| 1. |
- DAWODY, JAZAER, 1959, et al.
(författare)
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E4-Mistra, a research program for the development of an energy efficient low emission exhaust aftertreatment system for heavy duty vehicles
- 2012
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Ingår i: World Renewable Energy Forum, WREF 2012, Including World Renewable Energy Congress XII and Colorado Renewable Energy Society (CRES) Annual Conference. - : American Solar Energy Society. - 9781622760923 ; , s. 4530-4536
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents a unique system approach applied in a joint academic - industrial research program, E4 Mistra, to reach the goals of energy efficiency and low emissions exhaust aftertreatment system for heavy duty vehicles. The high energy efficiency is achieved by heat recuperation, on-board hydrogen production for use in both an auxiliary power unit and for NOx reduction and by finding new solutions for making the after-treatment system active at low exhaust temperatures. To reach low particulate emissions a mechanical filter using a sintered metal filter is developed. Low NOx emissions are achieved by an efficient NOx reduction catalyst. The system is based on four technological advances: Thermoelectric material s for heat recuperation, catalytic reduction of NOx over innovative catalyst substrates using hydrocarbons from the fuel and H2 from a high efficiency fuel reformer, and particulate filtration over a porous metal filter.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Andersson, Anders, 1983-, et al.
(författare)
-
SIREN : sound generation for vehicle simulation
- 2013
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The ViP Simulator Sound Renderer (SIREN) software has been created as a means to facilitate generation and playback of audio signals in driving simulators. Siren is a modular, scalable program with a plug-in based infrastructure. The included plug-ins offer sound file playback, sound stream playback and spatialization possibilities. Required additional functionality can be added by creating custom plug-ins. Siren by default relies on the OpenAL library for spatialization and on Csound for sound stream generation. Other spatialization and generation software can be used by replacing the corresponding API modules. Siren is implemented in the new Simulator IV as well as in Simulator III at VTI and will also be implemented in Simulator II in the immediate future. Experimental implementations have been tested in the VTI Foerst simulator running solely under the Microsoft Windows operating system. Volvo Trucks has a trial version implemented in their simulator and has made some local customization. The current sound models implemented through Siren in the VTI simulators consist of real-time synthesis of sound based on measurements performed in real vehicles (car and truck) on the Volvo test track. The resulting sound has been validated through corresponding measurements performed inside the simulator cabins as well as through informal listening by experienced drivers.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Berland, Kristian, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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Temperature stability of intersubband transitions in AlN/GaN quantum wells
- 2010
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Ingår i: Applied Physics Letters. - : AIP Publishing. - 0003-6951 .- 1077-3118. ; 97:4, s. 043507-
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Temperature dependence of intersubband transitions in AlN/GaN multiple quantum wells grown with molecular beam epitaxy is investigated both by absorption studies at different temperatures and modeling of conduction-band electrons. For the absorption study, the sample is heated in increments up to 400 degrees C. The self-consistent Schroumldinger-Poisson modeling includes temperature effects of the band gap and the influence of thermal expansion on the piezoelectric field. We find that the intersubband absorption energy decreases only by similar to 6 meV at 400 degrees C relative to its room temperature value.
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| 6. |
- Ive, Tommy, 1968, et al.
(författare)
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Design and Fabrication of AlN/GaN Heterostructures for Intersubband Technology
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Japanese Journal of Applied Physics. - 1347-4065 .- 0021-4922. ; 51:1, s. Article Number: 01AG07 -
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We have used models based on the effective-mass approximation and Schrodinger-Poisson to design AlN/GaN multiple quantum well structures for intersubband transitions between two or three energy levels. The structures were realized by molecular beam epitaxy and the surface morphology and structural quality were investigated. We also investigated GaN waveguides that were fabricated using standard cleanroom techniques. Our work is focused on the various challenges associated to the fabrication of quantum cascade lasers based on group III-nitrides. These challenges are discussed in the light of our results.
