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1.	Abdullah Asif, Farazee Mohammad, 1980-, et al. (författare) A practical ICT framework for transition to circular manufacturing systems 2018 Ingår i: Procedia CIRP. - : Elsevier. - 2212-8271. ; , s. 598-602 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract The transition towards a circular economy has become important. Manufacturing industry being a major stakeholder in this transition has started exploring the potential of this transition and challenges in implementation. Ambitious companies such as Gorenje d.d. has taken the circular economy transition seriously and aims to become a pioneer in implementing circular manufacturing systems. One vital step in this transition is the business model shift from the linear (sales model) to a circular model such as 'product as a service'. This brings new challenges to Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) that have never been experienced in their conventional businesses. One of the challenges is to establish an information communication and technology (ICT) infrastructure that enables information management and sharing as well as establishes a real-time communication between relevant stakeholders. Outlining such an ICT infrastructure is the objective of this paper.
2.	Adamson, Göran, 1958-, et al. (författare) A Cloud Service Control Approach for Distributed and Adaptive Equipment Control in Cloud Environments 2016 Ingår i: Procedia CIRP. - : Elsevier. - 2212-8271 .- 2212-8271. ; 41, s. 644-649, s. 644-649 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract A developing trend within the manufacturing shop-floor domain is the move of manufacturing activities into cloud environments, as scalable, on-demand and pay-per-usage cloud services. This will radically change traditional manufacturing, as borderless, distributed and collaborative manufacturing missions between volatile, best suited groups of partners will impose a multitude of advantages. The evolving Cloud Manufacturing (CM) paradigm will enable this new manufacturing concept, and on-going research has described many of its anticipated core virtues and enabling technologies. However, a major key enabling technology within CM which has not yet been fully addressed is the dynamic and distributed planning, control and execution of scattered and cooperating shop-floor equipment, completing joint manufacturing tasks.In this paper, the technological perspective for a cloud service-based control approach is described, and how it could be implemented. Existing manufacturing resources, such as soft, hard and capability resources, can be packaged as cloud services, and combined to create different levels of equipment or manufacturing control, ranging from low-level control of single machines or devices (e.g. Robot Control-as-a-Service), up to the execution of high level multi-process manufacturing tasks (e.g. Manufacturing-as-a-Service). A multi-layer control approach, featuring adaptive decision-making for both global and local environmental conditions, is proposed. This is realized through the use of a network of intelligent and distributable decision modules such as event-driven Function Blocks, enabling run-time manufacturing activities to be performed according to actual manufacturing conditions. The control system’s integration to the CM cloud service management functionality is also described.
3.	Agic, Adnan, 1967-, et al. (författare) Influence of cutting edge geometry on force build-up process in intermittent turning 2016 Ingår i: Procedia CIRP. - : Elsevier BV. - 2212-8271 .- 2212-8271. ; 46, s. 364-367 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract In the intermittent turning and milling processes, during the entry phase the cutting edges are subjected to high impact loads that can give rise to dynamical and strength issues which in general cause tool life reduction. In this study the effect of geometrical features of the cutting tool on the force generation during the entry phase is investigated. Cutting forces are measured by a stiff dynamometer at a high sampling frequency. In addition, the chip load area is analyzed and related to the measured cutting force. The results show that micro-geometrical features, in particular the protection chamfer, significantly affect the force generation during the entry phase.
4.	Agmell, Mathias, et al. (författare) The Influence the Uncut Chip Thickness has on the Stagnation Point in Orthogonal Cutting 2017 Ingår i: 16th CIRP Conference on Modelling of Machining Operations (16th CIRP CMMO). - : Elsevier BV. - 2212-8271. - 9781510842762 ; 58, s. 13-18 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract The effect of cutting data on the stagnation zone of a machining operation is of great interest since it governs the material flow around the cutting edge. The material flow has a significant influence on the mechanical properties of the machined surface. This paper presents a numerical model that is able to determine the effect that the uncut chip thickness has on the stagnation zone and the connection between the stagnation zone and the deformation layer in the machined subsurface.
5.	Andersson, Oscar, et al. (författare) Digitalization of Process Planning of Spot Welding in Body-in-white 2016 Ingår i: Procedia CIRP. - : Elsevier B.V.. - 2212-8271. ; , s. 618-623 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Process planning of spot welding for body-in-white automobile structures involves several experimental (physical) welding trials to set the process parameters. These experimental trials are crucial in ensuring the quality and efficiency of the process. However, due to the iterative nature of the work, running several experiments is costly and time consuming prolonging the overall development cost and time significantly. To minimize the cost and time, replacing the physical tests by digital (virtual) tests is an established approach although not often applied for spot welding. However, for a long chain of development process with several iterative loops, this is not a trivial task considering the availability of information and continuity of the work flow. This paper reports the work and results of an industrial case study conducted on spot welding of a body-in-white car pillar in a Swedish auto manufacturer. The aim of the study is to investigate and propose the necessary conditions required to replace a physical test by virtual tests in terms of validity and expedited execution of the process. Information sharing, knowledge reuse and streamlining the work flow have found to be critical condition for valid and rapid virtual tests. © 2016 The Authors.
6.	Asadi, Narges, et al. (författare) Drivers of complexity in a flexible assembly system - A case study 2015 Ingår i: 48th CIRP International Conference on Manufacturing Systems (CIRP CMS 2015): Key Enabling Technologies for the Factories of the Future. - : Elsevier. ; , s. 189-194 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Various ever-changing market demands have propelled manufacturing companies to offer product variety in an efficient and timely manner. Assembly as a key stage of manufacturing process is used to realise product variety through establishing mixed-product assembly systems. Although establishing a flexible mixed-product assembly system which both offers product variety and absorbs market demands fluctuation is pivotal for maintaining competitive edge in certain industries such as vehicle manufacturing, it is also considered an elaborate task which calls for further investigation. In this paper, complexity in a flexible mixed-product assembly line is investigated and the key drivers of complexity are identified. To fulfil the research objective, a case study during the pilot implementation of a flexible mixed-product assembly concept in a heavy vehicle manufacturing company has been conducted. The results indicate the key factors concerning assembly process, product design, and information and communication technology (ICT) which contribute to complexity in the flexible assembly system. The paper concludes with an outlook for possible future research.
