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1.
  • Hennings, Viktoria, et al. (författare)
  • The presence of serum anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgA appears to protect primary health care workers from COVID-19.
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: European journal of immunology. - : Wiley. - 1521-4141 .- 0014-2980. ; 52:5, s. 800-809
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The patterns of humoral and cellular responses to SARS-CoV-2 were studied in Swedish primary health care workers (n = 156) for 6 months during the Covid-19 pandemic. Serum IgA and IgG to SARS-CoV-2, T-cell proliferation and cytokine secretion, demographic and clinical data, PCR-verified infection, and self-reported symptoms were monitored. The multivariate method OPLS-DA was used to identify immune response patterns coupled to protection from Covid-19. Contracting Covid-19 was associated with SARS-CoV-2-specific neutralizing serum IgG, T cell, IFN-γ, and granzyme B responses to SARS-CoV-2, self-reported typical Covid-19 symptoms, male sex, higher BMI, and hypertension. Not contracting Covid-19 was associated with female sex, IgA-dominated, or no antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2, airborne allergy, and smoking. The IgG-responders had SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cell responses including a cytotoxic CD4+ T-cell population expressing CD25, CD38, CD69, CD194, CD279, CTLA-4, and granzyme B. IgA-responders with no IgG response to SARS-CoV-2 constituted 10% of the study population. The IgA responses were partially neutralizing and only seen in individuals who did not succumb to Covid-19. To conclude, serum IgG-dominated responses correlated with T-cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 and PCR-confirmed Covid-19, whereas IgA-dominated responses correlated with not contracting the infection.
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  • Acevedo, Nathalie, et al. (författare)
  • DNA Methylation Levels in Mononuclear Leukocytes from the Mother and Her Child Are Associated with IgE Sensitization to Allergens in Early Life
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: International Journal of Molecular Sciences. - : MDPI AG. - 1661-6596 .- 1422-0067. ; 22:2
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • DNA methylation changes may predispose becoming IgE-sensitized to allergens. We analyzed whether DNA methylation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) is associated with IgE sensitization at 5 years of age (5Y). DNA methylation was measured in 288 PBMC samples from 74 mother/child pairs from the birth cohort ALADDIN (Assessment of Lifestyle and Allergic Disease During INfancy) using the HumanMethylation450BeadChip (Illumina). PBMCs were obtained from the mothers during pregnancy and from their children in cord blood, at 2 years and 5Y. DNA methylation levels at each time point were compared between children with and without IgE sensitization to allergens at 5Y. For replication, CpG sites associated with IgE sensitization in ALADDIN were evaluated in whole blood DNA of 256 children, 4 years old, from the BAMSE (Swedish abbreviation for Children, Allergy, Milieu, Stockholm, Epidemiology) cohort. We found 34 differentially methylated regions (DMRs) associated with IgE sensitization to airborne allergens and 38 DMRs associated with sensitization to food allergens in children at 5Y (Sidak p <= 0.05). Genes associated with airborne sensitization were enriched in the pathway of endocytosis, while genes associated with food sensitization were enriched in focal adhesion, the bacterial invasion of epithelial cells, and leukocyte migration. Furthermore, 25 DMRs in maternal PBMCs were associated with IgE sensitization to airborne allergens in their children at 5Y, which were functionally annotated to the mTOR (mammalian Target of Rapamycin) signaling pathway. This study supports that DNA methylation is associated with IgE sensitization early in life and revealed new candidate genes for atopy. Moreover, our study provides evidence that maternal DNA methylation levels are associated with IgE sensitization in the child supporting early in utero effects on atopy predisposition.
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3.
