| 1. |
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| 2. |
- Reinbothe, Thomas, et al.
(författare)
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Optogenetic control of insulin secretion in intact pancreatic islets with β-cell-specific expression of Channelrhodopsin-2.
- 2014
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Ingår i: Islets. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1938-2022 .- 1938-2014. ; 6:1, s. 28095-28095
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Insulin is secreted from the pancreatic β-cells in response to elevated glucose. In intact islets the capacity for insulin release is determined by a complex interplay between different cell types. This has made it difficult to specifically assess the role of β-cell defects to the insulin secretory impairment in type 2 diabetes. Here we describe a new approach, based on optogenetics, that enables specific investigation of β-cells in intact islets. We used transgenic mice expressing the light-sensitive cation channel Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) under control of the insulin promoter. Glucose tolerance in vivo was assessed using intraperitoneal glucose tolerance tests, and glucose-induced insulin release was measured from static batch incubations. ChR2 localization was determined by fluorescence confocal microscopy. The effect of ChR2 stimulation with blue LED light was assessed using Ca(2+) imaging and static islet incubations. Light stimulation of islets from transgenic ChR2 mice triggered prompt increases in intracellular Ca(2+). Moreover, light stimulation enhanced insulin secretion in batch-incubated islets at low and intermediate but not at high glucose concentrations. Glucagon release was not affected. Beta-cells from mice rendered diabetic on a high-fat diet exhibited a 3.5-fold increase in light-induced Ca(2+) influx compared with mice on a control diet. Furthermore, light enhanced insulin release also at high glucose in these mice, suggesting that high-fat feeding leads to a compensatory potentiation of the Ca(2+) response in β-cells. The results demonstrate the usefulness and versatility of optogenetics for studying mechanisms of perturbed hormone secretion in diabetes with high time-resolution and cell-specificity.
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| 3. |
- Barry, Jim, et al.
(författare)
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Gender, managerialsim, and performativity in higher education in England and Sweden
- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of Workplace Rights. - 1938-4998 .- 1938-5005. ; 17:3-4, s. 491-503
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this article, we consider the implications of managerial reforms and performativity in higher education in Sweden and England, following the introduction of new public management and the development of neoliberalism. The article examines some gendered implications by drawing on the experiences of eight experienced female academics. The data are drawn from a dataset of interviews. The first interviews we present were conducted at the beginning of 2001 with two long-serving academics from each country. The rest of the interviews we present were conducted 10 years later, with academics who were, like the previous interviewees, long serving. The same interview questions were used for all the interviews. We found differences between the two countries, in terms of social democratic and liberal traditions, as well as similarities. In the earlier interviews, we found the reforms to be viewed negatively, while the later interviews suggested some accommodation in respect of research and management. Yet, despite this, the female academics in both countries had become increasingly subjected to performativity and were experiencing difficulties in undertaking research as they took on more teaching and administration.
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| 4. |
- Bu, Junfu, et al.
(författare)
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Preparation of Potential Protonic Conductor Yttria Doped Hafnia by Using the Modified Solid State Reaction Method
- 2014
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Ingår i: ECS Transactions. - : The Electrochemical Society. - 1938-5862 .- 1938-6737. ; , s. 315-320
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- A pure and well crystalized yttrium doped hafnium oxide Hf0.69Y0.31O2-δ (YSH) is obtained by using a modified solid state reaction method, where a water-based milling medium and freeze drying are implemented to reduce the agglomeration. The mean sizes of the YSH powder, which is obtained through a traditional alcohol-based milling method, is more than 1 um. However, the powder size can be reduced to 100 nm by using the water-based milling method. In addition, the calcination temperature can be lowered 200 °C to get a pure phase by using the water-based milling method, compared to the alcohol-based milling method. The relative density of YSH ceramic materials can reach to 97.5% by conventional sintering at 1650 °C after during 10 h.
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| 5. |
- Gutt, Tomasz, et al.
(författare)
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PECVD and thermal gate oxides on 3C vs. 4H SiC-Impact on leakage, traps and energy offsets
- 2014
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Ingår i: ECS Transactions. - : The Electrochemical Society. - 1938-5862 .- 1938-6737. ; , s. 237-243
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Energy-band model offsets, trap density distributions and gate leakage characteristics of MOS capacitors with PECVD and thermal gate oxides on 3C- and 4H-SiC were compared. The difference in trap energy distributions between the polytypes demonstrated in this experiment confirms that the 3C-SiC polytype is less vulnerable to near-interface traps (NIT) which are found in high density in the 4H-SiC. It was also shown that the examined 3C-SiC substrates demonstrated higher leakage currents due to higher dislocation concentration compared with 4H-SiC. Finally, the energy band model of the SiC MOS devices was described quantitatively which could be considered in further development of the devices and processes.
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| 6. |
- Holgersson, Annelie, et al.
(författare)
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Mass-casualty attacks on public transportation
- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of Transportation Security. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1938-7741 .- 1938-775X. ; 7, s. 1-16
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The 21st century has provided many examples of the devastating effects attacks can have when public transportation has been targeted or used as weapons. Four hundred and seventy seven mass-casualty attacks (≥10 fatally injured and/or ≥100 non-fatally injured) against public transportation and terminal buildings during the years 1970–2009 were studied with data from the Global Terrorism Database in addition to open media sources, scientific journals, and books. Asia was the most frequently targeted region, followed by the Middle East & North African region and Sub Saharan Africa. Airplanes were the most frequently attacked mode of transport during the 1970s, but were surpassed by buses in the mid-80s. There was also an alarming increase in attacks against terminal buildings during 2000–2009. The two most common types of attacks were bombings and armed assault. Complex tactical approaches so as to achieve as much carnage as possible were apparent—e.g., maximizing the number of exposed people, enhancing weapon effects, approaching victims one-by-one, combining several attack types, and targeting rescue personnel. These approaches were more predominant during the last two decades and attacks against rescue personnel were exclusive to the 21st century. The average number of injured increased considerably, despite a quite stable incidence rate since the 1980s. High numbers of non-fatally injured people were connected to attacks on terminal buildings, multiple targets and complex tactical approaches. These incidents, with more and more non-fatally injured, challenge our societal response structures and thus require more research.
