intake was self-reported (questionnaire) and was assessed from a validated 7-day dietary record. The cross-sectional associations were evaluated using multivariable linear regression, adjusting for smoking, education level, physical activity, dietary total energy intake, hypertension, diabetes, triglycerides, and cholesterol. RESULTS: In multivariable models, self-estimated alcohol intake was not related to insulin sensitivity, early insulin response, or BMI, but was positively related to WC (beta-coefficient, 0.77; 95% confidence interval, 0.15 to 1.39; p=0.02) and waist-to-hip ratio (0.006 [0.002-0.009], p=0.003). The association with WC and waist-to-hip ratio was most pronounced in men in the lowest tertile of BMI. The results using dietary records were similar. DISCUSSION: Evaluated in a large sample in elderly men, neither insulin sensitivity measured by clamp technique nor insulin secretion was significantly associated with alcohol intake. However, high alcohol intake was associated with abdominal obesity, which might explain the higher diabetes risk previously observed in high alcohol consumers.
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| 21. |
- Simonyte, Kotryna, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
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Obesity is accompanied by disturbances in peripheral glucocorticoid metabolism and changes in FA recycling.
- 2009
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Ingår i: Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.). - : Wiley. - 1930-7381 .- 1930-739X. ; 17:11, s. 1982-7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The glucocorticoid activating enzyme 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11betaHSD1) is of major interest in obesity-related morbidity. Alterations in tissue-specific cortisol levels may influence lipogenetic and gluco/glyceroneogenetic pathways in fat and liver. We analyzed the expression and activity of 11betaHSD1 as well as the expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP), and fatty acid synthase (FAS) in adipose and liver and investigated putative associations between 11betaHSD1 and energy metabolism genes. A total of 33 obese women (mean BMI 44.6) undergoing gastric bypass surgery were enrolled. Subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), omental fat (omental adipose tissue (OmAT)), and liver biopsies were collected during the surgery. 11betaHSD1 gene expression was higher in SAT vs. OmAT (P = 0.013), whereas the activity was higher in OmAT (P = 0.009). The SAT 11betaHSD1 correlated with waist circumference (P = 0.045) and was an independent predictor for the OmAT area in a linear regression model. Energy metabolism genes had AT depot-specific expression; higher leptin and SREBP in SAT than OmAT, but higher PEPCK in OmAT than SAT. The expression of 11betaHSD1 correlated with PEPCK in both AT depots (P = 0.05 for SAT and P = 0.0001 for OmAT). Hepatic 11betaHSD1 activity correlated negatively with abdominal adipose area (P = 0.002) and expression positively with PEPCK (P = 0.003). In human obesity, glucocorticoid regeneration in the SAT is associated with central fat accumulation indicating that the importance of this specific fat depot is underestimated. Central fat accumulation is negatively associated with hepatic 11betaHSD1 activity. A disturbance in peripheral glucocorticoid metabolism is associated with changes in genes involved in fatty acid (FA) recycling in adipose tissue (AT).
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| 22. |
- Sneddon, Alan A, et al.
(författare)
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Effect of a conjugated linoleic acid and omega-3 fatty acid mixture on body composition and adiponectin
- 2008
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Ingår i: Obesity. - : Wiley. - 1930-739X .- 1930-7381. ; 16:5, s. 1019-1024
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study aimed to determine the effect of supplementation with conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs) plus n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFAs) on body composition, adiposity, and hormone levels in young and older, lean and obese men. Young (31.4 +/- 3.9 years) lean (BMI, 23.6 +/- 1.5 kg/m(2); n = 13) and obese (BMI, 32.4 +/- 1.9 kg/m(2); n = 12) and older (56.5 +/- 4.6 years) lean (BMI, 23.6 +/- 1.5 kg/m(2); n = 20) and obese (BMI, 32.0 +/- 1.6 kg/m(2); n = 14) men participated in a double-blind placebo-controlled, randomized crossover study. Subjects received either 6 g/day control fat or 3 g/day CLA (50:50 cis-9, trans-11: trans-10, cis-12) and 3 g/day n-3 LC-PUFA for 12 weeks with a 12-week wash-out period between crossovers. Body composition was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Fasting adiponectin, leptin, glucose, and insulin concentrations were measured and insulin resistance estimated by homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). In the younger obese subjects, CLA plus n-3 LC-PUFA supplementation compared with control fat did not result in increased abdominal fat and raised both fat-free mass (2.4%) and adiponectin levels (12%). CLA plus n-3 LC-PUFA showed no significant effects on HOMA-IR in any group but did increase fasting glucose in older obese subjects. In summary, supplementation with CLA plus n-3 LC-PUFA prevents increased abdominal fat mass and raises fat-free mass and adiponectin levels in younger obese individuals without deleteriously affecting insulin sensitivity, whereas these parameters in young and older lean and older obese individuals were unaffected, apart from increased fasting glucose in older obese men.
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| 23. |
- Strandberg, Louise, 1981, et al.