7.	Asadi, Narges, et al. (författare) Towards Establishing Similar Assembly Interfaces for a Mixed-product Assembly System 2016 Ingår i: Procedia CIRP. - : Elsevier BV. - 2212-8271. ; , s. 635-640 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Developing a mixed-product assembly line (MPAL) is an elaborate task due to the complexity raised by product variety. This paper proposes that securing similar assembly interfaces across distinct product families is an essential requirement of MPALs which facilitates flexibility and reduces complexity. The concept of similar assembly interfaces has been developed and analysed in a case study at a heavy vehicle manufacturing company. The results suggest that assembly interfaces can be defined according to generic assembly operation steps: pick, place and attach. The paper highlights the need for development of a cross-functional methodology to analyse and establish similar assembly interfaces.
8.	Ashtari, Elmira, 1981-, et al. (författare) Knowledge Platform for Resistance Spot Welding 2018 Ingår i: Procedia CIRP. - : Elsevier BV. - 2212-8271. ; , s. 1166-1171, s. 1166-1171 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Virtual weldability testing and prototyping significantly reduces the time and cost needed in product and process development. However, implementation is often inhibited due to lack of accurate information, support tools and methods to capture all knowledge elements from across the development process. Furthermore, results from previously conducted tests are often unavailable due to absence of knowledge reusability schemes and enabling tools. In this paper, a knowledge platform development is presented which has been implemented in industrial cases from Swedish automotive industries. The platform is demonstrated to be a key element in enabling effective virtual testing and prototyping. © 2018 The Authors.
9.	Ayani, Mikel, et al. (författare) Digital Twin : Applying emulation for machine reconditioning 2018 Ingår i: Procedia CIRP. - : Elsevier. - 2212-8271 .- 2212-8271. ; 72, s. 243-248 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Old machine reconditioning projects extend the life length of machines with reduced investments, however they frequently involve complex challenges. Due to the lack of technical documentation and the fact that the machines are running in production, they can require a reverse engineering phase and extremely short commissioning times. Recently, emulation software has become a key tool to create Digital Twins and carry out virtual commissioning of new manufacturing systems, reducing the commissioning time and increasing its final quality. This paper presents an industrial application study in which an emulation model is used to support a reconditioning project and where the benefits gained in the working process are highlighted.
10.	Barletta, Ilaria Giovanna, 1988, et al. (författare) A Methodology to Align Core Manufacturing Capabilities with Sustainable Manufacturing Strategies 2018 Ingår i: Procedia CIRP. - : Elsevier BV. - 2212-8271. ; 69, s. 242-247 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract How do core business and manufacturing capabilities enable strategies for sustainable manufacturing, and what are those capabilities? This paper proposes a Capability Methodology for Sustainable Manufacturing (CMSM) for allowing top management of manufacturing companies to address these questions. A diagnostic tool was developed from three case studies based on a set of interview questions aimed at identifying core capabilities and sustainability issues in manufacturing companies. Interview data was coded and mapped through a relational matrix formulation that describes four archetypes for the development of sustainability strategies. The matrix maps the degree of complexity of the sustainability concept as understood by the company, and the scope of the product life cycle being considered. It is argued that the methodology helps bring awareness to managers of any gaps or mismatches between their actual core capabilities and the desired outcomes for sustainable manufacturing.
11.	Barletta, Ilaria Giovanna, 1988, et al. (författare) Prerequisites for a high-level framework to design sustainable plants in the e-waste supply chain 2015 Ingår i: Procedia CIRP. - : Elsevier BV. - 2212-8271. ; 29, s. 633-638 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Currently few attempts to properly structure knowledge that specifically supports a fully sustainable e-waste treatment system design have been proposed in literature. As a result, this paper sets up the prerequisites for a high-level framework to design sustainable plants in the supply chain of e-waste. The framework addresses production and environmental engineers mainly. The methodology grows out of literature studies, research project’s outcomes and interviews with a group of sector experts. Stemming from this, a list of prerequisites was presented for the case study of an automated plant for e-waste sorting in order to design it while considering the triple-bottom-line of sustainability.
12.	Barletta, Ilaria Giovanna, 1988, et al. (författare) The Proposal of an Environmental Break-Even Point as Assessment Method of Product-Service Systems for Circular Economy 2018 Ingår i: Procedia CIRP. - : Elsevier BV. - 2212-8271. ; 72, s. 720-725 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract In this paper we propose a method to assess technology-based product-service systems and help manufacturing companies in decision making with a new indicator: the environmental break-even point (e-BEP), equivalent to the economic indicator applied to environmental performance. A case study is presented to provide a concrete application of the indicator: when designing an optical sorter for electronic waste, the e-BEP revealed how many mobile phones must be either repurposed or recycled for the sorter to offset the system’s environmental impact. The e-BEP shows potential to make CEOs and production managers adopt a product life-cycle thinking in their technology investments.
13.	Bellgran, Monica, 1966-, et al. (författare) Cost driven Green Kaizen in pharmaceutical production - Creating positive engagement for environmental improvements 2019 Ingår i: Procedia CIRP. - : Elsevier BV. - 2212-8271. ; 81, s. 1219-1224 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract A case study of green kaizen is presented demonstrating results of how to engage operators and management in environmental improvements on the shop-floor by utilizing a method, the Green Performance Map, in a pharmaceutical manufacturing company. The method involves identification of improvement possibilities, an input-output model for visualization (to reach consensus), and a cost saving approach for prioritization of actions (to attain force to take the step). The paper sets out to demonstrate how operationalization is needed to change behaviour, and points at the advantage of utilizing cost as a driver for environmental change.
14.	Bengtsson, Marcus, et al. (författare) Machining Equipment Life Cycle Costing Model with Dynamic Maintenance Cost 2016 Ingår i: Procedia CIRP. - : Elsevier BV. - 2212-8271 .- 2212-8271. ; 48, s. 102-107 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract This paper presents how a Life cycle cost or Total cost of ownership analysis has been performed on machining equipment in a Swedish company. Life cycle cost models used in case studies are compared to an empirical model, used at the company, where dynamic energy, fluid, and maintenance cost are included. Linear and variable factors in the models are analyzed and discussed regarding data availability and estimation, especially with emphasis on maintenance. The life cycle cost aspect of the equipment give guidelines to consider operation, maintenance, tools, energy, and fluid cost in addition to acquisition cost, when designing/specifying the equipment.