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| 7. |
- Khalaghi, B., et al.
(författare)
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Electrochemical behaviour of dissolved iron chloride in KCl+LiCl+NaCl melt at 550°C
- 2014
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Ingår i: ECS Transactions. - : The Electrochemical Society. - 1938-5862 .- 1938-6737. ; 64:4, s. 301-310
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- An electrochemical study of iron was carried out in KCl+LiCl+NaCl melt at 550C using a glassy carbon working electrode. Cyclic voltammetry showed that the Fe(II)/Fe(0) electron exchange is a soluble/insoluble reversible process. The diffusion coefficient of Fe(II) was calculated using cyclic voltammetry; 1.4×10-5 cm2 s-1. For the Fe(II)/Fe(III) red/ox reaction, analysis of the voltammograms suggests that the process is not reversible and is coupled with a chemical reaction. The stability of FeCl3 and the effect of equilibrium between FeCl3 and FeCl2 are also briefly discussed.
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| 8. |
- Metaferia, Wondwosen, et al.
(författare)
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A quick and a flexible hydride vapor phase epitaxy process to achieve buried heterostructure quantum cascade lasers
- 2014
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Ingår i: ECS Transactions. - : Electrochemical Society. - 1938-5862 .- 1938-6737. ; , s. 61-68
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- BH-QCLs were fabricated with regrowth of semi-insulating InP:Fe in hydride vapor phase epitaxy reactor. Two types of lateral ridge QCL designs were considered: (i) closely spaced ridges with double trenches and (ii) widely and uniformly spaced ridges. The etched depth varies from 6 to 15 μm in the former and 6 to10 μm in the latter. Double trenches of about 14 μm deep take only < 40 minutes to planarize while the same time is needed to planarize about 8 μm deep trenches with uniform ridges. In any case the achieved growth rate is higher by at least one order of magnitude than that can be achieved in MBE and MOVPE. Some fabricated BH-QCLs are characterized and they exhibit spatially monomode (TMoo) laser with an output power of as high as 2.4 W and wall plug efficiency of ∼8-9% at RT under CW operation.
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| 9. |
- Mitrovic, I. Z., et al.
(författare)
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Interface engineering routes for a future cmos ge-based technology
- 2014
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Ingår i: ECS Transactions. - : The Electrochemical Society. - 1938-5862 .- 1938-6737. ; , s. 73-88
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present an overview study of two germanium interface engineering routes, firstly a germanate formation via La2O3 and Y2O3, and secondly a barrier layer approach using Al2O3 and Tm2O3. The interfacial composition, uniformity, thickness, band gap, crystallinity, absorption features and valence band offset are determined using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, ultra violet variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry, and high resolution transmission electron microscopy. The correlation of these results with electrical characterization data make a case for Ge interface engineering with rare-earth inclusion as a viable route to achieve high performance Ge CMOS.
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| 10. |
- Noroozi, Mohammad, et al.
(författare)
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Fabrications of size-controlled SiGe nanowires using I-line lithography and focused ion beam technique
- 2014
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Ingår i: ECS Transactions. - : The Electrochemical Society. - 1938-5862 .- 1938-6737. ; , s. 167-174
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study, a novel method using Focus Ion Beam (FIB) technique was applied to scale down Si1-xGex wires (x=0.27-0.57) to 20 nm width. Originally, the wires were processed by using Iline lithography and dry etching of SiGe on oxide (SGOI) substrates. The SGOI wafers were processed through condensation method where a SiGe/Si layer was grown in the beginning on SOI wafers and oxidized at 850-1050 °C. The shape of the nanowires (NWs) during the successive FIB cutting was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the carrier transport through the NWs was checked by resistivity measurements. The contact resistance was reduced by Ni-silicide prior to metallization. The fabricated NWs were also suspended by tilting FIB. The results present the limitations and challenges of FIB technique to create NWs for advanced sensors and transistors.
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| 11. |
- Ranstad, P., et al.
(författare)
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SiC power devices in a soft switching converter including aspects on packaging
- 2014
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Ingår i: ECS Transactions. - : The Electrochemical Society. - 1938-6737 .- 1938-5862. ; , s. 51-59
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In many applications of power electronic converters efficiency and size are important figures of merit. Low losses in the power semiconductors as well as high frequency operation are important factors to obtain compact and highly efficient converters. The converters considered in this paper are off-line industrial power supplies (~100 kW) operating at a switching frequency range of 20-40 kHz. Replacing Si power devices by SiC counterparts enables both lower losses and increased switching frequencies. In this paper, experimental results from SiC PiN diodes, (output rectifiers) and SiC MOSFETs, (active switches) are presented.
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| 12. |
- Reshanov, S. A., et al.
(författare)
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Full epitaxial trench type buried grid SiC JBS diodes
- 2014
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Ingår i: ECS Transactions. - : The Electrochemical Society. - 1938-5862 .- 1938-6737. ; , s. 289-293
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The paper presents the advanced concept of fully epitaxial SiC junction barrier Schottky (JBS) diodes. It combines trench etching with embedded epitaxial re-growth and enables cost-efficient manufacturing. Fabricated devices are rated for 20A / 1200V and have leakage currents below 0.1μA at 1000V blocking voltage.
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| 13. |
- Röijezon, Ulrik, et al.