(författare)
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IL6 and IL1B polymorphisms are associated with fat mass in older men: the MrOS Study Sweden.
- 2008
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Ingår i: Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.). - : Wiley. - 1930-7381 .- 1930-739X. ; 16:3, s. 710-3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There is growing evidence that immune functions are linked to the regulation of body fat. Our studies of knockout mice indicate that both endogenous interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1 can suppress mature-onset obesity. We now investigated whether four common polymorphisms of the IL6 and IL1 systems are associated with the fat mass measured with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in elderly men (n = 3,014). The study subjects were from the Swedish part of the MrOS multicenter population study and 69-81 years of age. The IL6 -174 G>C (Minor allele frequency (MAF) = 48%) gene promoter polymorphism was associated with the primary outcome total fat mass (P = 0.006) and regional fat masses, but not with lean body mass. The IL1B -31T>C (MAF = 34%) polymorphism was also associated with total fat (P = 0.007) and regional fat masses, but not lean body mass. The IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) gene (IL1RN) +2018 T>C (MAF = 27%) polymorphism (in linkage disequilibrium (LD) with a well-studied variable number tandem repeat of 86 base pair (bp)) and IL1B +3953 C>T (MAF = 26%) polymorphism were not associated with total fat mass. In conclusion, the IL-1 and IL-6 systems, shown to suppress mature-onset obesity in experimental animals, contain gene polymorphisms that are associated with fat, but not lean, mass in elderly men.
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| 25. |
- Vimaleswaran, Karani S, et al.
(författare)
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Absence of association between the INSIG2 gene polymorphism (rs7566605) and obesity in the European Youth Heart Study (EYHS)
- 2009
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Ingår i: Obesity. - : Wiley. - 1930-7381 .- 1930-739X. ; 17:7, s. 1453-1457
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The first genome-wide association study for BMI identified a polymorphism, rs7566605, 10 kb upstream of the insulin-induced gene 2 (INSIG2) transcription start site, as the most significantly associated variant in children and adults. Subsequent studies, however, showed inconsistent association of this polymorphism with obesity traits. This polymorphism has been hypothesized to alter INSIG2 expression leading to inhibition of fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis. Hence, we investigated the association of the INSIG2 rs7566605 polymorphism with obesity- and lipid-related traits in Danish and Estonian children (930 boys and 1,073 girls) from the European Youth Heart Study (EYHS), a school-based, cross-sectional study of pre- and early pubertal children. The association between the polymorphism and obesity traits was tested using additive and recessive models adjusted for age, age-group, gender, maturity and country. Interactions were tested by including the interaction terms in the model. Despite having sufficient power (98%) to detect the previously reported effect size for association with BMI, we did not find significant effects of rs7566605 on BMI (additive, P = 0.68; recessive, P = 0.24). Accordingly, the polymorphism was not associated with overweight (P = 0.87) or obesity (P = 0.34). We also did not find association with waist circumference (WC), sum of four skinfolds, or with total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein, or high-density lipoprotein. There were no gender-specific (P = 0.55), age-group-specific (P = 0.63) or country-specific (P = 0.56) effects. There was also no evidence of interaction between genotype and physical activity (P = 0.95). Despite an adequately powered study, our findings suggest that rs7566605 is not associated with obesity-related traits and lipids in the EYHS.Obesity (2009) doi:10.1038/oby.2008.650.
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| 26. |
- Warensjö, Eva, et al.
(författare)
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Polymorphisms in the SCD1 gene : associations with body fat distribution and insulin sensitivity
- 2007
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Ingår i: Obesity. - : Wiley. - 1930-7381 .- 1930-739X. ; 15:7, s. 1732-1740
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: Obesity and insulin resistance are major risk factors for metabolic diseases and are influenced by lifestyle and genetics. The lipogenic enzyme, stearoyl-coenzyme A-desaturase (SCD), is related to obesity. Further, SCD1-deficent mice are protected against obesity and insulin resistance. We hypothesized that genetic polymorphisms in the SCD1 gene would be associated with obesity, insulin sensitivity, and estimated SCD activity in humans. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: The study population was 1143 elderly Swedish men taking part of a population-based cohort study, the Uppsala Longitudinal Study of Adult Men. Associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms and obesity (waist circumference and BMI), insulin sensitivity (assessed by hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp), and estimated SCD activity (fatty acid ratios) were analyzed using linear regression analysis. RESULTS: Subjects homozygous for the rare alleles of rs10883463, rs7849, rs2167444, and rs508384 had decreased BMI and waist circumference and improved insulin sensitivity. The rare allele of rs7849 demonstrated the strongest effect on both insulin sensitivity [regression coefficient (beta)=1.19, p=0.007] and waist circumference (beta=-4.4, p=0.028), corresponding to 23% higher insulin sensitivity and 4 cm less waist circumference. CONCLUSION: This study indicates that genetic variations in the SCD1 gene are associated with body fat distribution and insulin sensitivity, results that accord well with animal data. These results need confirmation in other populations with a larger sample size.
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