| 1. |
- Dorn, Katharina, et al.
(författare)
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Watch and listen – A cross-cultural study of audio-visual-matching behavior in 4.5-month-old infants in German and Swedish talking faces
- 2018
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Ingår i: Infant Behavior and Development. - : Elsevier BV. - 0163-6383 .- 1879-0453 .- 1934-8800. ; 52, s. 121-129
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Investigating infants’ ability to match visual and auditory speech segments presented sequentially allows us to understand more about the type of information they encode in each domain, as well as their ability to relate the information. One previous study found that 4.5- month-old infants’ preference for visual French or German speech depended on whether they had previously heard the respective language, suggesting a remarkable ability to encode and relate audio-visual speech cues and to use these to guide their looking behavior. However, French and German differ in their prosody, meaning that perhaps, the infants did not base their matching on phonological or phonetic cues, but on prosody patterns. The present study aimed to address this issue by tracking the eye gaze of 4.5-month-old German and Swedish infants cross-culturally in an intersensory matching procedure, comparing German and Swedish, two same-rhythm-class languages differing in phonetic and phonological attributes but not in prosody. Looking times indicated that even when distinctive prosodic cues were eliminated, 4.5- month-olds were able to extract subtle language properties and sequentially match visual and heard fluent speech. This outcome was the same for different individual speakers for the two modalities, ruling out the possibility that the infants matched speech patterns specific to one individual. This study confirms a remarkably early emerging ability of infants to match auditory and visual information. The fact that the types of information were matched despite sequential presentation demonstrates that the information is retained in short term memory, and thus goes beyond purely perceptual – here-and-now processing.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Adam, Maurits, et al.
(författare)
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Goal saliency boosts infants' action prediction for human manual actions, but not for mechanical claws
- 2016
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Ingår i: Infant Behavior and Development. - : Elsevier BV. - 0163-6383 .- 1879-0453. ; 44, s. 29-37
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Previous research indicates that infants' prediction of the goals of observed actions is influenced by own experience with the type of agent performing the action (i.e., human hand vs. non-human agent) as well as by action-relevant features of goal objects (e.g., object size). The present study investigated the combined effects of these factors on 12-month-olds' action prediction. Infants' (N=49) goal-directed gaze shifts were recorded as they observed 14 trials in which either a human hand or a mechanical claw reached for a small goal area (low-saliency goal) or a large goal area (high-saliency goal). Only infants who had observed the human hand reaching for a high-saliency goal fixated the goal object ahead of time, and they rapidly learned to predict the action goal across trials. By contrast, infants in all other conditions did not track the observed action in a predictive manner, and their gaze shifts to the action goal did not change systematically across trials. Thus, high-saliency goals seem to boost infants' predictive gaze shifts during the observation of human manual actions, but not of actions performed by a mechanical device. This supports the assumption that infants' action predictions are based on interactive effects of action-relevant object features (e.g., size) and own action experience.
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| 4. |
- Cunha, Andrea Baraldi, et al.
(författare)
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Maturational and situational determinants of reaching at its onset
- 2015
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Ingår i: Infant Behavior and Development. - : Elsevier BV. - 0163-6383 .- 1879-0453. ; 41, s. 64-72
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- At 3 months of age, reaching behavior was measured in a group of 10 girls and 10 boys born at term. The assessments were carried out on the average 2 days after reaching onset. Reaching kinematics was measured in both supine and reclined positions. Girls reached more than boys, had straighter reaching trajectories and movements of shorter durations as well as fewer movement units. The reclined position gave rise to straighter trajectories in both girls and boys. Several anthropometric parameters were measured. Girls had less length and volume of the forearm than boys but similar upper arm volumes. There was a weak relation between kinematic and anthropometric variables.
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| 5. |
- Johansson, Maria, et al.
(författare)
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Sustained attention in infancy as a longitudinal predictor of self-regulatory functions
- 2015
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Ingår i: Infant Behavior and Development. - : Elsevier BV. - 0163-6383 .- 1879-0453. ; 41, s. 1-11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Previous literature suggests that attention processes such as sustained attention would con-stitute a developmental foundation for the self-regulatory functions executive functioningand effortful control (e.g., Garon, Bryson, & Smith, 2008; Rothbart, Derryberry, & Posner,1994). Our main aim was to test this hypothesis by studying whether sustained attentionat age 1 year can predict individual differences in self-regulatory functions at age 2 years.Longitudinal data from 66 infants and their parents were included in the study. Sustainedattention was assessed during free play at age 1 year; executive functioning, measured usingan eye-tracking version of the A-not-B task, and effortful control, measured using parentalratings, were assessed at both age 1 and age 2 years. The results did support a longitudinalprediction of individual differences in 2-year-olds’ self-regulatory functions as a function ofsustained attention at age 1 year. We also found significant improvement in both executivefunctioning and effortful control over time, and the two self-regulatory constructs wererelated in toddlerhood but not in infancy. The study helps increase our understanding ofthe early development of self-regulatory functions necessary for identifying developmentalrisks and, in the future, for developing new interventions.