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| 7. |
- Stattin, Martin, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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Waveguides for nitride based quantum cascade lasers
- 2011
-
Ingår i: Physica Status Solidi (C) Current Topics in Solid State Physics. - : Wiley. - 1610-1642 .- 1862-6351. ; 8:7-8, s. 2357-2359
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Waveguide designs for AlGaN-based near-infrared quantum cascade lasers are investigated using a finite-difference method mode solver. Because of the negligibly small refractive index difference between the AlN/GaN/AlGaN gain region and the surrounding AlGaN current injection and extraction layers, a low refractive index substrate (sapphire) and a low refractive index dielectric (SiO2) are used for vertical confinement of the optical field. A ridge waveguide with an off-center contact metallization is used for lateral confinement. The off-center contact allows for the propagation of a TM mode with low metal induced loss and sufficient optical confinement in the gain region. A viable waveguide design with a metal-induced loss of 6.1 cm-1 and a confinement factor of 0.52 is demonstrated.
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| 8. |
- Stattin, Martin, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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Waveguides for Nitride Based Quantum Cascade Lasers
- 2010
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Ingår i: International Workshop on Nitride Semiconductors (IWN2010), Tampa, Florida, U.S.A., September 19 – 24, 2010.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 9. |
- Ahlström, Christer, et al.
(författare)
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Validating speed and road surface realism in VTI driving simulator III
- 2012
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Nya simulatormodeller för vibrationer, ljud och grafik har utvecklats och implementerats i VTI:S fordonssimulator III. Syftet med denna studie är att validera simulatorn med avseende på hastighet och återgivandet av olika vägyteparametrar. Tjugofyra försökspersoner deltog i studien. De fick köra en och samma rutt i såväl simulator III som på verklig väg. Tre vägavsnitt med olika kvalitet på vägytan, från mycket slät till ganska ojämn, ingick i försöket. Såväl den objektiva förarparametern hastighet som olika subjektiva parametrar avseende förarens uppfattning om vägytans egenskaper (jämnhet, tysthet, komfort) jämfördes. Ett vägavsnitt med skiftande hastighetsgränser var av speciellt intresse. Ingen signifikant skillnad kunde noteras mellan körning i simulator och på verklig väg vare sig avseende hastighet (på avsitt med konstant hastighetsgräns) eller gradering av jämnhet och tysthet. För sträckan med skiftande hastighetsgränser fanns dock en signifikant skillnad mellan hastigheten i bil jämfört med hastigheten i simulator, trots liknande hastighetsprofiler. Såväl accelerationerna som retardationerna var snabbare i simulatorn. Vägkomforten graderades högre i bil än i simulator, men i båda fallen var tendensen den att slätare vägar gav högre värdering av komforten. Dessa resultat indikerar absolut validitet för graderingen av jämnhet och tysthet och för det objektiva måttet hastighet, medan relativ validitet indikerades för såväl hastighet vid skylt för hastighetsändring som för gradering av komfort.
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| 10. |
- Andersson, Anders, 1983-, et al.
(författare)
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A Moving Base Simulator Investigation of Effects of a Yaw Stability System Caused by a Side Impact
- 2011
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Ingår i: Journal of Computing and Information Science in Engineering. - : ASME International. - 1530-9827 .- 1944-7078. ; 11:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The main objective of this study was to investigate how an electronic stability control (ESC) system may aid the driver in a critical sideswipe accident. Another objective was to investigate the possibility of having a realistic simulation of a sideswipe accident in a large moving base simulator. The experiment can be divided into two parts. In part one, the driver is unaware of the sudden side impact and in part two, the side impact was repeated six times.The experiment was driven by 18 persons. With the ESC system active no driver lost control, while with the system inactive there were five drivers that lost control in part one. In part two, the ESC system showed to stabilize the vehicle faster, and the improvement in stabilization time was between 40% and 62%. It was also seen that 2% loss of control occurred with an ESC system active and 45% without.
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| 11. |
- Andersson, Anders, 1983-, et al.
(författare)
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Models for Distributed Real-Time Simulation in a Vehicle Co-Simulator Setup
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Equation-Based Object-Oriented Modeling Languages and Tools. - Linköping : Linköping University Electronic Press. - 9789175196176 - 9789175196213 ; , s. 131-139
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- A car model in Modelica has been developed to be used in a new setup for distributed real-time simulation where a moving base car simulator is connected with a real car in a chassis dynamometer via a 500m fiber optic communication link. The new co-simulator set-up can be used in a number of configurations where hardware in the loop can be interchanged with software in the loop. The models presented in this paper are the basic blocks chosen for modeling the system in the context of a distributed real-time simulation, estimating parameters for the powertrain model, the choice of numeric solver, and the interaction with the solver for real-time properties.
