| 1. |
- Andersson, Henrik, et al.
(författare)
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Benefit measures for noise abatement : calculations for road and rail traffic noise
- 2013
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Ingår i: European Transport Research Review. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1867-0717 .- 1866-8887. ; 5:3, s. 135-148
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- PurposeThe aim of this study is to estimate monetary abatement values for road and rail traffic noise that can be used for policy purposes. However, a main objective is to critically discuss the assumptions necessary to convert the monetary values elicited in willingness to pay (WTP) studies to values than can be use for policy purposes.MethodsWe employ the hedonic regression technique on Swedish data to elicit individuals' preferences for noise abatement. Our elicited values are then converted to policy values and critically examined based on findings from a literature review.ResultsWe show that WTP for road and rail not only differs in levels but also that the relationship between the noise level and the marginal value differs between the two sources. We also show that a health cost component added to the WTP estimate, based on the assumption of uninformed property buyers, will be small but not negligible and that also modest differences in the assumption of the discount rates will have a significant effect on the estimated values.ConclusionsThe main implications from this study are: (i) WTP for road and railway noise abatement differs not only on absolute but also marginal levels, (ii) Even small differences in the chosen discount rate, which is necessary to convert WTP values from a hedonic price study to policy values, have large effects on the policy values, and (iii) We show how to add a health cost component to the WTP estimates in order for the monetary estimates to reflect the total social cost. However, we argue that the motivation for doing so is weak and that more research is needed on this issue.
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| 2. |
- Andersson, Henrik, et al.
(författare)
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Charging the Polluters A Pricing Model for Road and Railway Noise
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Transport Economics and Policy. - 0022-5258 .- 1754-5951. ; 47, s. 313-333
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- By combining standardised calculation methods for total noise levels and monetary estimates from well-established evaluation methods, this study outlines a model to estimate the short-run marginal cost (SRMC) for road and railway noise that is able to differentiate not only modes of transport, but also vehicles and technologies. Several sensitivity tests run for the SRMC show that estimates are insensitive to traffic volume, sensitive to the number of exposed individuals, and sensitive to the monetary values used. Results also show that the use of quiet technology can have a significant effect on the SRMC.
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| 3. |
- Arvidsson, Anna K., 1971-, et al.
(författare)
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Åkkvalitet på vinterväg
- 2014
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Denna VTI-studie konstaterar att det går att mäta ojämnheter på vinterväg på samma sätt som på barmarksväg. Både ojämnheter och buller vid låga frekvenser ökar vid visst vinterväglag och är kopplade till hastighet. De mätningar som utförts inom projektets ramar visar att det går utmärkt att utföra mätningar på en snöklädd yta. Med vinterväglag menas här en snöklädd väg cirka ett dygn efter ett kraftigt snöfall. Baserat på de vägar som mättes visar studien att ojämnheter i våglängdsintervallet 0,05 till 1 meter påverkas allra mest av vinterväglaget. Ojämnheterna ökar cirka 5 gånger i medeltal för hela testslingan från barmarks- till vinterförhållanden. Det går även att se att ytans struktur, som beskrivs av de kortaste våglängderna som undersöktes, <10 mm, blir slätare på den snöklädda ytan vilket var en av hypoteserna och som indikerar att mätningen är pålitlig. Kopplingen mellan buller och ojämnheter är relaterade till hastighet. Den största ljudskillnaden mellan vinter- och sommarväg var vid låga frekvenser. Det uppfattade ljudet i bilen var då mellan 3 och 6 decibel högre för körningen på vinterväg. I de mer högfrekventa områdena var skillnaden i ljudnivå tvärtom, lägre för vintervägen än för sommarvägen och en trolig orsak till detta kan vara att ljudet absorberas av snön.
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| 4. |
- Bolling, Anne, et al.
(författare)
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SHAKE - an approach for realistic simulation of rough roads in a moving base driving simulator
- 2010
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Ingår i: Trends in driving simulation design and experiments. - Arcueil : Institut national de recherche sur les transports et leur securite, INRETS. - 9782857826859 ; , s. 135-143
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- With today’s advanced measurement equipment for measuring roads, it is possible to measure road geometry at high precision within a large span of wavelengths. Detailed information about the roads longitudinal and lateral profile, including macro texture, would in theory be sufficient for a realistic reproduction of road induced vibration and noise in a driving simulator. Especially, it would be possible to create a direct connection between the visual information of the road condition and the ride experience, which would increase the level of realism in the simulation. VTI has during three years performed an internal project called SHAKE with the aim to develop and implement models in VTI driving simulator III that use measured road data for generating realistic vibrations and audible road noise connected to the visual impression presented on the projection screen. This has indeed resulted in an more realistic driving experience, and a validation study with test persons driving both in the simulator and in the field has been undertaken. The OpenDRIVE standard is used as a framework for describing the road properties (e.g. visual, vibrations and noise). For this purpose some augumentations to the OpenDRIVE standard had to be made. This paper describes the technical implementations in the driving simulator, along with results from test drives on the implemented road sections
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| 5. |
- Gidlöf-Gunnarsson, Anita, 1957, et al.