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| 6. |
- Kaul, Ylva Fredriksson, et al.
(författare)
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Reaching skills of infants born very preterm predict neurodevelopment at 2.5 years
- 2019
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Ingår i: Infant Behavior and Development. - : Elsevier. - 0163-6383 .- 1879-0453. ; 57
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose was to investigate associations between quality of reaching for moving objects at 8 months corrected age and neurodevelopment at 2.5 years in children born very preterm (gestational age (GA), 24–31 weeks). Thirtysix infants were assessed while reaching for moving objects. The movements were recorded by a 3D motion capture system. Reaching parameters included aiming, relative length of the reach, number of movement units, proportion of bimanual coupled reaches and number of hits. Neurodevelopment was assessed at 2.5 years by the Bayley Scales of Infant Development III. There were strong associations between infant reaching kinematics and neurodevelopment of cognition and language but the patterns differed: in children born extremely preterm (GA < 28 weeks), planning and control of reaching was strongly related to outcome, while in children born very preterm (GA 28–31 weeks) number of hits and bimanual strategies were of greater relevance. In conclusion, for extremely preterm infants, basic problems on how motion information is incorporated with action planning prevail, while in very preterm infants the coordination of bimanual reaches is more at the focus. We conclude that the results reflect GA related differences in neural vulnerability and that early motor coordination deficits have a cascading effect on neurodevelopment.
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| 7. |
- Koch, Felix-Sebastian, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
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Changes in infant visual attention when observing repeated actions
- 2018
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Ingår i: Infant Behavior and Development. - : Elsevier. - 0163-6383 .- 1879-0453. ; 50, s. 189-197
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Infants early visual preferences for faces, and their observational learning abilities, are well-established in the literature. The current study examines how infants attention changes as they become increasingly familiar with a person and the actions that person is demonstrating. The looking patterns of 12- (n = 61) and 16-month-old infants (n = 29) were tracked while they watched videos of an adult presenting novel actions with four different objects three times. A face-to-action ratio in visual attention was calculated for each repetition and summarized as a mean across all videos. The face-to-action ratio increased with each action repetition, indicating that there was an increase in attention to the face relative to the action each additional time the action was demonstrated. Infants prior familiarity with the object used was related to face-to-action ratio in 12-month-olds and initial looking behavior was related to face-to-action ratio in the whole sample. Prior familiarity with the presenter, and infant gender and age, were not related to face-to-action ratio. This study has theoretical implications for face preference and action observations in dynamic contexts.
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| 8. |
- Kochukhova, Olga, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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Temperament differences between institution- and family-reared toddlers
- 2016
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Ingår i: Infant Behavior and Development. - : Elsevier BV. - 0163-6383 .- 1879-0453. ; 45, s. 91-97
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The goal of this study was to compare the temperamental properties (i.e. Surgency/extraversion, Negative affectivity, Effortful control) of institution-reared (IR) and family-reared (FR) toddlers, aged between 17-37 months, living in Simferopol, Crimea. The results demonstrated significantly lower Surgency and higher Negative affectivity scores in the institution-reared toddlers. At the same time, in IR children Surgency scores depended on children’s age, the older the children were, the higher scores they were assigned. No such relation was found for FR toddlers. Further, level of Negative affectivity in IR group depended significantly on amount of time that children spent at the institution; more time resulted in higher Negative affectivity scores. We could not find any differences between IR and FR children in Effortful control.The study results suggest different developmental patterns for Surgency and Negative affectivity in IR and FR children and are discussed in terms of potential impact it may have on further personality development.
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| 9. |
- Moe, Vibeke, et al.
(författare)
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Precursors of social emotional functioning among full-term and preterm infants at 12 months: Early infant withdrawal behavior and symptoms of maternal depression
- 2016
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Ingår i: Infant Behavior and Development. - : ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC. - 0163-6383 .- 1879-0453. ; 44, s. 159-168
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study forms part of a longitudinal investigation of early infant social withdrawal, maternal symptoms of depression and later child social emotional functioning. The sample consisted of a group of full-term infants (N = 238) and their mothers, and a group of moderately premature infants (N = 64) and their mothers. At 3 months, the infants were observed with the Alarm Distress Baby Scale (ADBB) and the mothers completed the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). At 12 months, the mothers filled out questionnaires about the infants social emotional functioning (Infant Toddler Social Emotional Assessment and the Ages and Stages Questionnaire-Social Emotional). At 3 months, as we have previously shown, the premature infants had exhibited more withdrawal behavior and their mothers reported elevated maternal depressive symptoms as compared with the full-born group. At 12 months the mothers of the premature infants reported more child internalizing behavior. These data suggest that infant withdrawal behavior as well as maternal depressive mood may serve as sensitive indices of early risk status. Further, the results suggest that early maternal depressive symptoms are a salient predictor of later child social emotional functioning. However, neither early infant withdrawal behavior, nor gestational age, did significantly predict social emotional outcome at 12 months. It should be noted that the differences in strength of the relations between ADBB and EPDS, respectively, to the outcome at 12 months was modest. An implication of the study is that clinicians should be aware of the complex interplay between early infant withdrawal and signs of maternal postpartum depression in planning ports of entry for early intervention. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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| 10. |
- Schmitow, Clara, et al.