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| 12. |
- Andersson, Emma, 1983-, et al.
(författare)
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Introducing a New Quantitative Measure of Railway Timetable Robustness Based on Critical Points
- 2013
-
Ingår i: 5th International Seminar on Railway Operations Modelling and Analysis - RailCopenhagen 2013. - 9788773272466
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The growing demand for railway capacity has led to high capacity consumption at times and a delay-sensitive network with insufficient robustness. The fundamental challenge is therefore to decide how to increase the robustness. To do so there is a need for accurate measures that return whether the timetable is robust or not and indicate where improvements should be made. Previously presented measures are useful when comparing different timetable candidates with respect to robustness, but less useful to decide where and how robustness should be inserted. In this paper, we focus on points where trains enter a line, or where trains are being overtaken, since we have observed that these points are critical for the robustness. The concept of critical points can be used in the practical timetabling process to identify weaknesses in a timetable and to provide suggestions for improvements. In order to quantitatively assess how crucial a critical point may be, we have defined the measure RCP (Robustness in Critical Points). A high RCP value is preferred, and it reflects a situation at which train dispatchers will have higher prospects of handling a conflict effectively. The number of critical points, the location pattern and the RCP values constitute an absolute value for the robustness of a certain train slot, as well as of a complete timetable. The concept of critical points and RCP can be seen as a contribution to the already defined robustness measures which combined can be used as guidelines for timetable constructors.
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| 13. |
- Andersson, Emma V., 1983-, et al.
(författare)
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Quantifying railway timetable robustness in critical points
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Journal of Rail Transport Planning and Management. - : Elsevier. - 2210-9706 .- 2210-9714. ; 3:3, s. 95-110
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Several European railway traffic networks experience high capacity consumption during large parts of the day resulting in delay-sensitive traffic system with insufficient robustness. One fundamental challenge is therefore to assess the robustness and find strategies to decrease the sensitivity to disruptions. Accurate robustness measures are needed to determine if a timetable is sufficiently robust and suggest where improvements should be made.Existing robustness measures are useful when comparing different timetables with respect to robustness. They are, however, not as useful for suggesting precisely where and how robustness should be increased. In this paper, we propose a new robustness measure that incorporates the concept of critical points. This concept can be used in the practical timetabling process to find weaknesses in a timetable and to provide suggestions for improvements. In order to quantitatively assess how crucial a critical point may be, we have defined the measure robustness in critical points (RCP). In this paper, we present results from an experimental study where a benchmark of several measures as well as RCP has been done. The results demonstrate the relevance of the concept of critical points and RCP, and how it contributes to the set of already defined robustness measures
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| 14. |
- Andersson, Jon, 1985, et al.
(författare)
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Environmental Impact Assessment for Manufacturing: Data Requirements for a Simulation-Based Approach
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Swedish Production Symposium. - 9789175197524 ; , s. 151-160
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The environmental footprint of products is an increasingly important measure for companies working to improve their sustainability performance, and the same measure has also become popular for marketing purposes. As a result, the demand for environmental product declarations and, thus, life cycle assessment (LCA) projects grows. To reap the full benefit from LCA studies in production systems analysis, LCA has more frequently been complemented with simulation of production flows (i.e. discrete event simulation) during the latest decade. Several examples of the DES-LCA combination in recent literature report substantial potential and successful implementations. However, a common problem is to establish efficient and credible procedures for collecting, analyzing, and representing the extensive amounts of input data required. The aim of this paper is therefore to provide recommendations for the management of environmental data in sustainability simulations. A review of seven previous DES-LCA projects provides a list of common sustainability parameters and experiences on how they should be collected and represented in simulation models. An important result is that deterministic representations appear to be enough for data not directly linked to production time. This finding makes it possible to replace time-consuming data gathering with collection of secondary data from public databases.
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| 15. |
- Andersson, Jon, 1985, et al.
(författare)
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Framework for Ecolabeling using Discrete Event Simulation
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of the 2012 spring simulation multiconference.