(författare)
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Nordic Dedication to Musicians' Health and Performance : A Successful Launch of the First Nordic Conference
- 2014
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Ingår i: Medical problems of performing artists. - : Science and Medicine, Inc.. - 0885-1158 .- 1938-2766. ; 29:4, s. 243-245
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Within the last 30 years performing arts medicine has grown internationally as a scientific and clinical specialty for investigation, examination, treatment, and prevention of disorders among performing arts professionals and amateurs, i.e., dancers, singers, musicians, actors, and others engaged in performing arts. In the Nordic countries, clinical specialization and research regarding the health situation of musicians and other performing artists has been relatively sparse. However, this has gained speed in the last decade and is today a growing field. Musicians' Health and Performance 1st Nordic Conference 2013 took place June 13-14, 2013, at the Acusticum Concert Hall in Piteå in the northern part of Sweden, close to the Arctic circle
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| 14. |
- Wernersson, Lars-Erik
(författare)
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III-V Nanowire MOSFETs in RF-Applications
- 2014
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Ingår i: ECS Transactions. - : The Electrochemical Society. - 1938-6737 .- 1938-5862. ; 64:17, s. 69-73
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- InAs nanowires have been used to fabricate high-performance MOSFETs that have been integrated into small-scale RF-circuits. We describe the strategy for the design of the transistor architecture and present data for the DC and high-frequency performance. Studies of the 1/f-noise show competitive normalized noise spectral density although it suggests the presence of defects within the high-k film that affect the number of carriers in the transistor channel. These transistors have been used in single-balanced down-conversion mixers operating up to a few GHz.
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| 15. |
- Bagge, Hans, et al.
(författare)
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Measured indoor hygrothermal conditions and occupancy levels in an arctic Swedish multi-family building
- 2014
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Ingår i: HVAC&R Research. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1078-9669 .- 1938-5587. ; 20:4, s. 376-383
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- As requirements regarding energy efficiency are getting tougher, buildings in the arctic, as well as the rest of the world, need to be more energy efficient without compromising a good indoor climate. This article presents measured moisture supply and occupancy level in a Swedish arctic multi-family apartment block. Measurements were done over 1 year every 30 minutes in a building consisting of 51 apartments located in Kiruna, at latitude 67.9 degrees. Averages and typical variations on different timescales, year and day, are presented for the different parameters, as well as correlations between the parameters; for example, moisture supply as a function of occupancy level. The results can be used when input data for simulations of energy use, moisture conditions and indoor climate are chosen, as well as a reference to compare measurements to during verifications. In energy efficient buildings, occupant behavior generally has an extensive impact on building performance, which means that the characteristics of behavior related parameters are important to be able to describe.
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| 16. |
- Riel, Heike, et al.
(författare)
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III-V compound semiconductor transistors-from planar to nanowire structures
- 2014
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Ingår i: MRS Bulletin. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1938-1425 .- 0883-7694. ; 39:8, s. 668-677
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Conventional silicon transistor scaling is fast approaching its limits. An extension of the logic device roadmap to further improve future performance increases of integrated circuits is required to propel the electronics industry. Attention is turning to III-V compound semiconductors that are well positioned to replace silicon as the base material in logic switching devices. Their outstanding electron transport properties and the possibility to tune heterostructures provide tremendous opportunities to engineer novel nanometer-scale logic transistors. The scaling constraints require an evolution from planar III-V metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) toward transistor channels with a three-dimensional structure, such as nanowire FETs, to achieve future performance needs for complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) nodes beyond 10 nm. Further device innovations are required to increase energy efficiency. This could be addressed by tunnel FETs (TFETs), which rely on interband tunneling and thus require advanced III-V heterostructures for optimized performance. This article describes the challenges and recent progress toward the development of III-V MOSFETs and heterostructure TFETs-from planar to nanowire devices-integrated on a silicon platform to make these technologies suitable for future CMOS applications.
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| 17. |
- Tong, Lianming, 1981, et al.
(författare)
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Nanogaps for SERS applications
- 2014
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Ingår i: MRS Bulletin. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0883-7694 .- 1938-1425. ; 39:2, s. 163-168
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The nanogap is possibly the single most important physical entity in surface-enhanced Raman scattering. Nanogaps between noble metal nanostructures deliver extremely high electric field-enhancement, resulting in an extraordinary amplification of both the excitation rate and the emission rate of Raman active molecules situated in the gap. In some cases, the resulting surface-enhancement in the gap can be so high that Raman spectra from single molecules can be measured. Here, we briefly review some important concepts and experimental results on nanoscale gaps for SERS applications.
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
- Djalali, Ahmadreza, et al.
(författare)
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Nonstructural Safety of Hospitals for Disasters : A Comparison Between Two Capital Cities
- 2014
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Ingår i: Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness. - : Cambridge University Press. - 1935-7893 .- 1938-744X. ; 8:2, s. 179-184
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: Hospitals are expected to function as a safe environment during disasters, but many become unusable because of nonstructural damage. This study compares the nonstructural safety of hospitals to disasters in Tehran and Stockholm.METHODS: Hospital safety in Tehran and Stockholm was assessed between September 24, 2012, and April 5, 2013, with use of the nonstructural module of the hospital safety index from the World Health Organization. Hospital safety was categorized as safe, at risk, or inadequate.RESULTS: All 4 hospitals in Stockholm were classified as safe, while 2 hospitals in Tehran were at risk and 3 were safe. The mean nonstructural safety index was 90% ± 2.4 SD for the hospitals in Stockholm and 64% ± 17.4 SD for those in Tehran (P = .014).CONCLUSIONS: The level of hospital safety, with respect to disasters, was not related to local vulnerability. Future studies on hospital safety should assess other factors such as legal and financial issues. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2014;0:1-6).
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| 20. |
- Andresen, Edith, et al.
(författare)
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Processes in collaborative entrepreneurship : a longitudinal case study of how multiple actors exploit a radically new opportunity
- 2014
-
Ingår i: The International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1554-7191 .- 1555-1938. ; 10:4, s. 713-726
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this longitudinal case study, the authors integrate the theory on social movement with the entrepreneurship literature on opportunity discovery, evaluation, and exploitation. They construct a model on collaborative entrepreneurial processes in which multiple partners are involved in identifying, forming, and exploiting an opportunity. Three interdependent subprocesses are identified: (1) the opportunity conceptualization dialogue, (2) resource mobilization and, (3) legitimacy building, which significantly contribute to our understanding of how individuals across different organizations become engaged in collaborative entrepreneurial processes. The model of collaborative entrepreneurial processes complements traditional models of the entrepreneurial process, which place the individual entrepreneur at the center of the process and does not consider group mobilization processes in which the actors aim to be creative and innovative in collaborating with actors from other organizations or firms.