(författare)
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Social perception : How do 6-month-old infants look at pointing gestures?
- 2016
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Ingår i: Infant Behavior and Development. - : Elsevier BV. - 0163-6383 .- 1879-0453. ; 42, s. 152-156
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The study explored 6-month-old infants' ability to follow a pointing gesture in a dynamic social context. The infants were presented with a video of a model pointing to one of two toys. The pointing gesture was performed either normally (with arm and hand pointing at the same direction), with a stick, or the model's arm and hand pointing in different directions (at different toys). The results indicate that infants at this age reliably followed pointing performed normally.
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| 11. |
- Schmitow, Clara, et al.
(författare)
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What aspects of others' behaviors do infants attend to in live situations?
- 2015
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Ingår i: Infant Behavior and Development. - : Elsevier BV. - 0163-6383 .- 1879-0453. ; 40, s. 173-182
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A head-mounted camera was used for studying infant focus of attention. In two situations, 10- and 14-month-old infants observed two adults interacting. In one situation, the adults had a conversation and in the other situation, they were playing with blocks. The results indicate a preference for observing manual actions and a different pattern in looking at conversations than has been shown in eye-tracking studies. The head-mounted camera is a promising method for examining the infant's focus of attention.
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| 12. |
- Stenberg, Gunilla
(författare)
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Does contingency in adults’ responding influence 12-month-old infants’ social referencing?
- 2017
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Ingår i: Infant Behavior and Development. - : Elsevier. - 0163-6383 .- 1879-0453. ; 46, s. 67-79
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Abstract In two experiments we examined the influence of contingent versus non-contingent responding on infant social referencing behavior. EXPERIMENT 1: Forty 12-month-old infants were exposed to an ambiguous toy in a social referencing situation. In one condition an unfamiliar adult who in a previous play situation had responded contingently to the infant’s looks gave the infant positive information about the toy. In the other condition an unfamiliar adult who previously had not responded contingently delivered the positive information. EXPERIMENT 2: Forty-eight 12-month-old infants participated in Experiment 2. In this experiment it was examined whether the familiarity of the adult influences infants’ reactions to contingency in responding. In one condition a parent who previously had responded contingently to the infant’s looks provided positive information about the ambiguous toy, and in the other condition a parent who previously had not responded contingently provided the positive information. The infants looked more at the contingent experimenter in Experimenter 1, and also played more with the toy after receiving positive information from the contingent experimenter. No differences in looking at the parent and in playing with the toy were found in Experiment 2. The results indicate that contingency in responding, as well as the familiarity of the adult, influence infants’ social referencing behavior.
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| 13. |
- Stenberg, Gunilla
(författare)
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Does contingency in adults' responding influence 12-month-old infants' social referencing?
- 2017
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Ingår i: Infant Behavior and Development. - : ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC. - 0163-6383 .- 1879-0453. ; 49, s. 9-20
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In two experiments we examined the influence of contingent versus non-contingent responding on infant social referencing behavior. EXPERIMENT 1: Forty 12-month-old infants were exposed to an ambiguous toy in a social referencing situation. In one condition an unfamiliar adult who in a previous play situation had responded contingently to the infant's looks gave the infant positive information about the toy. In the other condition an unfamiliar adult who previously had not responded contingently delivered the positive information. EXPERIMENT 2: Forty-eight 12 month-old infants participated in Experiment 2. In this experiment it was examined whether the familiarity of the adult influences infants' reactions to contingency in responding. In one condition a parent who previously had responded contingently to the infant's looks provided positive information about the ambiguous toy, and in the other condition a parent who previously had not responded contingently provided the positive information. The infants looked more at the contingent experimenter in Experimenter 1, and also played more with the toy after receiving positive information from the contingent experimenter. No differences in looking at the parent and in playing with the toy were found in Experiment 2. The results indicate that contingency in responding, as well as the familiarity of the adult, influence infants' social referencing behavior.