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ecolabled products have shown a competitive advantage to other products. Regulatory changes and market pressure creates an increased need for environmental impact assessments. The dominating method for environmental impact assessments - life cycle assessment (LCA) lacks support to properly analyze the dynamic aspects of business operations and production processes. This Paper proposes to use discrete event simulation to support more extensive and detailed environmental assessments on selected parts of the production process, keeping simplicity for parts of less importance and interest.
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
- Barendregt, Wolmet, et al.
(författare)
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Including Children with Disabilities in the Design Process : Interaction Design with Children with Disabilities
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Workshop Proceedings of Interaction Design and Children Conference IDC´14.
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This workshop aims to bring together researchers and designers to exchange experiences with (participatory) design techniques for children with disabilities that may hinder communication, such as hearing aids, autism or Down’s syndrome. More specifically, the main aim is to identify commonalities and differences in current practices and discuss how to apply and adapt participatory design techniques for the different target groups. This workshop will he held jointly with the workshop on “Values and Stances in Interaction Design with Children with Disabilities".
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| 18. |
- Barendregt, Wolmet, et al.
(författare)
-
Including Children with Disabilities in the Design Process
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Workshop Proceedings of Interaction Design and Children Conference IDC´14.
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This workshop aims to bring together researchers and designers to exchange experiences with (participatory) design techniques for children with disabilities that may hinder communication, such as hearing aids, autism or Down’s syndrome. More specifically, the main aim is to identify commonalities and differences in current practices and discuss how to apply and adapt participatory design techniques for the different target groups. This workshop will he held jointly with the workshop on “Values and Stances in Interaction Design with Children with Disabilities".
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| 19. |
- Eriksson, Lars, et al.
(författare)
-
Driver acceptance and performance with LDW and rumble strips assistance in unintentional lane departures
- 2013
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this ViP project the focus of investigation was whether drivers more readily accept either rumble strips or an in-vehicle lane departure warning system (LDW) in unintentional lane departure situations. The results show that acceptance was high for both alternatives, but while the drivers showed more satisfaction from using the LDW, they also showed more trust in the rumble strips. Twenty-four drivers drove the VTI driving simulator SIM III in car mode with simulated rumble strips in one drive and with a simulated Volvo LDW in another drive. A forced yaw motion of the vehicle induced the unintentional lane departures. The results showed no choice in favour of the LDW or the rumble strips, but a clear preference for having a function that warns for unintentional lane departure. Several participants thought it was good to have both types of warning in parallel. Although Response completion time was shorter with the rumble strips warning, there was no difference between the warning types, neither in Time to get car back in lane nor in Lane exceedence area. Thus, there were no major overall differences between the LDW and the rumble strips as measured in the present study. The conclusion is that the drivers’ acceptance, as well as performance, was high for both the rumble strips and the LDW. The positive opinion on the need for assistance systems in unintentional lane departure when drivers are directing their visual attention away from the road is thus further strengthened.
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| 20. |
- Fagerlönn, Johan, et al.
(författare)
-
Advanced driving simulator to evaluate sound design strategies for intelligent transport systems
- 2011
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Additional sound capabilities in visually advanced simulators may offer researchers and practitioners better resources to evaluate in-vehicle auditory signals and advanced auditory displays. In the first part of the present report, the implementation of a new audio system in the Scania truck cabin for the driving simulators II and III at the Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI) is described.The new audio software is based on the Open Audio Library (OpenAL) implementation for the Macintosh Operating System OS X. It communicates with the existing simulator software using the Open Sound Control (OSC) standard. The remaining program code is open, which offers the possibility of adapting the audio system to future demands and specific needs of partners within the competence centre ViP (Virtual Prototyping and Assessment by Simulation).Another aim of the present project was to investigate the potential of urgent alarms to raise annoyance and negatively affect drivers’ subsequent responses to unrelated, critical events on the road. While performing a simulated driving task, truck drivers received two types of warnings that were designed to differ significantly in perceived urgency. Several times in the trial an unexpected event occurred just seconds after drivers were presented with an unrelated warning, and the drivers had to brake immediately to avoid a collision. The results indicate that acoustic characteristics and semantic meaning may impact the perceived annoyance of in-vehicle warnings. Furthermore, the participants who received a high-urgency warning braked significantly harder and tended to brake later than the drivers who received a low-urgency warning.The simulator study was also used to validate the reliability of the new audio system.