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
- Elldér, Erik
(författare)
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Commuting choices and residential built environments in Sweden, 1990–2010: a multilevel analysis
- 2014
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Ingår i: Urban Geography. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0272-3638 .- 1938-2847. ; 35:5, s. 715-734
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Scholars argue that everyday travel behavior is related less to location than to individual choice, due to the space–time convergence evident with increasing individual mobility. Yet, very few studies have empirically measured trends in the relative significance of location for travel habits over time. This article uses multilevel models based on official register data covering the total Swedish working population to explore how home–work distance varied among workers and across residential areas between 1990 and 2010. The results indicate growing variation in home–work distance for workers living in the same residential neighborhoods and that the significance of residential location for the home–work distance decreased throughout the studied period. The results may suggest that there is less scope now than in the early 1990s for shaping commuting behavior by altering the built environment in Sweden.
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| 23. |
- Eriksson, Ingemar, et al.
(författare)
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Surface tension generated defects in full penetration laser keyhole welding
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Journal of laser applications. - : Laser Institute of America. - 1042-346X .- 1938-1387. ; 26:1
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- During laser keyhole welding of thin plates the melt pool is relatively wide compared to the plate thickness. Under certain conditions an elongated keyhole can be created and a permanent hole is sometimes left in the weld seam. The generation of such holes is determined by surface tension effects in the melt which can generate a self sustaining geometry at the rear of the melt pool. The geometry of the shape is known as a catenoid and has clear geometrical limits.
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| 24. |
- Frostevarg, Jan, et al.
(författare)
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Undercut suppression in laser-arc hybrid welding by melt pool tailoring
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Journal of laser applications. - : Laser Institute of America. - 1042-346X .- 1938-1387. ; 26:3, s. 4-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In welding, high welding speeds are usually limited by an increase in undercut. This study shows that the geometrical conditions of the melt flow can be tailored to suppress undercut when using the arc leading setup. By applying high speed imaging, it can be seen that the keyhole and its position affects the melt flow, making the distance between the laser and the arc an important parameter. Undercut formation usually occurs due to a narrowing or necking of the melt flow behind the gouge that can be prevented if the melt flow is changed by optimizing the laser/arc positioning
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| 25. |
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| 26. |
- Janbakhsh, Setareh, et al.
(författare)
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Numerical study of a ventilation system based on wall confluent jets
- 2014
-
Ingår i: ASHRAE Transactions. - : ASHRAE. - 9781936504824 ; 20:8, s. 846-861
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study presents a numerical investigation of an air supply device based on wall confluent jets in a ventilated room. Confluent jets can be described as multiple round jets issuing from supply device apertures. The jets converge, merge, and combine at a certain distance downstream from the supply device and behave as a united jet or so-called "confluent "jets. The numerical predictions of the velocity flow field of isothermal confluent jets with three Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) turbulence models (RNG k-ε, realizable k-ε, and SST k - ω) are reported in the present study. The results of the numerical predictions are verified with detailed experimental measurements by hot-wire anemometer and constant-temperature anemometers for two airflow rates. The box method is used to provide the inlet boundary conditions. The study of the airflow distribution showed that a primary wall jet (wall confluent jet) exists close to the supply device along the wetted-wall and a secondary wall jet is created after the stagnation region along the floor. It is presented that the flow field of the primary and secondary wall jet predicted by turbulence models is in good agreement with the experimental data. The current study is also compared with the literature in terms of the velocity decay and the spreading rate of the primary and secondary wall jet, the results of which are consistent with each other. Velocity decay and the spreading rate of the secondary wall jet in vertical and lateral directions were studied for different inlet airflow rates and inlet discharge heights. The comparative results demonstrate that the flow behavior is nearly independent of the inlet flow rate. Inlet discharge height is found to have impact close to the inlet, where the velocity decays faster when the jet discharges at a higher level. The decay tendency is similar as the jet enters into the room for all discharge heights.
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| 27. |
- Kaplan, Alexander
(författare)
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Laser absorptivity on wavy molten metal surfaces : Categorization of different metals and wavelengths
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Journal of laser applications. - : Laser Institute of America. - 1042-346X .- 1938-1387. ; 26:1
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The absorptivity of a laser beam interacting at grazing incidence with the processing front during laser welding, cutting, or drilling depends on the metal to be processed and on the laser wavelength. The absorptivity on a smooth processing front is homogeneously governed by the angle-dependent operating range of the corresponding Fresnel-curve. In contrast, a wavy processing front strongly modulates the absorptivity across the surface. The calculated absorptivity modulation is presented for five different metals and four laser wavelengths. A discussion based on the respective optical constants and Fresnel-curves leads to a categorization of the absorption behavior, mainly dividing into low and high electrical conductivity metals as well as into short and 10.6 μm long laser wavelength. Six categories are distinguished. In particular, highly conductive metals remain highly reflective for short laser wavelength, even for a wavy processing front. Exceptions of higher overall absorptance are Cu for 532 nm and Al for 808 or 532 nm
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| 28. |
- Karlsson, Eva, et al.
(författare)
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"Carpe Diem" : Supporting conversations between individuals with dementia and their family members
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Journal of Gerontological Nursing. - : SLACK, Inc.. - 0098-9134 .- 1938-243X. ; 40:2, s. 38-46
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Remembrance of recent events is a major problem for individuals with dementia. Consequently, this article explores the process of acceptance and integration of a digital photograph diary (DPD) as a tool for remembrance of and conversations about daily life events. A design for multiple case studies was used. Seven couples, in which one individual in the couple had Alzheimer's disease, tested the DPD for 6 months. Data were collected in three sequences with interviews, observations, and screening instruments. In the analysis, all data were integrated to find common patterns of content. Some couples became regular users, while others used the DPD more sporadically. Factors contributing to regular use were how the DPD matched expectations, actual use, support, experienced usefulness, and reactions from family and friends. For those couples who became regular users, the DPD facilitated their conversation about recent daily activities
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| 29. |
- Liu, C. W., et al.