15.	Bennulf, Mattias, 1992-, et al. (författare) Verification and deployment of automatically generated robot programs used in prefabrication of house walls 2018 Ingår i: Procedia CIRP. - : Elsevier BV. - 2212-8271 .- 2212-8271. ; 72, s. 272-276 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract This paper presents a method for automating the generation, verification and deployment of robot programs used in prefabrication of walls for family houses. The making of robot programs is today performed manually by experts, i.e. implying high costs. This is a huge disadvantage since each wall can be unique. The work demonstrates, with implementation and testing, a method to automate the generation of robot programs for fabrication of walls made of wood. This includes the task of generating collision free paths, automatic verification of path performance and deploying to a real industrial robot with minimal human interaction. © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
16.	Berglund, Johan, et al. (författare) Industrial needs and available techniques for geometry assurance for metal AM parts with small scale features and rough surfaces 2018 Ingår i: Procedia CIRP. - : Elsevier B.V.. - 2212-8271. ; , s. 131-136 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract From an industrial perspective this paper aims to explore the state of the art regarding GD&T for metal additive manufacturing, specifically regarding product definition and inspection. The available techniques for geometry assurance for parts with small scale features and rough surfaces are evaluated in terms of suitability for the task and readiness for industrial implementation. It is found that many of the remaining challenges seem to be related to processing of data rather than obtaining data. Current difficulties are related to issues such as calibration, surface determination and defining the most relevant parameters to tolerance and inspect.
17.	Berglund, Jonatan, 1983, et al. (författare) On the tradeoff between data density and data capture duration in 3D laser scanning for production system engineering 2016 Ingår i: Procedia CIRP. - : Elsevier BV. - 2212-8271. ; 41, s. 697-701 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract 3D laser scanning is a technology for capture of spatial data in three dimensions. The technology originates from the field of surveying and has since been spread to several other application areas. In the realm of production system engineering, 3D laser scanning is primarily used to verify equipment installation. Lately applications for the 3D scan data are emerging also when it comes to the planning of the installations and the use of the equipment. The motivation for using 3D scan data in the case of planning is primarily to have up-to-date and verified spatial data, including any undocumenter alterations from drawings and models. The process of capturing 3D scan data requires access to an unmovingproduction system which can be costly, either due to stopping produciton or by accessing it during nights or weekends. The more detailed the data collection is, the more time is required. Therefore there is a need to accurately define and plan the minimum data density requirement. This paper evaluates the effect of data density, and thus data collection duration, in a production system application. Data capture duration is shown to impact the usability of the resulting data. To further understand the trade-off and be able to use it as decision support there needs to be an analysis of the additional time and data storage costs created by increasing the number of scan locations.
18.	Berglund, Jonatan, 1983, et al. (författare) Production system geometry assurance using 3D imaging 2016 Ingår i: Procedia CIRP. - : Elsevier BV. - 2212-8271. ; 44, s. 132-137 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Production systems evolve to accommodate new and redesigned products. These changes are planned offline in virtual tools, to reduce disturbances on ongoing production. Offline planning requires virtual models that correctly represent reality. Most models are "as-designed" and suffer from geometrical errors stemming from deployment alterations. Such errors are often discovered late in the next change process or during installation, making corrections expensive. Having geometry assured production systems and models eliminate one source of error during the production system change process. This paper evaluates 3D imaging and the C2M (cloud-to-mesh) algorithm for assessing the validity of virtual production system models.
19.	Bertoni, Alessandro, et al. (författare) Virtual Modeling for Lifecycle Performance Assessment in Aerospace Design 2016 Ingår i: Procedia CIRP. - Elsevier : Elsevier BV. - 2212-8271. ; 47, s. 335-340, s. 335-340 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract The aim of the paper is to present an approach for the multidisciplinary evaluation of alternative modular concepts in preliminary design with the intent of enhancing engineers’ capability to simulate alternative scenarios with different design configurations, so to derive decisions about the most valuable design concepts to further develop. The research contribution is novel in the way that it expands the Set-Based-Engineering approach by addressing the “servitization” challenge in two ways: firstly by the use of value models and sustainability models as decision making support, making possible a preliminary assessment of the value contribution and of the sustainability performances of a design concept; secondly, by the use of functional modelling modules and configurable systems elements for platform-based design, to manage the complex relationships within and between parts of the platform throughout the lifecycle. The paper presents the main features of the approach and introduces an industrial case concerning the development of a module component for an aircraft engine in which the approach is applied for demonstration. The paper finally elaborates on the benefits and implications of the approach in the design process.
20.	Björkenstam, Staffan C, 1981, et al. (författare) Enhancing digital human motion planning of assembly tasks through dynamics and optimal control 2016 Ingår i: Procedia CIRP. - : Elsevier BV. - 2212-8271. ; 44, s. 20-25 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Better operator ergonomics in assembly plants reduce work related injuries, improve quality, productivity and reduce cost. In this paper we investigate the importance of modeling dynamics when planning for manual assembly operations. We propose modeling the dynamical human motion planning problem using the Discrete Mechanics and Optimal Control (DMOC) method, which makes it possible to optimize with respect to very general objectives. First, two industrial cases are simulated using a quasi-static inverse kinematics solver, demonstrating problems where this approach is sufficient. Then, the DMOC-method is used to solve for optimal trajectories of a lifting operation with dynamics. The resulting trajectories are compared to a steady state solution along the same path, indicating the importance of using dynamics.
21.	Boffa, Eleonora, et al. (författare) A descriptive framework to characterize the manufacturing domain in the context of business models 2019 Ingår i: Procedia CIRP. - : Elsevier BV. - 2212-8271. ; , s. 1360-1365 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Technological advancements require sound application to deliver their innovation potential. Bringing a new technology to the market involves accounting for infrastructures, network and competences of a firm across a timeframe spanning from short to long term. A growing part of the scientific community addresses this heterogeneous task through the definition of the Business Model (BM). BM is emerging as a separate field of study including all the aspects related with technological application: their definition, use, interconnection and evolution. Nevertheless, BM is a relatively poorly explored area of contribution in the manufacturing domain. This paper delves into specific literature to provide a more extensive characterization of the aspects discussed within manufacturing research through the lens of the BM perspective. Specifically, it contributes to describe the impact of trends such as Servitization and Sustainability which affect the BM´s components and could possibly trigger a Business Model Innovation in manufacturing firms.