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| 21. |
- Harmankaya, Necati, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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Raloxifene and alendronate containing thin mesoporous titanium oxide films improve implant fixation to bone.
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Acta biomaterialia. - : Elsevier BV. - 1878-7568 .- 1742-7061. ; 9:6, s. 7064-73
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study tested the hypothesis that osteoporosis drug-loaded mesoporous TiO2 implant coatings can be used to improve bone-implant integration. Two osteoporosis drugs, Alendronate (ALN) and Raloxifene (RLX), were immobilized in nanoporous oxide films prepared on Ti screws and evaluated in vivo in rat tibia. The drug release kinetics were monitored in vitro by quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation and showed sustained release of both drugs. The osteogenic response after 28days of implantation was evaluated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), removal torque, histomorphometry and ultrastructural interface analysis. The drug-loaded implants showed significantly improved bone fixation. In the case of RLX, stronger bone-remodelling activity was observed compared with controls and ALN-loaded implants. The ultrastructural interface analysis revealed enhanced apatite formation inside the RLX coating and increased bone density outside the ALN coating. Thus, this novel combination of a thin mesoporous TiO2 carrier matrix and appropriate drugs can be used to accelerate implant fixation in trabecular bone.
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| 22. |
- Hellsmark, Hans, 1974, et al.
(författare)
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Teknologiska innovationssystem inom energiområdet: En praktisk vägledning till identifiering av systemsvagheter som motiverar särskilda politiska åtaganden
- 2014
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Syftet med denna rapport är att illustrera hur ett praktiskt inriktat ramverk, tekno- logiska innovationssystem (TIS), kan användas av analytiker och beslutsfattare vid departement och myndigheter för att analysera strategiskt viktiga teknikområden ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????I rapporten analyseras fem TIS centrerade kring havsbaserad vindkraft, marin energi, ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? systemsvagheter som bromsar områdets vidare utveckling, vilka som kan åtgärdas av systemets aktörer och vilka som motiverar särskilda politiska åtaganden. Rapporten utgör därmed ett underlag för att formulera åtgärder för att åstadkomma ökad innova- tion, teknikspridning och industrialisering inom ovan nämnda teknikområden.Studien har även möjliggjort en jämförande analys av likheter och skillnader ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? mellan områdena – de är starka respektive svaga av olika orsaker. Detta visar att ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????Samtidigt har områdena gemensamma drag. Systemets aktörer, där även politiska ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????- skapsnätverk. Men de har varit sämre på att skapa tidiga nischmarknader som ger utrymme för fortsatt lärande och kostnadsreduktion. Sådana nischer kan ibland skapas av marknadens aktörer, men ofta krävs politiska styrmedel. De behövs för att investeringar i kunskapsutveckling ska kunna nyttiggöras och för att en bred industriell utveckling inom nya områden skall göras möjlig i Sverige.Vidare presenteras lärdomar kring vad en aktiv teknikpolitik innebär. Två huvud- ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????- hällsbygget och därför bör vara ett politikområde bland många samt att den skarpa ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????- ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? olika faser av innovationssystemets utveckling.För att lyckas med en aktiv teknikpolitik behövs en hög grad av koordinering ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? teknikområden så att ”rätt” typ av åtgärder kan sättas in vid ”rätt” tidpunkt av ”rätt” aktör. TIS-ramverket lyfts här fram som en metod för att skapa ett sådant underlag. Slutligen presenteras en metod för projektbedömningar som syftar till att stötta handläggare i utvärderingar av projekt inom nya teknikområden.Rapporten i sin helhet riktar sig särskilt till beslutsfattare och handläggare vid myndigheter, departement och politiker, men även andra organisationer och indi- vider med intresse av att högt ställda klimatmål ska kunna nås samtidigt som en positiv näringslivsutveckling möjliggörs.