  • Acevedo, Nathalie, et al. (författare)
  • Epigenetic alterations in skin homing CD4(+)CLA(+) T cells of atopic dermatitis patients
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2045-2322. ; 10:1
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • T cells expressing the cutaneous lymphocyte antigen (CLA) mediate pathogenic inflammation in atopic dermatitis (AD). The molecular alterations contributing to their dysregulation remain unclear. With the aim to elucidate putative altered pathways in AD we profiled DNA methylation levels and miRNA expression in sorted T cell populations -(CD4(+), -CD4(+)CD45RA(+) naive, -CD4(+)CLA(+), and -CD8(+)) from adult AD patients and healthy controls (HC). Skin homing -CD4(+)CLA(+) T cells from AD patients showed significant differences in DNA methylation in 40 genes compared to HC (p < 0.05). Reduced DNA methylation levels in the upstream region of the interleukin-13 gene (IL13) in -CD4(+)CLA(+) T cells from AD patients correlated with increased IL13 mRNA expression in these cells. Sixteen miRNAs showed differential expression in -CD4(+)CLA(+) T cells from AD patients targeting genes in 202 biological processes (p < 0.05). An integrated network analysis of miRNAs and CpG sites identified two communities of strongly interconnected regulatory elements with strong antagonistic behaviours that recapitulated the differences between AD patients and HC. Functional analysis of the genes linked to these communities revealed their association with key cytokine signaling pathways, MAP kinase signaling and protein ubiquitination. Our findings support that epigenetic mechanisms play a role in the pathogenesis of AD by affecting inflammatory signaling molecules in skin homing -CD4(+)CLA(+) T cells and uncover putative molecules participating in AD pathways.
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4.
  • Allende, Ana, et al. (författare)
  • Maximum levels of cross-contamination for 24 antimicrobial active substances in non-target feed. Part 2: Aminoglycosides/aminocyclitols: apramycin, paromomycin, neomycin and spectinomycin
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: EFSA Journal. - : Wiley. - 1831-4732. ; 19:10
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The specific concentrations of apramycin, paromomycin, neomycin and spectinomycin in non-target feed for food-producing animals, below which there would not be an effect on the emergence of, and/or selection for, resistance in bacteria relevant for human and animal health, as well as the specific antimicrobial concentrations in feed which have an effect in terms of growth promotion/increased yield, were assessed by EFSA in collaboration with EMA. Details of the methodology used for this assessment, associated data gaps and uncertainties, are presented in a separate document. To address antimicrobial resistance, the Feed Antimicrobial Resistance Selection Concentration (FARSC) model developed specifically for the assessment was applied. However, due to the lack of data on the parameters required to calculate the FARSC for these antimicrobials, it was not possible to conclude the assessment until further experimental data become available. To address growth promotion, data from scientific publications obtained from an extensive literature review were used. Levels in feed that showed to have an effect on growth promotion/increased yield were reported for apramycin and neomycin, whilst for paromomycin and spectinomycin, no suitable data for the assessment were available. It was recommended to carry out studies to generate the data that are required to fill the gaps which prevented the calculation of the FARSC for these four antimicrobials.
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5.
  • Andersson, Dan I., et al. (författare)
  • Antibiotic resistance : turning evolutionary principles into clinical reality
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: FEMS Microbiology Reviews. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0168-6445 .- 1574-6976. ; 44:2, s. 171-188
  • Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Antibiotic resistance is one of the major challenges facing modern medicine worldwide. The past few decades have witnessed rapid progress in our understanding of the multiple factors that affect the emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance at the population level and the level of the individual patient. However, the process of translating this progress into health policy and clinical practice has been slow. Here, we attempt to consolidate current knowledge about the evolution and ecology of antibiotic resistance into a roadmap for future research as well as clinical and environmental control of antibiotic resistance. At the population level, we examine emergence, transmission and dissemination of antibiotic resistance, and at the patient level, we examine adaptation involving bacterial physiology and host resilience. Finally, we describe new approaches and technologies for improving diagnosis and treatment and minimizing the spread of resistance.
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8.