(författare)
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New materials for post-Si computing
- 2014
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Ingår i: MRS bulletin. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0883-7694 .- 1938-1425. ; 39:8, s. 658-662
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- It is now widely recognized that continued performance gains in electronic computing will require new materials, both in the short and long term. In the short term, the silicon channel in transistors will be replaced by materials with higher mobility that are easier to "scale" (make thinner). In data storage, the goal is to have fast, non-volatile memory with a smaller cell size. In the long term, new architectures and new types of logic devices will be needed in order to further reduce power consumption. New materials cannot only boost performance, but can also add new functionalities, such as on-chip photonics, which can vastly improve interchip interconnects. The need for new materials is a big opportunity for materials research, but also a challenge. Replacement technologies must outperform conventional silicon technology, but also be compatible with the vast infrastructure of silicon manufacturing. Examples of some of the materials advances in the areas of computation, memory, and communication are given in this issue of MRS Bulletin
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| 30. |
- Moodera, Jagadeesh S., et al.
(författare)
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On the path toward organic spintronics
- 2014
-
Ingår i: MRS bulletin. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0883-7694 .- 1938-1425. ; 39:7, s. 578-581
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Organic materials provide a unique platform for exploiting the spin of the electron-a field dubbed organic spintronics. Originally, this was mostly motivated by the notion that because of weak spin-orbit coupling, due to the small mass elements in organics and small hyperfine field coupling, organic matter typically displays a very long electron spin coherence time. More recently, however, it was found that organics provide a special class of spintronic materials for many other reasons-several of which are discussed throughout this issue. Over the past decade, there has been a growing interest in utilizing the molecular spin state as a quantum of information, aiming to develop multifunctional molecular spintronics for memory, sensing, and logic applications. The aim of this issue is to stimulate the interest of researchers by bringing to their attention the vast possibilities not only for unexpected science but also for the enormous potential for developing new functionalities and applications. The six articles in this issue deal with some of the breakthrough work that has been ongoing in this field in recent years.
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| 31. |
- Moradi, Mahmoud, et al.
(författare)
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Parameter dependencies in laser hybrid arc welding by design of experiments and by a mass balance
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Journal of laser applications. - : Laser Institute of America. - 1042-346X .- 1938-1387. ; 26:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Reinforcement, undercut, and root drop-through during laser hybrid arc welding of steel were studied in dependence of gap width, welding speed, and wire feeding rate. Generalized trends were obtained through design of experiments. Most of the trends could be explained by a mass balance while some parameter impacts relied on more complex mechanisms. In particular, different levels of complexity of parameter dependencies were distinguished, ranging from monotonous behaviour to maxima and to changing signs of the trends. The findings are of high practical relevance to optimize the process with respect to the weld quality. Moreover, the potential and limits of the design of experiments method, of a mass balance, and of the matrix flow chart method are discussed.
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| 32. |
- Saha-Dasgupta, Tanusri, et al.
(författare)
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Computational design of magnetic metal-organic complexes and coordination polymers with spin-switchable functionalities
- 2014
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Ingår i: MRS bulletin. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0883-7694 .- 1938-1425. ; 39:7, s. 614-620
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Magnetic metal-organic complexes and coordination polymer frameworks can exhibit a transition between two different spin states of the integrated transition-metal ion, an attribute known as a spin-crossover (SCO) transition. This is a spectacular phenomenon that provides magnetic bi-stability and reversible spin-switchability to the material. Consequently, the magnetic state of the metal-organic center can be externally steered by temperature, pressure, or light irradiation. SCO molecules therefore are promising materials for various technological applications, such as spintronics devices, photo-switches, color displays, and information storage units. In spite of the importance of SCO materials in spintronics and other applications, the materials-specifi c understanding of the SCO phenomenon has remained a challenge. Here we survey recent developments in first-principles computational design of SCO metal-organic materials. A major outcome of recent state-of-the-art investigations is that an accurate quantitative description and even computational design of SCO materials can be provided by density functional theory-based electronic structure calculations combined with ab initio molecular dynamics simulations.
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| 33. |
- Wiklund, Greger, et al.
(författare)
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Geometrical aspects of hot cracks in laser-arc hybrid welding
- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of laser applications. - : Laser Institute of America. - 1042-346X .- 1938-1387. ; 26:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Hot cracks were frequently found in double sided laser-arc hybrid welding thick section (20 mm) low carbon steel. Other research has usually investigated the metallurgical resolidification mechanisms of the welded metal alloy, but here possible relationships between the hot cracks and geometrical aspects of their surrounding weld and heat-affected zone cross sections were studied. The motivation behind this research was to identify guidelines for laser-arc hybrid welding to avoid hot cracks. Weld cross sections were used to analyze hot cracking because they are rather easy to prepare and straightforward to alter through the process parameters. In this study, hot cracks were found in a preferred geometrical window, namely, in the middle of the narrow deep region of the weld which was generated by the laser beam. From the cross section analysis, a first indicator was that a more inclined, converging shape of the lower part of the weld cross section can avoid hot cracks, associated with different energy input and resolidification front geometry. Significant reduction of the welding speed has avoided hot cracks, being a second indicator
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| 34. |
- Sinadinovic, Kristina, et al.
(författare)
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Internet-Based Screening and Brief Intervention for Illicit Drug Users : A Randomized Controlled Trial With 12-Month Follow-Up
- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs. - : Alcohol Research Documentation, Inc.. - 1937-1888 .- 1938-4114. ; 75:2, s. 313-318
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: This trial investigated the effects of access to an Internet-based screening and brief intervention site for illicit drug users. This article adds to previously published results from the 3- and 6-month follow-ups by extending the follow-up period to 12 months and reporting changes in substance use between the 6- and 12-month follow-ups. Method: In total, 202 Internet help-seekers with illicit drug use, 15-70 years old, were randomly assigned to either an intervention group that received Internet-based screening and brief intervention via eScreen.se or to an assessment-only control group. The primary outcome measure was the Drug Use Disorders Identification Test consumption questions (DUDIT-C) score, and secondary outcome measures were the DUDIT, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test consumption questions (AUDIT-C), and AUDIT scores, as well as the proportion of drug abstainers and participants making a clinically significant change in their alcohol and other drug use. Results: DUDIT-C, DUDIT, AUDIT-C, and AUDIT scores remained stable between the 6- and 12-month follow-ups. However, 12 months after recruitment, 34.3% of those who used eScreen.se had changed their alcohol use to a clinically lower level compared with the 21.8% of the controls. Also, none of the eScreen.se users increased their level of alcohol use during this 12-month period, whereas 5.0% in the control group did so. Conclusions: Despite no changes in illicit drug use from the 6- to 12-month follow-up for both the intervention and control group, eScreen.se seems to be more effective than assessment only for reducing alcohol use among illicit drug users over a 12-month period.