(författare)
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Comparative studies on railway and road traffic noise annoyances and the importance of number of trains
- 2011
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Ingår i: 11th International Congress on Noise as a Public Health Problem (ICBEN), 24-28 July, 2011, London, UK.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Railway noise is perceived as less annoying than road traffic noise, both in terms of general annoyance and sleep disturbances according to dose-response relationships from meta-analyses. However, findings in recent years from Japanese studies show, unlike most European studies, that railway noise is perceived as more annoying than road traffic noise at sound levels >LAeq,24h 55 dB. This applies particularly to the Japanese Shinkansen express trains as well as conventional trains. Several of the Japanese studies have been done in areas with a very large number of trains (about 500-800 trains/day). In the present study, the following research questions were asked: How does a large number of trains affect noise annoyance and can the differences between Japanese studies (railway noise more annoying than road traffic noise) and European studies (railway noise less annoying than road traffic noise) in part be due to major differences in the number of trains? Socio-acoustic surveys (n=1689) were conducted in residential areas exposed to railway noise with different number of trains (124 trains/day vs. 481 trains/day) and road traffic noise (LAeq,24h 45-65 dB in all areas) The findings show that the number of trains/day, and not only the equivalent sound levels influence how railway noise is perceived. When the number of trains is very large, (481 trains/day), the proportion who are annoyed and report disturbed activities is significantly higher than in a situation with fewer trains (124 trains/day) at equal sound levels and in comparison to road traffic noise >LAeq,24h 55 dB.
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| 6. |
- Gidlöf-Gunnarsson, Anita, 1957, et al.
(författare)
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Railway noise annoyance and the importance of number of trains, ground vibration, and building situational factors
- 2012
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Ingår i: Noise & Health. - : Medknow. - 1463-1741. ; 14:59, s. 190-201
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Internationally accepted exposure-response relationships show that railway noise causes less annoyance than road traffic and aircraft noise. Railway transport, both passenger and freight transport, is increasing, and new railway lines are planned for environmental reasons. The combination of more frequent railway traffic and faster and heavier trains will, most probably, lead to more disturbances from railway traffic in the near future. To effectively plan for mitigations against noise and vibration from railway traffic, new studies are needed to obtain a better basis of knowledge. The main objectives of the present study was to investigate how the relationship between noise levels from railway traffic and general annoyance is influenced by (i) number of trains, (ii) the presence of ground borne vibrations, and (iii) building situational factors, such as orientation of balcony/patio and bedroom window. Socio-acoustic field studies were executed in residential areas; (1) with relatively intense railway traffic; (2) with strong vibrations, and; (3) with the most intense railway traffic in the country. Data was obtained for 1695 respondents exposed to sound levels ranging from LAeq,24h 45 to 65 dB. Both number of trains and presence of ground-borne vibrations, and not just the noise level per se, are of relevance for how annoying railway noise is perceived. The results imply that, for the proportion annoyed to be equal, a 5 - 7 dB lower noise level is needed in areas where the railway traffic causes strong ground-borne vibrations and in areas with a very large number of trains. General noise annoyance was twice as high among residents in dwellings with balcony / patio oriented towards the railway and about 1.5 times higher among residents with bedroom windows facing the railway.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Persson Waye, Kerstin, 1959, et al.