22.	Bokrantz, Jon, 1988, et al. (författare) The use of engineering tools and methods in maintenance organisations: mapping the current state in the manufacturing industry 2016 Ingår i: Procedia CIRP. - : Elsevier BV. - 2212-8271. ; 57, s. 556-561 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Digitalisation is the future of the manufacturing industry, and it will entail production systems that are highly automated, efficient, and flexible. The realisation of such systems will require effective maintenance organisations that adopt engineering approaches, e.g. engineering tools and methods. However, little is known about their actual extent of use in industry. Through a survey study in 70 Swedish manufacturing companies, this study shows to what extent engineering tools and methods are used in maintenance organisations, as well as to what extent companies have maintenance engineers performing work related to engineering tools and methods. Overall, the results indicate a potential for increasing the use of engineering tools and methods in both the operational and the design and development phase. This increase can contribute towards achieving high equipment performance, which is a necessity for the realisation of digital manufacturing
23.	Bonilla Hernández, Ana Esther, et al. (författare) Analysis of Tool Utilization from Material Removal Rate Perspective 2015 Ingår i: Procedia CIRP. - : Elsevier BV. - 2212-8271 .- 2212-8271. ; 29, s. 109-113 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract An end of life strategy algorithm has been used to study a CNC program to evaluate how the cutting inserts are used in terms of their full utilization. Utilized tool life (UTL) and remaining tool life (RTL) were used to evaluate if the insert has been used to its limits of expected tool life, or contributing to an accumulated tool waste. It is demonstrated that possible means to improvement exists to increase the material removal rate (MRR), thereby using the insert until its remaining tool life is as close to zero as possible. It was frequently found that inserts were used well below their maximum performance with respect to cutting velocity.
24.	Bonilla Hernández, Ana Esther, et al. (författare) Energy and Cost Estimation of a Feature-based Machining Operation on HRSA 2017 Ingår i: Procedia CIRP. - : Elsevier BV. - 2212-8271 .- 2212-8271. ; 61:Supplement C, s. 511-516 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Forward-looking manufacturing companies aim for sustainable production with low environmental footprint. This is true also for aerospace engine-makers, although their environmental impact mostly occurs during the use-phase of their products. Materials, such as Nickel alloys, are used for special applications where other materials will not withstand tough working conditions in terms of pressure and temperature. Heat Resistant Super Alloys are, however, considered difficult to machine and cutting tools will wear off rapidly. In this paper, a simple way to estimate the energy required, the cost and environmental footprint to produce a work piece using standard engineering software is presented. The results show that for a hypothetical 3 tonne work piece, Inconel 718 will be considerably cheaper and require less water but will require more energy, and has considerably larger CO2 footprint than Waspaloy.
25.	Botkina, Darya, et al. (författare) Digital Twin of a Cutting Tool 2018 Ingår i: Procedia CIRP. - : Elsevier. - 2212-8271 .- 2212-8271. ; 72, s. 215-218 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract This paper focuses on a digital twin of a cutting tool as a digital replica of a physical tool, its data format and structure, information flows and data management, as well as possibilities for further applications and analysis of productivity. Data are collected throughout the production lifecycle in an accurate way, using the international standard ISO 13399 and messaging based on the previously developed event-driven line information system architecture (LISA) with IoT functionality. The digital twin is tweeted to be stored, refined and propagated to the process planning for an optimized machining solution.
26.	Bouchouireb, Hamza, et al. (författare) The inclusion of vehicle shape and aerodynamic drag estimations within the life cycle energy optimisation methodology 2019 Ingår i: Procedia CIRP. - : Elsevier. - 2212-8271 .- 2212-8271. ; 84, s. 902-907 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The present work describes a widening of the scope of the Life Cycle Energy Optimisation (LCEO) methodology with the addition of shape-related design variables. They describe the curvature of a vehicle which impacts its aerodynamic drag and therewith its operational energy demand. Aerodynamic drag is taken into account through the estimation of the drag coefficient of the vehicle body shape using computational fluid dynamics simulations. Subsequently, the aforementioned coefficient is used to calculate the operational energy demand associated with the vehicle. The methodology is applied to the design of the roof of a simplified 2D vehicle model which is both mechanically and geometrically constrained. The roof is modelled as a sandwich structure with its design variables consisting of the material compositions of the different layers, their thicknesses as well as the shape variables. The efficacy of the LCEO methodology is displayed through its ability to deal with the arising functional conflicts while simultaneously leveraging the design benefits of the underlying functional alignments. On average, the optimisation process resulted in 2.5 times lighter and 4.5 times less life cycle energy-intensive free shape designs. This redesign process has also underlined the necessity of defining an allocation strategy for the energy necessary to overcome drag within the context of vehicle sub-system redesign.
27.	Boyang, M., et al. (författare) Open architecture CNC system based on soft-integrated communication 2018 Ingår i: Procedia CIRP. - : Elsevier. - 2212-8271. ; , s. 671-676 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract The open architecture computer numerical control (OACNC) system meets the individualized demand of modern industry for its characteristics of flexibility, adaptability, versatility, and expansibility. Existing OACNC systems depend on specialized software which reduces the openness of the OACNC system. This paper introduces a new OACNC system based on a soft-integrated communication module. The module improves the data exchange principle in communication shared memory and is built by open API. Therefore the OACNC system can be compatible with different communication protocols between periodic and aperiodic. Then a case is proposed to test the compatibility and extensibility of the system. Finally, the prospect of the OACNC system and future research is discussed.