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| 23. |
- Johansson, Björn, 1975, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluation and Calculation of Dynamics in Environmental Impact Assessment
- 2013
-
Ingår i: IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology. - Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg. - 1868-4238 .- 1868-422X. - 9783642403514 ; 397:1, s. 135-141
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In ten years customers will select products not only based on price and quality but also with strong regard to the product value environmental footprint, including for example the energy consumed. Customers expect transparency in the product realization process, where most products are labeled with their environmental footprint. Vigorous companies see this new product value as an opportunity to be more competitive. In order to effectively label the envi-ronmental impact of a product, it is pertinent for companies to request the envi-ronmental footprint of each component from their suppliers. Hence, companies along the product lifecycle require a tool, not only to facilitate the computing of the environmental footprint, but also help reduce/balance the environmental impact during the lifecycle of the product. This paper proposes to develop a procedure that companies will use to evaluate, improve and externally advertise their product’s environmental footprint to customers.
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| 24. |
- Karlsson, Johan, 1984, et al.
(författare)
-
Localized controlled drug delivery from mesoporous implants
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Technical Proceedings of the 2014 NSTI Nanotechnology Conference and Expo, NSTI-Nanotech 2014. Washington, DC, United States, 15-18 June 2014. - 9781482258271
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Mesoporous materials possess both a well-defined topography on the nanometer scale, and they may serve as hosts for drugs. In this work, titanium implants coated with mesoporous TiO2 thin films have been evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. Material characterization showed that, long-range ordered mesoporous TiO2, with a pore-size of 6 nm, and a narrow pore-size distribution were obtained. An in vivo study demonstrated that the films were robust enough to withstand the implantation procedure. The in vitro apatite formation experiments showed that formation of apatite was higher on the mesoporous surface compared to its nonporous counterpart. In a separate in vivo study, two osteoporosis drugs, alendronate (ALN) and raloxifene (RLX), were immobilised into the nanoporous oxide films. The in vitro drug release tests carried out showed a sustained release of both drugs. The osteogenic response after 28 days of implantation of the drug-loaded implants showed a significantly improved bone fixation.
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| 25. |
- Kösters, Anne, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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Diesel sprays – modeling and validation
- 2011
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Ingår i: ILASS 2011 Estoril, Portugal.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Spray formation and combustion are highly complex processes, which have already been subjects of intense modeling efforts. If fuel is injected in gas a two-phase flow is generated, and several models have been developed to describe the gas and liquid phases, the models chosen are of course important for the results. Also, the way a model is implemented is important, especially regarding the treatment of the liquid core break-up process. It is not possible to estimate a single droplet size distribution for the whole spray, hence a spray model should generate a local droplet size distribution in the spray. However, the commonly applied models for primary and secondary break-up are not able to do this and often the spray model implementations are unstable and strongly grid size dependent. In the work presented here, the VSB2 spray model, developed by Volvo Technology Corporation, was implemented in OpenFOAM. The results obtained from VSB2 spray simulations are compared with data from experiments performed at Chalmers.
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| 26. |
- Linge, Helena, et al.
(författare)
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Midkine is expressed and differentially processed during COPD exacerbations and ventilator-associated pneumonia associated with Staphylococcus aureus infection.
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.). - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1528-3658 .- 1076-1551. ; 19, s. 314-323
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Staphylococcus aureus is sometimes isolated from the airways during acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) but more commonly recognized as a cause of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). Antimicrobial proteins, among them midkine (MK), are an important part of innate immunity in the airways. In this study, the levels and possible processing of MK in relation to S. aureus infection of the airways were investigated, comparing COPD and VAP, thus comparing a state of disease with preceding chronic inflammation and remodeling (COPD) with acute inflammation (i.e. VAP). MK was detected in the small airways and alveoli of COPD lung tissue but less so in normal lung tissue. MK at below micromolar concentrations killed S. aureus in vitro. Proteolytic processing of MK by the staphylococcal metalloprotease AL but not cysteine protease SA, resulted in impaired bactericidal activity. Degradation was foremost seen in the COOH-terminal portion of the molecule that harbors high bactericidal activity. In addition, MK was detected in sputum from patients suffering from VAP caused by S. aureus but less so in sputum from COPD-exacerbations associated with the same bacterium. Recombinant MK was degraded more rapidly in sputum from the COPD patients than from the VAP patients and a greater proteolytic activity in COPD sputum was confirmed by zymography. Taken together, proteases of both bacteria and the host contribute to degradation of the antibacterial protein MK, resulting in an impaired defense of the airways, in particular in COPD where the state of chronic inflammation could be of importance.
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