(författare)
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Rail freight vibration impacts sleep and community response: An overview of CargoVibes
- 2014
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Ingår i: ICBEN 2014, the 11th International Congress on Noise as a Public Health Problem. Nara, Japan, 2014 June 1 to June 5.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The European Union funded CargoVibes project involving 10 partners from 8 nations has aimed to examine ground-borne vibration affecting residents close to freight railway lines. This poster presents an overview of the work package investigating human response to vibration, with particular focus on physiological and psychological impact on sleep, community annoyance and the development of guidance in evaluating response. The effects of vibration on sleep were measured in a series of laboratory trials at the University of Gothenburg. Existing field studies of community response were supplemented with further field work in the Netherlands and Poland, and a meta-analysis conducted to determine dose-response relationships for railway vibration. Numerous outcomes of vibration exposure were found, with physiological markers such as greater heart rate response and cortical reactions during sleep, and annoyance and sleep disturbance increasing with higher vibration amplitudes. A guidance document considering current state of the art regarding vibration measurement and assessment was produced pertaining to human perception, evaluation methods, annoyance, sleep impacts, and non-exposure factors. The outcomes of this work represent a significant advance in the understanding of the human response to railway vibration and a step towards a much needed harmonisation of assessment methods. The findings presented in this poster highlight the importance of considering environmental vibration in the planning, construction, and maintenance of railways in residential environments.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Salomons, E. M., et al.
(författare)
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Traffic noise, honking and urban planning in Amsterdam in 1930
- 2014
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Ingår i: Noise Control Engineering Journal. - : Institute of Noise Control Engineering. - 0736-2501. ; 62:6, s. 422-435
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Traffic noise was seen as a serious problem around 1930. Cars and trucks were noisier than today, and the horn was used more frequently. This led to loud protests and anti-noise campaigns, which have been discussed by historians in studies of the evolution of traffic noise in the twentieth century. In this article we first describe the situation around 1930 from a historical point of view, and next we present an approximate quantitative assessment of traffic noise around 1930, including horn noise, focusing on the city of Amsterdam. Noise maps of Amsterdam are presented for cars, trucks, and horns in 1930, and for comparison also for cars and trucks in 2012. The noise maps for 1930 are based on detailed traffic data for Amsterdam in 1930, which were derived from two reports published in 1934 and 1940 about an extensive traffic count in Amsterdam in 1930. The traffic count was carried out in the framework of the Amsterdam Expansion Plan of 1934. The results of the traffic noise analysis presented here are discussed in the light of expectations around 1930 about future developments of Amsterdam, as well as in the wider context of sprawling cities after World War II. The results also put today's approach of traffic noise mapping and annoyance assessment in perspective.
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| 11. |
- Smith, Michael, et al.
(författare)
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Freight trains, nocturnal vibration and noise, and their physiological effects during sleep
- 2014
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Ingår i: 11th International Congress on Noise as a Public Health Problem (ICBEN) 2014, Nara, JAPAN. Proceedings of ICBEN 2014.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- There has been much previous research examining the effects of environmental noise on sleep, but the specific influence of vibration exposure has largely been neglected and primarily limited to cross-sectional field studies. Within the EU CargoVibes project, we experimentally investigated physiological reactions to freight train vibration and noise exposure during sleep. Polysomnography was used to determine the impact on sleep architecture, in terms of macrostructure and for event-related autonomic and cortical arousals. The work aimed to examine the effects on sleep of vibration amplitude, number of events, and the interaction of vibration and noise. Nights with 36 events and high vibration were found to result in greatest sleep fragmentation, more changes to lighter sleep stage, shorter continuous time in slow wave sleep and earlier awakenings than the control, and increased wakefulness and reduced rapid eye movement sleep relative to the 20 train night. The likelihood of the occurrence of event-related awakenings, arousals and changes in sleep depth all increased with vibration amplitude. Heart rate response was greater during exposure to high than moderate vibration. Comparison between first and second half of the night indicated that cardiac reactions sensitized to repeated vibration exposure. Vibration in residential environments from railway freight contributes towards sleep fragmentation which may have implications for health outcomes. Guidelines to prevent adverse health outcomes for freight lines where there is a risk for vibration exposure therefore need to consider not only noise but also the added impact of vibration.
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| 12. |
- Smith, Michael, et al.
(författare)
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Jämförelse av fysiologisk respons vid exponering för buller eller vibrationer
- 2014
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Tågtrafik ger upphov till buller och i vissa fall vibrationer i bostäder nära järnvägen, i synnerhet för godståg som är väsentligt tyngre än persontåg. Denna rapport redovisar vid vilka vibrationshastigheter som effekterna av vibrationer för de boende är ungefär likvärdiga som motsvarande ljudtrycksnivå (bullernivå). Effekterna är i detta sammanhang självrapporterad störning eller sömnstörning i tvärsnittsstudier och olika påverkan på sömnkvalité uppmätt i fält eller i sömnlaboratorium.
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| 13. |
- Smith, Michael, et al.