28.	Bushlya, Volodymyr, et al. (författare) On the Analytical Representation of Chip Area and Tool Geometry when Oblique Turning with Round Tools. Part 1: Chip Area Parameters under Variation of Side and Back Rake Angle 2015 Ingår i: 15th CIRP Conference on Modelling of Machining Operations (15TH CMMO). - : Elsevier BV. - 2212-8271. ; 31, s. 417-422 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Chip area parameters, such as undeformed chip thickness, equivalent chip thickness, contact edge length, etc., along with tool angles are among defining for the mechanical and thermal conditions of the cutting process. This paper considers the case of external turning with a round insert under variation, in wide range, of back and side rake angles and their influence on the main chip area and surface roughness parameters. Influence of other process variables, such as feed, depth-of-cut and nose radius, is also studied. The developed analytical models and algorithms allow, not only to study the fundamental relationships, but to apply them in the design of new tools for conventional and rotary turning.
29.	Bushlya, Volodymyr, et al. (författare) On the Analytical Representation of Chip Area and Tool Geometry when Oblique Turning with Round Tools. Part 2: Variation of Tool Geometry along the Edge Line 2015 Ingår i: 15th CIRP Conference on Modelling of Machining Operations (15TH CMMO). - : Elsevier BV. - 2212-8271. ; 31, s. 423-428 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract This paper presents the models, analytical equations and results of analysis for determination of major cutting edge, orthogonal and normal clearance and rake angles, and cutting edge inclination angle. The analysis is carried for variable side and back rake angles used by the tool manufacturers and a corresponding variation of the geometry along the edge line for the case of round tools. The influence of tool nose radius, chamfer/chipbreaker angle and depth-of-cut was considered as well. Significant variation in orthogonal geometry from that stated in catalogues was found in most cases. The developed analytical solutions and algorithms allow the establishment of fundamental geometrical relationships and giving a correct prediction when developing new tools for conventional and rotary turning. (C) 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
30.	Butt, Mehwish, et al. (författare) Transdisciplinary Engineering Design Education: Ontology for a Generic Product Design Process 2018 Ingår i: Procedia CIRP. - : Elsevier. - 2212-8271 .- 2212-8271. ; 70, s. 338-343 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Today’s highly integrated product development practices emphasize the need to transform the engineering education from disciplinary to transdisciplinary. This paper is based on the results of an empirical study designed to introduce a common transdisciplinary design process in engineering education. It aims to validate the hypothesis that engineering disciplines in education share a common engineering design process. It describes the methodology for the development of a Transdisciplinary Engineering Design Education Ontology (TEDEO) for eight major engineering disciplines. It proposes a high-level transdisciplinary engineering design process that consolidates a diverse array of engineering terms and concepts into a generalized model.
31.	Bärring, Maja, 1988, et al. (författare) 5G Enabled Manufacturing Evaluation for Data-Driven Decision-Making 2018 Ingår i: Procedia CIRP. - : Elsevier BV. - 2212-8271. ; 27, s. 266-271 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Manufacturing industries are experiencing a technical paradigm shift that will change how they run their operations. Equipment and personnel generate an ever-increasing amount of data, and connectivity enables to utilize data to a larger extent. Connecting a machine is not a technical obstacle anymore, but with all available data, the challenge is to understand the requirements of data to support efficient decision-making. This paper will address the requirements of data by domain experts, in the context of more real-time data available. A focus group interview was performed, assessing the key factors of big data; volume, velocity, and variety of data.
32.	Camuz, Soner, 1988, et al. (författare) Tolerance analysis of surface-to-surface contacts using finite element analysis 2018 Ingår i: Procedia CIRP. - : Elsevier BV. - 2212-8271. ; 75, s. 250-255 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract The accuracy of a cutting tool is dependent on the surface-to-surface contact between the tool body and the insert. Depending on the application, the forces generated during a cutting operation will change in both magnitude and direction. This will alter the contact locations between the tool body and carbide insert thus affecting on both tool life and key characteristics such as cutting performance and productivity. In this article, a methodology is presented to analyse contact variation in the interface between the tool body and the carbide insert. Results presented in this paper can be used for tolerance allocation of surface-to-surface contacts.
33.	Carlson, Johan, 1972, et al. (författare) Robot Station Optimization for Minimizing Dress Pack Problems 2016 Ingår i: Procedia CIRP. - : Elsevier BV. - 2212-8271. ; 44, s. 389-394 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Problems with robot dress packs are one of the major reasons for online adjustments of robot motions and for down time in robot stations. A factory study showed that many robots wear out more than one dress pack per year. The life length variation was in fact shown considerable, ranging from years to only months. The dress packs consist of attached cables and hoses which typically have significant impact on allowed robot configurations and motions in the station. In this paper, we present novel simulation methods for improving robot configurations and motions during off-line programming and optimization of robot stations. The proposed method is applied to a stud welding station resulting in the elimination of several problems related to the dress packs.