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| 35. |
- Nilsson, Lisbeth, et al.
(författare)
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Assessment of learning powered mobility use-Applying grounded theory to occupational performance.
- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development. - 1938-1352. ; 51:6, s. 963-974
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Collaboration by two grounded theory researchers, who each had developed a learning continuum instrument, led to the emergence of a new tool for assessment of learning powered mobility use. We undertook a rigorous process of comparative reanalysis that included merging, modifying, and expanding our previous research findings. A new instrument together with its facilitating strategies emerged in the course of revisits to our existing rich account of data taken from real environment powered mobility practice over an extensive time period. Instrument descriptors, categories, phases, and stages allow a facilitator to assess actual phase and plot actual occupational performance and provide a learner with the just right challenge through the learning process. Facilitating strategies are described for each of the phases and provide directions for involvement during learner performance. The learning approach is led by a belief system that the intervention is user-led, working in partnership and empowering the learner. The new assessment tool is inclusive of every potential powered mobility user because it focuses on the whole continuum of the learning process of powered mobility use from novice to expert. The new tool was appraised by clinicians and has been used successfully in clinical practice in the United Kingdom and Sweden.
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| 36. |
- Salander, Pär, 1948-, et al.
(författare)
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Why 'spirituality' instead of 'the humanistic side of medicine'?
- 2014
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Ingår i: Academic Medicine. - : Association of American Medical Colleges. - 1040-2446 .- 1938-808X. ; 89:11, s. 1430-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To the Editor: In a recent commentary, Puchalski et al1 describe the developing field of "spirituality” and its expansion into health professions education. However, we question whether this promotion really reflects an improvement.1 Puchalski CM, Blatt B, Kogan M, Butler A. Spirituality and health: The development of a field. Acad Med. 2014;89:10–16.
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| 37. |
- Suslov, Mikhail D.
(författare)
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"Crimea Is Ours!" Russian popular geopolitics in the new media age
- 2014
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Ingår i: Eurasian geography and economics. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1538-7216 .- 1938-2863. ; 55:6, s. 588-609
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article analyzes how the Russian annexation of Crimea in March 2014 has been represented and discussed on social networks. It argues that the key metaphors and discursive strategies, which have been developed in the digital environment, have been prefigured in Russian geopolitical culture and popular imagination since Crimea's first accession to Russia in 1783. The central geopolitical trope of Crimea as either a "metonymy" of the empire or its "alter ego" reverberates in today's online discussions. Engaging with the debates on the political potential of the Russian "blogosphere," the article comes to conclusions that Russian "digital geopolitics" tries to foster grass-roots activism but at the same time paradoxically disempowers them. The government's project to mobilize people's support of its policy in Ukraine lies at the core of this failure. Using geopolitical rhetoric and the tongue-in-cheek criticism of the Western liberal model, the state inhibits the development of people's political subjectivity, undermines the belief in their ability to comprehend and influence the "great geopolitical game," and nurtures the culture of corrosive irony toward any master-narrative, the Kremlin's one included.
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| 38. |
- Aggestam, Maria
(författare)
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Conceptualizing entrepreneurial capital in the context of institutional change
- 2014
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Ingår i: International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1554-7191 .- 1555-1938. ; 10:1, s. 165-186
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper explores the building of entrepreneurial capital from an entrepreneurship and contextual/institutional position. In taking this position, it is possible to understand "entrepreneurial capital" as the content of the process that unfolds when individuals are exposed to certain characteristics of the environment. Drawing on findings from an ethnographically inspired longitudinal case study, the paper identifies the various actions attributed to entrepreneuring actors. Using the context of Poland as an illustrative case, the paper traces a variety of entrepreneuring accounts which appear to define entrepreneurial capital. This in turn provides a preliminary theoretical framework for the nature and the key elements of entrepreneurial capital. The study indicates that entrepreneurial capital is relationally and contextually constituted. The findings draw attention to the value of entrepreneurial capital in the context of an organizational and institutional change process that (1) involves the active creation Lachmann (Organization Studies 31: 219-244, 1986) of entrepreneuring actors within an organizational and societal context, (2) creates beneficial and supportive conditions that incorporate internal (organizational, personality) and external (environmental) resources for entrepreneuring, and (3) is facilitated by the entrepreneuring process. Finally, implications for entrepreneurship inquiry are drawn.
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| 39. |
- Asadollahi, Ali, et al.
(författare)
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Fabrication of relaxed germanium on insulator via room temperature wafer bonding
- 2014
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Ingår i: ECS Transactions. - : Electrochemical Society. - 1938-6737. ; , s. 533-541
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- We report on the fabrication of, high quality, monocrystalline relaxed Germanium with ultra-low roughness on insulator (GeOI) using low-temperature direct wafer bonding. We observe that a two-step epitaxially grown germanium film fabricated on silicon by reduced pressure chemical vapor deposition can be directly bonded to a SiO2 layer using a thin Al2O3 as bonding mediator. After removing the donor substrate silicon the germanium layer exhibits a complete relaxation without degradation in crystalline quality and no stress in the film. . The results suggest that the fabricated high quality GeOI substrate is a suitable platform for high performance device applications.
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| 40. |
- Bellavia, Andrea, et al.