  • Andersson, Martin, 1983, et al. (författare)
  • IDAC-Bio, A Software for Internal Dosimetry Based on the New ICRP Biokinetic Models and Specific Absorbed Fractions
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: HEALTH PHYSICS. - 0017-9078 .- 1538-5159. ; 123:2, s. 165-172
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Radiation dosimetry is central to virtually all radiation safety applications, optimization, and research. It relates to various individuals and population groups and to miscellaneous exposure situations-including planned, existing, and emergency situations. The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) has developed a new computational framework for internal dose estimations. Important components are more detailed and improved anatomical models and more realistic biokinetic models than before. The ICRP is currently producing new organ dose and effective dose coefficients for occupational intakes of radionuclides (OIR) and environmental intakes of radionuclides (EIR), which supersede the earlier dose coefficients in Publication 68 and the Publication 72 series, respectively. However, the ICRP only publishes dose coefficients for a single acute intake of a radionuclide and for an integration period of 50 years for intake by adults and to age 70 years for intakes by pre-adults. The new software, IDAC-Bio, performs committed absorbed dose and effective dose calculations for a selectable intake scenario, e.g., for a continuous intake or an intake during x hours per day and y days per week, and for any selected integration time. The software uses the primary data and models of the ICRP biokinetic models and numerically solves the biokinetic model and calculates the absorbed doses to organs and tissues in the ICRP reference human phantoms. The software calculates absorbed dose using the nuclear decay data in ICRP publication 107. IDAC-Bio is a further development and an important addition to the internal dosimetry program IDAC-Dose2.1. The results generated by the software were validated against published ICRP dose coefficients. The potential of the software is illustrated by dose calculations for a nuclear power plant worker who had been exposed to varying levels of Co-60 and who had undergone repeated whole-body measurements, and for a hypothetical member of the public subject to future releases of Gd-148 from neutron spallation in tungsten at the European Spallation Source.
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  • Andersson, Martin, et al. (författare)
  • Improved age and gender specific radiation risk models applied on cohorts of Swedish patients
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Radiation Protection Dosimetry. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0144-8420 .- 1742-3406. ; 195:3-4, s. 334-338
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • AIM:The aim of this study is to implement lifetime attributable risk (LAR) predictions for radiation induced cancers for Swedish cohorts of patients of various age and sex, undergoing diagnostic investigations by nuclear medicine methods. METHODS: Calculations are performed on Swedish groups of patients with Paget's disease and with bone metastases from prostatic cancer and diagnosed with bone scintigraphy with an administration of 500 MBq 99mTc-phosphonate. RESULTS: The inclusion of patient survival rates into the calculations lowers the induced radiation cancer risk, as it takes into account that cohorts of patients have shorter predicted survival times than the general population. CONCLUSION: LAR estimations could be valuable for referring physicians, nuclear medicine physicians, nurses, medical physicists, radiologists, and oncologists and as well as ethical committees for risk estimates for specific subgroups of patients. Caution is however advised with respect to application of LAR predictions to individuals (because of individual sensitivities, circumstances, etc.).
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13.
  • Andersson, Martin, et al. (författare)
  • Improved Patient Dosimetry at Radioiodine Therapy by Combining the ICRP Compartment Model and the EANM Pre-Therapeutic Standard Procedure for Benign Thyroid Diseases
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Frontiers in Endocrinology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1664-2392. ; 12
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Radioactive iodine is commonly used for the treatment of different thyroid conditions since the 1940s. The EANM has developed a standard pre-therapeutic procedure to estimate patient specific thyroid uptake at treatment of benign thyroid diseases. The procedure which models the time dependent fractional thyroid uptake is based on a two-compartment fitting system, one representing the thyroid and the other the blood. The absorbed dose is however only estimated for the thyroid and not for any other organ in the body. A more detailed biokinetic model for iodine is given by the ICRP and includes an iodide transport in the whole body. The ICRP model has 30 different compartments and 48 transfer coefficients to model the biokinetics of iodide and to model different transfer for inorganic iodide and organic iodine. The ICRP model is a recirculation iodine model, and the optimization is performed on the whole model and not exclusively on the thyroid as in the EANM procedure. Combining the EANM method and the ICRP model gives both patient specific estimations of thyroid uptake and retention and include most organs in the body. The new software gives both an improved patient specific dosimetry for the thyroid and an estimation of the absorbed dose to non-target organs and tissues like kidneys, urinary bladder, stomach wall, and uterus. Using the method described in this paper, the repercussions on the daily routines will be minimal.
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14.