34.	Chen, Ling, et al. (författare) Influences of micro mechanical property and microstructure on performance of machining high chromium white cast iron with cBN tools 2015 Ingår i: 15th CIRP Conference on Modelling of Machining Operations (15TH CMMO). - : Elsevier BV. - 2212-8271. ; 31, s. 172-178 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract The variation of the micro mechanical properties, such as hardness and modulus, of the material is important potential factor influencing the machinability of the material. The presented paper is to study the influence of variation in micro hardness and microstructure of the materials on machining performance in terms of tool wear and tool life, cutting forces and surface quality. The work material is high chromium white cast iron and material of cutting tool is cBN. The variation of micro hardness were measured and analyzed by grid nano indentation approach. Volume fraction phases of the material were identified through Weibull mixture distribution from result of grid nano indentation. High chromium white cast irons were prepared with two groups of composition, lower carbon silicon and higher carbon silicon, in the state of as-cast and hardened condition. Results from the machining test indicate that the variation of micro hardness of the work materials show significant impacts on cutting tool wear, tool life, cutting forces and surface quality in the machining of these materials. The effect of micro mechanical properties needs to be taken into account in the modelling and predicting tool life and surface quality. In addition, the mechanism of interaction between the cBN tool and the high chromium white cast iron under the range of machining parameters was also addressed. Lastly, surface roughness measurements complemented the results and a qualitative relationship between the surface roughness generated during the machining and the materials is also laid out. (C) 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B. V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
35.	Chen, Z., et al. (författare) Plastic Deformation and Residual Stress in High Speed Turning of AD730™ Nickel-based Superalloy with PCBN and WC Tools 2018 Ingår i: Procedia CIRP. - : Elsevier BV. - 2212-8271. ; 71, s. 440-445, s. 440-445 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract A higher gas turbine efficiency can be achieved by increasing the operating temperature in hot sections. AD730™ is a recently-developed wrought/cast nickel-based superalloy which can maintain excellent mechanical properties above 700. However, machining of AD730™ could be a difficult task like other nickel-based superalloys. Therefore, studies are needed with respect to the machinability of this new alloy. In this paper, high-speed turning was performed on AD730™ using polycrystalline cubic boron nitride (PCBN) tools and coated tungsten carbide (WC) tools at varied cutting speeds. The surface integrity was assessed in two important aspects, i.e., surface and sub-surface plastic deformation and residual stresses. The PCBN tools generally showed better performance compared with the WC tools since it led to reduced machining time without largely compromising the surface integrity achieved. The optimal cutting speed was identified in the range of 200-250 m/min when using the PCBN tools, which gives rise to a good combination of machining efficiency and surface integrity. The further increase of the cutting speed to 300 m/min resulted in severe and deep plastic deformation. Meanwhile, a continuous white layer was formed at the machined surface. When turning with the WC tools, the increased cutting speed from 80 m/min to 100 m/min showed very little effect with respect to the plastic deformation on the machined surface. It was found that tensile residual stresses were developed on all machined surfaces no matter when the PCBN or WC tools were used, and the surface tension was generally increased with increasing cutting speed. The tensile layer might need to be modified by e.g., post-machining surface treatments such as shot peening, if taking good fatigue performance into consideration.
36.	Chowdhury, Soumitra, 1983-, et al. (författare) Smart Product-Service Systems (Smart PSS) in Industrial Firms : A Literature Review 2018 Ingår i: 10th CIRP Conference on Industrial Product-Service Systems, IPS2 2018, 29-31 May 2018, Linköping, Sweden. - : Elsevier. ; 73, s. 26-31 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract During the last few decades, the PSS literature has documented industrial firms' transformation from the product dominant logic of business to product-service bundles constituted by machines and related services. This transformation has had several dramatic implications on firms' profitability, strategy, operations, organizational setting, sales and marketing approaches, and R&D practices. However, more recently, industrial firms have started to adopt various smart technologies that are embedded within the PSS. The use of smart technologies in PSS gives rise to the new types of PSS that are referred to in this paper as Smart PSS. Based on a literature review of 43 papers from relevant academic fields, this paper seeks answer to the following research question: what are the value creating features of smart product service systems (Smart PSS) in industrial firms? We synthesize the knowledge on Smart PSS to provide a definition and show the distinctive features of Smart PSS and propose an agenda for future research.
37.	Crafoord, Katarina, et al. (författare) The use of public procurement to incentivize longer lifetime and remanufacturing of computers 2018 Ingår i: Procedia CIRP. - : Elsevier BV. - 2212-8271. ; 73, s. 137-141 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Improving the product lifetime of consumer electronics can provide significant environmental benefits. However, there is a tendency among both professional users and consumers to change products, like computers and mobile phones regularly, and as a result their lifetimes become increasingly shorter. With the rise of the Circular Economy, new policies to promote longer product lifetimes have emerged in Europe. These include the regulation of minimum product lifetime through the Ecodesign Directive, the extension of consumer warranties, and the French criminalization of planned obsolescence. Public procurement is an instrument with a significant potential to incentivize longer lifetimes. This study examines the potential for extending the lifetime of computers through public procurement in a Swedish context. The methods employed are literature reviews and interviews with procurers in municipalities, computer remanufacturers, suppliers of computers, and national authorities. There is increasing interest in promoting longer lifetimes through procurement among procuring organizations. Some Swedish municipalities are already procuring remanufactured computers, mainly for economic reasons, and they generally have positive experiences. However, remanufactured computers may not work for all kinds of functions, which highlight the importance of identifying needs of different users. Some municipalities do not plan to purchase remanufactured computers, outlining several barriers. The public sector can also support Circular Economy objectives through supporting recycled materials in new computers. In addition to procurement practices, the public sector can support remanufacturing through selling used computers to remanufacturers.
38.	Dadbakhsh, Sasan, et al. (författare) In situ alloying and reinforcing of Al6061 during selective laser melting 2018 Ingår i: Procedia CIRP. - 2212-8271 .- 2212-8271. ; 74, s. 39-43 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract This work investigates the feasibility of a novel method to simultaneously alloy and reinforce a low alloyed Al alloy (i.e., Al6061) during selective laser melting (SLM) via in situ decomposition of zinc oxide (ZnO). Based on Gibbs free energy calculations, an Al6061+6wt%ZnO powder mixture is designed and prepared. The thermal decomposition of ZnO, resulting in the formation of Al oxide and free Zn, simultaneously alloys and reinforces the Al matrix. This also provides extra thermal energy that alters the dynamics of the melt pool and necessitates a completely different set of optimised SLM parameters compared to traditional Al alloys. After SLM, it is shown that this method can successfully reinforce the Al matrix with numerous nanometer sized oxide particles (typically ~ 50-120 nm). Despite this clear success to manufacture in situ reinforced Al composites by SLM, the applied method could not avoid partial Zn evaporation (limiting in situ alloying) and could not successfully suppress the cracking that also occurs after SLM of unreinforced Al6061.
39.	Danielsson, Oscar, 1982-, et al. (författare) Assessing Instructions in Augmented Reality for Human-Robot Collaborative Assembly by Using Demonstrators 2017 Ingår i: Procedia CIRP. - : Elsevier. - 2212-8271 .- 2212-8271. ; 63, s. 89-94, s. 89-94 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Robots are becoming more adaptive and aware of their surroundings. This has opened up the research area of tight human-robot collaboration,where humans and robots work directly interconnected rather than in separate cells. The manufacturing industry is in constant need ofdeveloping new products. This means that operators are in constant need of learning new ways of manufacturing. If instructions to operatorsand interaction between operators and robots can be virtualized this has the potential of being more modifiable and available to the operators.Augmented Reality has previously shown to be effective in giving operators instructions in assembly, but there are still knowledge gapsregarding evaluation and general design guidelines. This paper has two aims. Firstly it aims to assess if demonstrators can be used to simulatehuman-robot collaboration. Secondly it aims to assess if Augmented Reality-based interfaces can be used to guide test-persons through apreviously unknown assembly procedure. The long-term goal of the demonstrator is to function as a test-module for how to efficiently instructoperators collaborating with a robot. Pilot-tests have shown that Augmented Reality instructions can give enough information for untrainedworkers to perform simple assembly-tasks where parts of the steps are done with direct collaboration with a robot. Misunderstandings of theinstructions from the test-persons led to multiple errors during assembly so future research is needed in how to efficiently design instructions.