(författare)
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Differences in survival associated with processed and with nonprocessed red meat consumption
- 2014
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Ingår i: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. - : OXFORD UNIV PRESS. - 0002-9165 .- 1938-3207. ; 100:3, s. 924-929
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: High red meat consumption is associated with an increased mortality risk. This association is partly explained by the negative effect of processed meat consumption, which is widely established. The role of nonprocessed meat is unclear. Objective: The objective was to examine the combined association of processed and nonprocessed meat consumption with survival in a Swedish large prospective cohort. Design: In a population-based cohort of 74,645 Swedish men (40,089) and women (34,556), red meat consumption was assessed through a self-administered questionnaire. We estimated differences in survival [15th percentile differences (PDs), differences in the time by which the first 15% of the cohort died] according to levels of total red meat and combined levels of processed and nonprocessed red meat consumption. Results: During 15 y of follow-up (January 1998 to December 2012), we documented 16,683 deaths (6948 women; 9735 men). Compared with no consumption, consumption of red meat >100 g/d was progressively associated with shorter survival-up to 2 y for participants consuming an average of 300 g/d (15th PD: -21 mo; 95% CI: -31, -10). Compared with no consumption, high consumption of processed red meat (100 g/d) was associated with shorter survival (15th PD: -9 mo; 95% CI: -16, -2). High and moderate intakes of nonprocessed red meat were associated with shorter survival only when accompanied by a high intake of processed red meat. Conclusions: We found that high total red meat consumption was associated with progressively shorter survival, largely because of the consumption of processed red meat. Consumption of nonprocessed red meat alone was not associated with shorter survival. The Swedish Mammography Cohort and the Cohort of Swedish Men were registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01127698 and NCT01127711, respectively.
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| 41. |
- Bennett, W. Lance, et al.
(författare)
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Three Patterns of Power in Technology-Enabled Contention
- 2014
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Ingår i: Mobilization. - : Mobilization Journal. - 1086-671X .- 1938-1514. ; 19:4, s. 421-439
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Technology-enabled networks of contention differ from physically co-present networks in that communication more saliently structures relations among actors. Technology platforms may even take on some roles of organizations in providing information, distributing resources, and coordinating action. Although many observers claim that online networks tend to concentrate public displays of attention and recognition in power-law hierarchies, we propose that technology-enabled contentious networks may seek or avoid concentrated hierarchies as reflections of the participants' underlying values and technology preferences. The article identifies three ideal type power signatures in technology-enabled networks-highly concentrated, moderately concentrated, and dispersed. Different power signatures can result in similar political outcomes, suggesting that none of them represents a generally more effective way to organize power in networks. However, in particular situations, different power configurations can affect how action is framed, how individuals become engaged, and the degree of fit between mobilizations and political contexts.
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| 42. |
- Bringman, Sven, et al.
(författare)
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Feasibility of a combined percutaneous laparoscopic three-millimeter device
- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of the Society of Laparoendoscopic Surgeons. - 1086-8089 .- 1938-3797. ; 18:1, s. 41-45
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background and Objectives: NeedlescoJ instruments induce minimal trauma and produce excellent cosmetic results. A combination of a 3-mm abdominal wall incision and a 5-mm instrument in the abdominal cavity would combine the beneficial features of these two different sizes.Methods: The Percutaneous Surgical System (PSS) (Ethicon EndoSurgety, Galway, Ireland) is a new instrument consisting of a 3-mm shaft that is introduced percutaneously into the abdominal cavity. Through a 5-mm trocar, a. loader with a 5-mm attachment such as a Maryland dissector is introduced. The attachment is connected to the shaft, and the loader is removed from the abdomen. The feasibility of this device was evaluated retrospectively in 3 Swedish hospitals between January and September 2012.Results: Twenty-eight patients were laparoscopically operated on (cholecystectomy, gastric bypass, fundoplication, incisional hernias, and totally extraperitoneal repair for inguinal hernia) by use of 1 or 2 PSSs in each operation (47 in total). It was feasible to use the PSS in all procedures except during the totally extraperitoneal repair procedure because of the limited available preperitoneal space. Especially in laparoscopic cholecystectomies, the two lateral 5-mm trocars were easily replaced by two 3-mm PSS instruments.Conclusions: The use of the PSS is feasible in a number of laparoscopic procedures, where it can replace 5-mm trocars. Randomized controlled trials are needed to determine the future role of the PSS versus, for example, needlescopic laparoscopy.
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| 43. |
- Byberg, Liisa, et al.
(författare)
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Cancer death is related to high palmitoleic acid in serum and to polymorphisms in the SCD-1 gene in healthy Swedish men
- 2014
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Ingår i: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. - : Elsevier BV. - 0002-9165 .- 1938-3207. ; 99:3, s. 551-558
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND:A high proportion of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) or a high ratio of MUFAs to saturated fatty acids in plasma, reflecting a high activity of the lipogenic enzyme stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD-1), has been shown to be related to cancer death and incidence in some studies.OBJECTIVES:The objective was to study whether the serum cholesteryl ester proportion of palmitoleic acid [16:1n-7 (16:1ω-3)] and the ratio of palmitoleic to palmitic acid (16:1n-7/16:0), as an estimation of the activity of SCD-1, are related to cancer death and to investigate whether polymorphisms in the SCD-1 gene are related to cancer mortality.DESIGN:A community-based cohort of 50-y-old men was followed for a maximum of >40 y. Survival analysis was used to relate fatty acid composition in serum, analyzed at baseline by gas-liquid chromatography (n = 1981), and single nucleotide polymorphisms in the SCD-1 gene (n = 986) to cancer death. A 7-d dietary record was completed at age 70 y (n = 880).RESULTS:The proportions of 16:1n-7 and the ratio of 16:1n-7 to 16:0 were associated with cancer mortality during follow-up in a comparison of the highest with the lowest quartile of 16:1n-7 (adjusted HR: 1.37; 95% CI: 1.04, 1.82). Inherited variance of the SCD-1 gene seemed to be related to cancer death, especially among men with a low proportion of PUFA in the diet in a comparison of the highest with the lowest weighted genetic risk score (HR: 2.14; 95% CI: 1.13, 4.04).CONCLUSION:The findings are compatible with the hypothesis that there is an association between endogenously synthesized MUFAs and cancer death.