  • Andersson, Tilde, et al. (författare)
  • Biogeographical variation in antimicrobial resistance in rivers is influenced by agriculture and is spread through bacteriophages
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Environmental Microbiology. - : Wiley. - 1462-2912 .- 1462-2920. ; 24:10, s. 4869-4884
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Antibiotic resistance is currently an extensive medical challenge worldwide, with global numbers increasing steadily. Recent data have highlighted wastewater treatment plants as a reservoir of resistance genes. The impact of these findings for human health can best be summarized using a One Health concept. However, the molecular mechanisms impacting resistance spread have not been carefully evaluated. Bacterial viruses, that is bacteriophages, have recently been shown to be important mediators of bacterial resistance genes in environmental milieus and are transferrable to human pathogens. Herein, we investigated the biogeographical impact on resistance spread through river-borne bacteriophages using amplicon deep sequencing of the microbiota, absolute quantification of resistance genes using ddPCR, and phage induction capacity within wastewater. Microbial biodiversity of the rivers is significantly affected by river site, surrounding milieu and time of sampling. Furthermore, areas of land associated with agriculture had a significantly higher ability to induce bacteriophages carrying antibiotic resistance genes, indicating their impact on resistance spread. It is imperative that we continue to analyse global antibiotic resistance problem from a One Health perspective to gain novel insights into mechanisms of resistance spread.
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15.
  • Asghar, Naveed, 1983-, et al. (författare)
  • Transient Expression of Flavivirus Structural Proteins in Nicotiana benthamiana 
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Vaccines. - : MDPI. - 2076-393X. ; 10:10
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Flaviviruses are a threat to public health and can cause major disease outbreaks. Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is caused by a flavivirus, and it is one of the most important causes of viral encephalitis in Europe and is on the rise in Sweden. As there is no antiviral treatment availa-ble, vaccination remains the best protective measure against TBE. Currently available TBE vaccines are based on formalin-inactivated virus produced in cell culture. These vaccines must be delivered by intramuscular injection, have a burdensome immunization schedule, and may exhibit vaccine failure in certain populations. This project aimed to develop an edible TBE vaccine to trigger a stronger immune response through oral delivery of viral antigens to mucosal surfaces. We demonstrated successful expression and post-translational processing of flavivirus structural pro-teins which then self-assembled to form virus-like particles in Nicotiana benthamiana. We performed oral toxicity tests in mice using various plant species as potential bioreactors and evaluated the immunogenicity of the resulting edible vaccine candidate. Mice immunized with the edible vaccine candidate did not survive challenge with TBE virus. Interestingly, immunization of female mice with a commercial TBE vaccine can protect their offspring against TBE virus infection. 
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16.
  • Baraka, Vito, et al. (författare)
  • Unveiling Rare Pathogens and Antibiotic Resistance in Tanzanian Cholera Outbreak Waters
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Microorganisms. - 2076-2607. ; 11:10
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The emergence of antibiotic resistance is a global health concern. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms of its spread is crucial for implementing evidence-based strategies to tackle resistance in the context of the One Health approach. In developing countries where sanitation systems and access to clean and safe water are still major challenges, contamination may introduce bacteria and bacteriophages harboring antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) into the environment. This contamination can increase the risk of exposure and community transmission of ARGs and infectious pathogens. However, there is a paucity of information on the mechanisms of bacteriophage-mediated spread of ARGs and patterns through the environment. Here, we deploy Droplet Digital PCR (ddPCR) and metagenomics approaches to analyze the abundance of ARGs and bacterial pathogens disseminated through clean and wastewater systems. We detected a relatively less-studied and rare human zoonotic pathogen, Vibrio metschnikovii, known to spread through fecal-–oral contamination, similarly to V. cholerae. Several antibiotic resistance genes were identified in both bacterial and bacteriophage fractions from water sources. Using metagenomics, we detected several resistance genes related to tetracyclines and beta-lactams in all the samples. Environmental samples from outlet wastewater had a high diversity of ARGs and contained high levels of blaOXA-48. Other identified resistance profiles included tetA, tetM, and blaCTX-M9. Specifically, we demonstrated that blaCTX-M1 is enriched in the bacteriophage fraction from wastewater. In general, however, the bacterial community has a significantly higher abundance of resistance genes compared to the bacteriophage population. In conclusion, the study highlights the need to implement environmental monitoring of clean and wastewater to inform the risk of infectious disease outbreaks and the spread of antibiotic resistance in the context of One Health.
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17.