(författare)
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Nocturnal vibration and noise from freight trains impacts sleep
- 2013
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Ingår i: Proceedings of Meetings on Acoustics. - : ASA. - 1939-800X.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- There is a proposed increase in the number of freight trains on the European railway networks, with this growth being facilitated through using the available night time periods. Freight trains are particularly problematic with regards to generation of low frequency vibration and noise which has the potential to propagate to nearby homes and influence the sleep of residents. To investigate the potential impact we conducted a laboratory trial on 24 young healthy persons to ascertain physiological and psychological reactions to nocturnal vibration and noise from freight traffic, and to examine differences between gender and noise sensitivity. Nights with moderate (0.0102 m/s2) and high (0.0204 m/s2) maximum Wd weighted vibration amplitudes and low (20) and high (36) number of train passages were simulated with noise levels being of the same order between nights. Polysomnography was used to record sleep stage and EEG arousals and awakenings. Event-related cardiac activations were analysed using ECG recordings. Questionnaires were administered to obtain subjective sleep parameters. Sleep was more fragmented during nights with higher vibration amplitudes and number of events. Furthermore, heart rate response was higher in the high vibration condition. Results from the subjective data showed less discrimination between nights.
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
- Smith, Michael, et al.
(författare)
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On the Influence of Freight Trains on Humans: A Laboratory Investigation of the Impact of Nocturnal Low Frequency Vibration and Noise on Sleep and Heart Rate
- 2013
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Ingår i: Plos One. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 8:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background A substantial increase in transportation of goods on railway may be hindered by public fear of increased vibration and noise leading to annoyance and sleep disturbance. As the majority of freight trains run during night time, the impact upon sleep is expected to be the most serious adverse effect. The impact of nocturnal vibration on sleep is an area currently lacking in knowledge. We experimentally investigated sleep disturbance with the aim to ascertain the impact of increasing vibration amplitude. Methodology/Principal Findings The impacts of various amplitudes of horizontal vibrations on sleep disturbance and heart rate were investigated in a laboratory study. Cardiac accelerations were assessed using a combination of polysomnography and ECG recordings. Sleep was assessed subjectively using questionnaires. Twelve young, healthy subjects slept for six nights in the sleep laboratory, with one habituation night, one control night and four nights with a variation of vibration exposures whilst maintaining the same noise exposure. With increasing vibration amplitude, we found a decrease in latency and increase in amplitude of heart rate as well as a reduction in sleep quality and increase in sleep disturbance. Conclusions/Significance We concluded that nocturnal vibration has a negative impact on sleep and that the impact increases with greater vibration amplitude. Sleep disturbance has short- and long-term health consequences. Therefore, it is necessary to define levels that protect residents against sleep disruptive vibrations that may arise from night time railway freight traffic.
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| 16. |
- Smith, Michael, et al.
(författare)
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Vibration and Noise Induced Sleep Disturbance from Freight Trains - An experimental Study
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. - : Acoustical Society of America (ASA). - 0001-4966. ; 131:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A substantial increase in transportation of goods on railway networks may be hindered by public fear of annoyance and sleep disturbance due to a corresponding increase in vibration and noise. As the majority of freight trains run during night time, sleep disturbance is expected to be the most serious adverse health effect arising from resulting vibration and noise. However, very little data exists that may be used to investigate the potential impact. As part of the European project Cargovibes, we are experimentally investigating sleep disturbance. An initial pilot study explored the relative perception of horizontal versus vertical vibration for subjects in a supine position and a following study investigated the relationship between various levels of horizontal vibration and sleep disturbance. Sleep was assessed using polysomonography and questionnaires. In total 12 subjects slept for six nights in the sleep laboratory, with one adaptation night, one control night and four nights with a variation of vibration exposures maintaining the same noise exposure. The results will be discussed at the conference.
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
- Swärdh, Jan-Erik, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
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Värdering och prissättning av järnvägsbuller : sammanfattningav projektresultat
- 2010
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Tystnad är en så kallad icke-marknadsvara, vilket innebär att vi inte kan observera något marknadspris. Dock vet vi att tystnad ger nytta (det vill säga buller åsamkar onytta) och därför efterfrågas av individer. För att erhålla denna nytta har individer således en betalningsvilja, vilket kan uttryckas som efterfrågan för tystnad. I denna rapport sammanfattas på svenska projektet Värdering och prissättning av järnvägsbuller som har genomförts vid VTI och finansierats av Trafikverket (tidigare Banverket). Projektet har syftat till att dels skatta efterfrågan för tystnad (motsatsen till järnvägsbuller) och dels att utifrån denna efterfrågefunktion beräkna marginalkostnader för järnvägsbuller.
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