40.	Danielsson, Oscar, 1982-, et al. (författare) Operators perspective on augmented reality as a support tool in engine assembly 2018 Ingår i: Procedia CIRP. - : Elsevier. - 2212-8271 .- 2212-8271. ; 72, s. 45-50, s. 45-50 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Augmented Reality (AR) has shown its potential in supporting operators in manufacturing. AR-glasses as a platform both in industrial use are emerging markets, thereby making portable and hands-free AR more and more feasible. An important aspect of integrating AR as a support tool for operators is their acceptance of the technology. This paper presents the results of interviewing operators regarding their view on AR technology in their field and observing them working in automotive engine assembly and how they interact with current instructions. The observations and follow-up questions identified three main aspects of the information that the operators looked at: validating screw torque, their current assembly time, and if something went wrong. The interviews showed that a large amount of the operators were positive towards using AR in assembly. This has given an insight in both the current information interaction the operators do and their view on the potential in using AR. Based on these insights we suggest a mock-up design of an AR-interface for engine assembly to serve as a base for future prototype designs.
41.	Denzler, Patrick, et al. (författare) Maximising Product Possibilities while Minimising Process Change : A Case of Introducing Light Weight Material in Automotive Manufacturing 2016 Ingår i: Procedia CIRP. - : Elsevier BV. - 2212-8271. ; , s. 270-274 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Companies are challenged to achieve maximised benefits in time, money and novelty when introducing new products or technologies into their existing manufacturing systems. This paper set the focus on the introduction of new materials into existing products and if the adverse effects on manufacturing will outweigh the benefits. An automotive case was studied where discrete event simulation was used as tool to evaluate process consequences when introducing new material and process technologies into the production system. The question concerned if discrete event simulation can verify production system capabilities even in early conceptual design stages. The case analysis is concluded by three challenge areas concerning early stages of production system design. The difficulties of evaluating operational key performance indicators early in design processes become evident and needed future research efforts within the area are pointed out.
42.	Despeisse, Mélanie, 1985, et al. (författare) A Collection of Tools for Factory Eco-efficiency 2016 Ingår i: Procedia CIRP. - : Elsevier BV. - 2212-8271. ; 40, s. 542-546 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Eco-efficiency is generally defined as doing more with less, aiming to decouple environmental impact from economic and social value creation. This paper presents three tools to guide the implementation of eco-efficiency in factories: (1) definition and patterns of good practices for sustainable manufacturing, (2) a self-assessment tool and maturity grid, and (3) a factory modelling framework.
43.	Despeisse, Mélanie, 1985, et al. (författare) Sustainable Value Roadmapping Framework for Additive Manufacturing 2017 Ingår i: Procedia CIRP. - : Elsevier BV. - 2212-8271. ; 61, s. 594-599 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Recent developments around the use of additive manufacturing (AM) for making components and end-products is radically changing the way manufacturing activities are organized. Many researchers are now turning their attention to AM technology and its potential benefits for boosting economic, social, and environmental sustainability. However, there is still much uncertainty on the full impact from a life cycle perspective. Previous work has reviewed the implications of AM from a sustainability and life cycle point of view, but it is unclear whether the technology can fully realize the potential benefits identified, and whether it will lead to unintended consequences such as increased material consumption, thereby further straining the planet's carrying capacity and pushing society towards unsustainable, more materialistic values. This research builds on previous work to customize a tool, the Sustainable Value Roadmapping Tool (SVRT), which combines the strategic roadmapping technique with the sustainable value analysis tool. Roadmapping is a well-established approach for businesses to strategically plan activities for the short-, medium- and long-term; combined with the value analysis tools, it can identify opportunities for sustainable value creation for all stakeholders, including society and the planet. While SVRT has been developed and tested in a more generic context (i.e. not technology-specific), it also has good promises to help companies to explore the potential benefits and challenges of AM adoption across products’ life cycle and the associated business model implications. This paper will present the prototype version of SVRT for AM. The findings consolidate and expand the opportunities and challenges already identified in the literature. Further work will conduct case studies to use the SVRT with companies adopting AM technology and better understand the sustainability impacts from a business perspective.
44.	Despeisse, Mélanie, 1985 (författare) Teaching sustainability leadership in manufacturing: a reflection on the educational benefits of the board game Factory Heroes 2018 Ingår i: Procedia CIRP. - : Elsevier BV. - 2212-8271. ; 69, s. 621-626 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Sustainability is a complex and interdisciplinary topic which can be challenging to teach. We need to adopt a student-centred and participative approach to invite learners to reflect on societal challenges and their role as individuals to tackle them. Therefore, we need appropriate educational tools to encourage creativity, an open mind and broad thinking to raise awareness and teach about sustainability. Gamification and serious games have recently emerged as promising tools to engage students by immersing them in various complex situations and giving them an opportunity to play an active role in decision-making. Gamification lends itself particularly well to sustainability education as it provides a safe and fun environment for students to experiment, to take complex decisions and to reflect on the impact of their actions. It can deliver the necessary skills to address today's global challenges: envisioning, critical thinking and reflection, systemic thinking, collaboration and decision-making in uncertain conditions. This paper introduces a board game, Factory Heroes, and discusses its potential in raising awareness and fostering the skills and knowledge for sustainability leadership in manufacturing. Early findings from 8 pilot sessions are presented along with some of the benefits and pitfalls of gamification.