  • Dahlberg, Stefan, et al. (författare)
  • A Distributional Semantic Online Lexicon for Linguistic Explorations of Societies
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Social Science Computer Review. - : SAGE Publications. - 0894-4393 .- 1552-8286. ; 41:2
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Linguistic Explorations of Societies (LES) is an interdisciplinary research project with scholars from the fields of political science, computer science, and computational linguistics. The overarching ambition of LES has been to contribute to the survey-based comparative scholarship by compiling and analyzing online text data within and between languages and countries. To this end, the project has developed an online semantic lexicon, which allows researchers to explore meanings and usages of words in online media across a substantial number of geo-coded languages. The lexicon covers data from approximately 140 language-country combinations and is, to our knowledge, the most extensive free research resource of its kind. Such a resource makes it possible to critically examine survey translations and identify discrepancies in order to modify and improve existing survey methodology, and its unique features further enable Internet researchers to study public debate online from a comparative perspective. In this article, we discuss the social scientific rationale for using online text data as a complement to survey data, and present the natural language processing-based methodology behind the lexicon including its underpinning theory and practical modeling. Finally, we engage in a critical reflection about the challenges of using online text data to gauge public opinion and political behavior across the world.
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18.
  • Ejaz, Muslima, et al. (författare)
  • Anal human papillomavirus infection among men who have sex with men and transgender women living with and without HIV in Pakistan : findings from a cross-sectional study
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: BMJ Open. - : BMJ Publishing Group Ltd. - 2044-6055. ; 11:11
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of infection, genotypes and risk factors for human papillomavirus (HPV) among men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women living with and without HIV in Pakistan. Anal infection with HPV is very common worldwide among MSM, particularly among MSM living with HIV. The high prevalence of HIV among MSM and male-to-female transgendered individuals in Pakistan is a significant health concern since access to screening and health-seeking is often delayed in this stigmatised key population.DESIGN: This cross-sectional study was conducted between March 2016 and November 2017.PARTICIPANTS, SETTING AND DATA COLLECTION: This study recruited MSM and transgender-women who self-reported to have had anal sex in the last 6 months, and were at least 18 years of age, from the sexual health and antiretroviral therapy centres. Structured questionnaires were administered, and blood samples were obtained to confirm HIV status. Anal swabs were collected for HPV-DNA detection and typing.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcome was the prevalence of 'HPV-DNA infection'. The prevalence ratios (PR) were calculated using Cox proportional hazard model algorithms to analyse the association between exposure variables and HPV-infection.RESULTS: Complete data were available for 298 MSM and transgender women (HIV +n=131; HIV-n=167). The overall HPV-DNA prevalence was 65.1% and was higher in participants living with HIV as compared with HIV-negative (87% vs 48%; χ2p≤0.001). Likewise, 28.9% of participants living with HIV were infected with two or more than two types of HPV as compared with 18.8% participants without HIV(χ2 p≤0.001). The most frequent HPV type was HPV6/11 (46.9%), followed by HPV16 (35.1%), HPV18 (23.2%) and HPV35 (21.1%). HIV status (PR 2.81, 95% CI 2.16 to 3.82) and never condom use (PR 3.08, 95% CI 1.69 to 5.60)) were independently associated with prevalence of 'anal-HPV16 infection' when adjusting for confounding for age, other sexual and behavioural factors, for example, smoking and alcohol consumption.CONCLUSION: High prevalence of HPV indicates a substantial future risk of anal cancer in Pakistani MSM and transgender women, and particularly in those living with HIV. Current findings support anal Pap-smear HPV screening for this particular group and vaccination efforts for future generations.