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| 14. |
- Stenberg, Gunilla
(författare)
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Effects of Adults' Contingent Responding on Infants' Behavior in Ambiguous Situations
- 2017
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Ingår i: Infant Behavior and Development. - : Elsevier BV. - 0163-6383 .- 1879-0453. ; 49, s. 50-61
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We examined the effect of adults’ contingency in responding to infants’ behavior in an ambiguous situation in two experiments. In Experiment 1, forty-four 12-month-old infants were exposed to an ambiguous toy. An unfamiliar adult responded either contingently or non-contingently to the infant’s bids and then presented the toy and provided positive information. During toy presentation, infants in the non-contingent condition looked less at the experimenter than infants in the contingent condition. In a concluding free-play situation infants in the non-contingent condition played less and tended to touch the toy less. In Experiment 2 (forty-four 12-month-old infants), the parent either responded promptly or with a delay each time the infant made contact initiatives and then presented an ambiguous toy and delivered the positive information. The infants in the non-contingent condition tended to look less at the parent during toy presentation and also tended to play less with the toy during the concluding free-play situation. The findings show that adults’ contingency in responding influences infants’ behavior in ambiguous situations.
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| 15. |
- Thorgrimsson, Gudmundur B., et al.
(författare)
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1-and 2-year-olds' expectations about third-party communicative actions
- 2015
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Ingår i: Infant Behavior and Development. - : Elsevier BV. - 0163-6383 .- 1879-0453. ; 39, s. 53-66
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Infants expect people to direct actions toward objects, and they respond to actions directed to themselves, but do they have expectations about actions directed to third parties? In two experiments, we used eye tracking to investigate 1- and 2-year-olds' expectations about communicative actions addressed to a third party. Experiment 1 presented infants with videos where an adult (the Emitter) either uttered a sentence or produced non-speech sounds. The Emitter was either face-to-face with another adult (the Recipient) or the two were back-to-back. The Recipient did not respond to any of the sounds. We found that 2-, but not 1-year-olds looked quicker and longer at the Recipient following speech than non-speech, suggesting that they expected her to respond to speech. These effects were specific to the face-to-face context. Experiment 2 presented 1-year-olds with similar face-to-face exchanges but modified to engage infants and minimize task demands. The infants looked quicker to the Recipient following speech than non-speech, suggesting that they expected a response to speech. The study suggests that by 1 year of age infants expect communicative actions to be directed at a third-party listener.
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| 16. |
- Brogårdh, Christina, et al.
(författare)
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Muscle Weakness and Perceived Disability of Upper Limbs in Persons With Late Effects of Polio
- 2016
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Ingår i: PM&R. - : Wiley. - 1934-1482 .- 1934-1563. ; 8:9, s. 825-832
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Muscle weakness in one or both upper limbs is common in persons with previous polio, but there is very limited knowledge how it influences daily life. Objective: To assess muscle weakness and self-perceived disability of the upper limbs in persons with late effects of polio and evaluate their association. Design: Cross-sectional study. Settings: University hospital outpatient clinic. Participants: Twenty-eight persons (mean age 67, SD 16 years) with late effects of polio in their upper limbs. Main Outcome Measures: A fixed dynamometer (Biodex System 3 PRO dynamometer (Biodex Medical Systems Inc., Shirley, NY) was used to measure isometric shoulder abduction and elbow flexion, as well as isokinetic concentric elbow flexion and extension. A hand-held dynamometer (Grippit, Hägersten, Sweden) was used to measure isometric grip strength. The Disabilities of Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) questionnaire was used to assess self-perceived disability of the upper limbs. The relationships between the measures were analyzed with the Spearman rank correlation coefficients (rho). Results: The participants were 20%-31% weaker in their more-affected upper limb compared with their less-affected limb. The DASH score was on average 33.5 (SD 18.6), indicating a mild-to-moderate disability of their upper limbs. Changing a lightbulb overhead, carrying a heavy object, and performing recreational activities that required muscle force with the arms were perceived as most difficult. The correlations (rho) between the muscle strength measurements and DASH scores ranged from -0.46 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] -0.10 to -0.71) to -0.61 (95% CI -0.31 to -0.80) for the more affected upper limb, and from -0.54 (95% CI -0.21 to -0.76) to -0.68 (95% CI -0.41 to -0.84) for the less affected upper limb (P < .05-.01). Conclusions: Persons with previous polio and muscle weakness in their upper limbs perceive difficulties to use their arms in daily life, especially when performing activities above their head and strenuous household or leisure activities. The fair-to-moderate correlations of muscle strength with self-perceived disability imply that the weakness can only partially explain the perceived disabilities of arm, shoulder and hand. Other factors are therefore important to consider in the rehabilitation of persons with late effects of polio and upper limb disability. © 2016 American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation.
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