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| 44. |
- Bäck, Hanna, et al.
(författare)
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Who Takes the Parliamentary Floor? The Role of Gender in Speech-making in the Swedish Riksdag
- 2014
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Ingår i: Political Research Quarterly. - : SAGE Publications. - 1938-274X .- 1065-9129. ; 67:3, s. 504-518
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Legislative speeches are an important instrument for parties and members of parliament (MPs) to signal their positions and priorities. This raises the question of who speaks when. We evaluate whether a MP’s presence on the floor depends on his or her gender. We hypothesize that female MPs give in general less speeches in parliament and that this pattern results from debates dealing with “harder” policy issues. Our expectations are supported when analyzing a new data set containing information on the number and content of speeches given in the Swedish Riksdag between 2002 and 2010.
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| 45. |
- Cedernaes, Jonathan, et al.
(författare)
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Sleep duration and energy intake : timing matters
- 2014
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Ingår i: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. - : Elsevier BV. - 0002-9165 .- 1938-3207. ; 100:5, s. 1402-1403
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 46. |
- Chen, JM, et al.
(författare)
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Cognitive impairment among elderly individuals in Shanghai suburb, China: association of C-reactive protein and its interactions with other relevant factors
- 2014
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Ingår i: American journal of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. - : SAGE Publications. - 1938-2731 .- 1533-3175. ; 29:8, s. 712-717
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To investigate the association between serum C-reactive protein (CRP) concentration and cognitive impairment as well as interactions between CRP and other relevant factors. Methods: Patients with cognitive impairment and 1 to 2 age- and sex-matched controls nested from a population-based study among residents aged 60 years and older in Shanghai suburb. The associations of serum CRP concentration and other relevant factors were examined with logistic regression analysis. Results: The mean CRP in patients with cognitive impairment was higher than that in controls ( P < .001). The highest quartile of CRP (>4.77 mg/L), abdomen obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, and hyperglycemia was associated with cognitive impairment. Significant interactions were found between increased CRP and hypertriglyceridemia as well as between increased CRP and hyperglycemia on cognitive impairment; and the attributable proportion due to interaction was 82% ( P < .0001) and 37% ( P = .007), respectively. Conclusions: Increased CRP was associated with cognitive impairment, and additive effects of increased CRP with hypertriglyceridemia and hyperglycemia on cognitive impairment were observed among elderly individuals.
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| 47. |
- Cheung, Ocean
(författare)
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Visualizing Gas Adsorption on Porous Solids : Four Simple, Effective Demonstrations
- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of Chemical Education. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0021-9584 .- 1938-1328. ; 91:9, s. 1468-1472
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Gas adsorption on porous solids is a topic that is often discussed in an undergraduate chemistry or chemical engineering course. The idea of porosity and gas adsorption on a porous solid is usually discussed with adsorption isotherms recorded using commercially available equipment. This discussion can be rather abstract and can be difficult for students to visualize. Here, four demonstrations highlight the adsorption of CO2 gas on adsorbents. These simple demonstrations show gas adsorption in a dynamic way that can help students understand the properties of porous solids.
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| 48. |
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| 49. |
- Daryapeyma, A, et al.
(författare)
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Perioperative cytokine response to infection associated with elective arterial surgery
- 2014
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Ingår i: Vascular and endovascular surgery. - : SAGE Publications. - 1938-9116 .- 1538-5744. ; 48:2, s. 116-122
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim was to assess the cytokine response to acute inflammation and infection in vascular surgery.Design of Study:Single-center, prospective cohort study.Methods:Blood samples from 96 consecutive patients undergoing elective vascular surgery were analyzed for C-reactive protein (CRP), total leukocyte counts (LPK), neutrophil CD64 expression, and cytokines using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Results:Of the 25 investigated cytokines, 22 had lower postoperative mean values compared to preoperative values. Interleukin (IL) 6 (IL-6) was the only cytokine that increased significantly postoperatively. Combined analysis of CRP and CD64 together with IL-6 or IL-10 showed an individually unique association with postoperative infection ( P < .05).Conclusion:We have shown a positive correlation with perioperative infection for the proinflammatory cytokines and the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 as well as a number of chemokines. To our knowledge, this is the first report linking IL-10 and chemokine plasma levels to perioperative infection in vascular surgery.
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| 50. |
- Deknuydt, Florence, et al.
(författare)
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Diversion of the host humoral response: a novel virulence mechanism of Haemophilus influenzae mediated via outer membrane vesicles.
- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of Leukocyte Biology. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1938-3673 .- 0741-5400. ; 95:6, s. 983-991
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The respiratory tract pathogen Haemophilus influenzae frequently causes infections in humans. In parallel with all Gram-negative bacteria, H. influenzae has the capacity to release OMV. The production of these nanoparticles is an intriguing and partly unexplored phenomenon in pathogenesis. Here, we investigated how purified human peripheral blood B lymphocytes respond to OMV derived from unencapsulated, i.e., NTHi and the nonpathogenic Haemophilus parainfluenzae. We found that H. influenzae OMV directly interacted with the IgD BCR, as revealed by anti-IgD pAb and flow cytometry. Importantly, H. influenzae OMV-induced cellular activation via IgD BCR cross-linking and TLR9 resulted in a significant proliferative response. OMV isolated from the related species H. parainfluenzae did not, however, interact with B cells excluding that the effect by H. influenzae OMV was linked to common membrane components, such as the LOS. We also observed an up-regulation of the cell surface molecules CD69 and CD86, and an increased IgM and IgG secretion by B cells incubated with H. influenzae OMV. The Igs produced did not recognize H. influenzae, suggesting a polyclonal B cell activation. Interestingly, the density of the cell surface receptor TACI was increased in the presence of OMV that sensitized further the B cells to BAFF, resulting in an enhanced IgG class-switch. In conclusion, the ability of NTHi OMV to activate B cells in a T cell-independent manner may divert the adaptive humoral immune response that consequently promotes bacterial survival within the human host.
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