45.	Despeisse, Mélanie, 1985, et al. (författare) Towards a Circular Economy for End-of-Life Vehicles: A Comparative Study UK – Japan 2015 Ingår i: Procedia CIRP. - : Elsevier BV. - 2212-8271. ; 29, s. 668-673 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract As the European Directive on end-of-life vehicle (ELV) treatment has heavily influenced policies in many countries, car manufacturers need to reconsider the early phases of the product design to enable better ELV treatment. This paper proposes policy, technical and business recommendations to improve the reuse, recycling and recovery (RRR) rate of ELVs. A comparative analysis between the United Kingdom and Japan is undertaken, in which the two countries’ contextual background is described along with their RRR performance from a lifecycle perspective. Barriers and countermeasures to improve the RRR rates are discussed based upon mutual learning between the two countries.
46.	Devotta, Ashwin Moris, 1984-, et al. (författare) Finite Element Modeling and Validation of Chip Segmentation in Machining of AISI 1045 Steel 2017 Ingår i: Procedia CIRP. - : Elsevier. - 2212-8271 .- 2212-8271. ; 58, s. 499-504 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The finite element (FE) method based modeling of chip formation in machining provides the ability to predict output parameters like cutting forces and chip geometry. One of the important characteristics of chip morphology is chip segmentation. Majority of the literature within chip segmentation show cutting speed (vc) and feed rate (f) as the most influencing input parameters. The role of tool rake angle (Î±) on chip segmentation is limited and hence, the present study is aimed at understanding it. In addition, stress triaxiality’s importance in damage model employed in FE method in capturing the influence of Î± on chip morphology transformation is also studied. Furthermore, microstructure characterization of chips was carried out using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to understand the chip formation process for certain cutting conditions. The results show that the tool Î± influences chip segmentation phenomena and that the incorporation of a stress triaxiality factor in damage models is required to be able to predict the influence of the Î±. The variation of chip segmentation frequency with f is predicted qualitatively but the accuracy of prediction needs improvement. © 2017 The Authors.
47.	Devotta, Ashwin Moris, 1984-, et al. (författare) Quantitative Characterization of Chip Morphology Using Computed Tomography in Orthogonal Turning Process 2015 Ingår i: Procedia CIRP. - : Elsevier BV. - 2212-8271 .- 2212-8271. ; 33, s. 299-304 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Abstract The simulation of machining process has been an area of active research for over two decades. To fully incorporate finite element (FE) simulations as a state of art tool design aid, there is a need for higher accuracy methodology. An area of improvement is the prediction of chip shape in FE simulations. Characterization of chip shape is therefore a necessity to validate the FE simulations with experimental investigations. The aim of this paper is to present an investigation where computed tomography (CT) is used for the characterization of the chip shape obtained from 2D orthogonal turning experiments. In this work, the CT method has been used for obtaining the full 3D representation of a machined chip. The CT method is highly advantageous for the complex curled chip shapes besides its ability to capture microscopic features on the chip like lamellae structure and surface roughness. This new methodology aids in the validation of several key parameters representing chip shape. The chip morphology’s 3D representation is obtained with the necessary accuracy which provides the ability to use chip curl as a practical validation tool for FE simulation of chip formation in practical machining operations. The study clearly states the ability of the new CT methodology to be used as a tool for the characterization of chip morphology in chip formation studies and industrial applications.
48.	Diener, Derek, 1977, et al. (författare) Product-service-systems for heavy-duty vehicles - An accessible solution to material efficiency improvements? 2015 Ingår i: Procedia CIRP. - : Elsevier B.V.. - 2212-8271. ; , s. 269-274 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Previous research has investigated transitions of individual firms to PSS business. It has identified barriers and enablers and specified organizational capabilities needed. However, the transition to PSS has seldom been approached from a product-chain perspective. In addition, previous research has indicated the need for more assessments of environmental gains related to PSSs. This study aims at contributing to these perceived knowledge gaps by means of a case study. Questions posed include: Does the study's case company and one of its suppliers have the capabilities needed to adopt a PSS business model? and Could a PSS really contribute to material efficiency in their product-chain? © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license.
49.	Ebrahimi, Amir Hossein, 1976, et al. (författare) Automated analysis of interdependencies between product platforms and assembly operations 2016 Ingår i: Procedia CIRP. - : Elsevier BV. - 2212-8271. ; 44, s. 67-72 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Configurable products, like vehicles, face the challenge of handling all possible variants which are needed to answer the various customer needs. For these configurable products the support of all variants need to be addressed both by the design phase and the production phase. The product design phase and the production phase are linked together via operations. These operations model how each part of the bill-of-material is assembled to the final product. Operations also have inner relations among themselves, namely the precedence constraints, stating the order in which different parts can be assembled. Considering only the precedence constraints a product can generally be assembled in various different ways. It is through line balancing that the operations are assigned to different stations and/or assembly workers. The bill-of-material for each configurable product might be different with each variant, which will result in different set of operations. However, due to the precedence rules among the operations not all sets of operations might be possible to complete. The contribution in this paper is a automated method that can determine if all possible product variants can be successfully assembled while still satisfying precedence constraints between operations. The paper also includes an industrial example which further exemplifies the needed input for the method and the possible method outputs as a result of introducing a new variant to the product platform.
50.	Eckert, C. M., et al. (författare) Safety Margins and Design Margins: A Differentiation between Interconnected Concepts 2017 Ingår i: Procedia CIRP. - : Elsevier BV. - 2212-8271. ; 60, s. 267-272 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract The life cycle of complex products is subject to multiple uncertainties. Designers include margins into the product to cater for these uncertainties: safety margins, which is typically included in the requirements against the uncertainties of use and design margins against the uncertainties of design, such as changing requirements or engineering change. In practise the terms design margins and safety margins are sometimes used interchangeably. At the end of the design process, a product might include considerable overdesign, which can increase the initial cost as well as the running cost of many complex systems. Late discovery of both overdesign and lack of safety margins are also expensive to deal with in late phases. This paper explore the role of safety margins and design margins in the design process based on two case studies in truck design and jet engine component design. The paper shows that margins are added both to the requirements and the design parameters, so that companies run the risk of duplicating margins throughout the process without different teams being aware of it. This paper argues that a clearer and common description of design margins can reduce undesired iteration in development processes arising from misconceptions and aggregation effects in the development of complex systems.

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