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  • Ejaz, Muslima, et al. (författare)
  • Human papillomavirus-associated anal squamous intraepithelial lesions in men who have sex with men and transgender women living with and without HIV in Karachi Pakistan : implications for screening and prevention
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: BMC Infectious Diseases. - : BioMed Central. - 1471-2334. ; 21:1
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • BACKGROUND: Anal squamous intraepithelial lesions (ASIL), strongly related to human papilloma virus (HPV) infection, is more prevalent among men who have sex with men (MSM). However, no such data are available for Pakistan yet, and neither HPV vaccination nor anal-cytology screening is implemented in Pakistan. The purpose of this first ever study was to assess the prevalence of HPV-related anal cytological abnormalities among MSM and transgender women living with and without HIV infection in Pakistan.METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study from March 2016 to November 2017 at sexual health centers run by the Perwaaz Trust and the National AIDS Control Program in Karachi. The study enrolled MSM and transgender women aged greater-than-and-equal-to-18-years who reported anal sex in the preceding 6 months. We collected two anal samples for liquid-based cytology and HPV type testing by PCR, and socio-demographic and behavioral data were collected through face-to face interviews. ASIL and its associations with biological and behavioral risk factors were analyzed through Cox regression for prevalence ratios (PR) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs).RESULTS: Out of 271 qualifying participants, 79% were MSM and 21% transgender women. The mean age was 28.8 (± 8) years. Almost 35% (93/271) of the study population had ASIL detected, ASIL was significantly more common among participants living with HIV than in HIV negative ((50/118) 42.4%; vs. (43/153) 28.1%) (p ≤ 0.001). Among ASIL, 66% (61/93) had low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL), and 3.6% (3/93) had high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL). The overall, HPV16 positivity was 35.5% (33/93) among all abnormal anal lesions and all 3 HSIL were HPV16 positive, however, HPV16 positivity could show its association with ASIL detection in univariate model only (PRcrude: 2.11(1.39-3.18)). Moreover, any HR-HPV type (PR 3.04; 95% CI 1.75-5.26), concurrent sexually transmitted infection (STI) (2.13; (1.28-3.55)) and HIV + /HPV + coinfection (1.75; (1.07-2.88)) remained independently associated with ASIL in the multivariate model.CONCLUSIONS: Abnormal anal cytology among MSM and transgender is prevalent enough to consider optimal screening regimens. Further studies are required to see if periodic anal cytology can be made part of HIV care and treatment programs among MSM in Pakistan.
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20.
  • Gowtam Peesapati, Saivenkata Krishna, et al. (författare)
  • An Analytical Energy Performance Evaluation Methodology for 5G Base Stations
  • 2021
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The implementation of various base station (BS) energy saving (ES) features and the widely varying network traffic demand makes it imperative to quantitatively evaluate the energy consumption (EC) of 5G BSs. An accurate evaluation is essential to understand how to adapt a BS's resources to reduce its EC. On the other hand, modeling the variation in the power consumption (PC) of a BS with its resources considering the user equipment(UE) performance is mathematically rigorous. In this work, we present a novel analytical methodology to evaluate the EC of a 5G BS under varying traffic load. We mathematically formulate the impact of massive multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) arrays, vast spectral resources, and the spatial multiplexing ability of these systems on the UE performance and activity of the BS. Next, we present an updated power model to capture the PC variation of two BSs types: a 4T and a 64T BS. Our proposed analytical methodology simplifies the complex network EC evaluation. Using this methodology, we show that identifying the right BS type for a given deployment area can reduce the overall network EC by up to 60%. Furthermore, by implementing deep sleep modes (SMs) facilitated by 5G, one can gain considerable energy savings (ES), especially during the off-peak hours of the day.
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21.
  • Gowtam Peesapati, Saivenkata Krishna, et al. (författare)
  • Q-Learning Based Radio Resource Adaptation for Improved Energy Performance of 5G Base Stations
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, PIMRC. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE).
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Radio resource adaptation (RRA) is an effective strategy to reduce the energy consumption (EC) of a base station (BS) under variable input traffic demand. By combining RRA with advanced sleep modes (ASMs), one could achieve relatively higher energy savings (ES) during the low traffic hours of the day while managing to meet the quality of service (QoS) requirements of the user equipments (UEs). However, identifying appropriate resources for a certain period is challenging as different resources (i.e., the bandwidth and the antenna array size) have a varying impact on the instantaneous power consumption (PC) and activity of the BS. Various works have looked into the potential of RRA and ASMs in reducing the EC of a BS when implemented independently. In this work, we combine RRA with ASMs and propose a dynamic Q-learning algorithm that adapts a BS's resources according to the traffic demand. The algorithm also takes into account the sleep modes (SMs) that the BS can switch to during the idle periods. Through simulations, we show the convergence of our algorithm and the impact of combining RRA with ASMs on the overall ES as we observe up to 16% additional savings in a super-dense urban (SDU) deployment scenario by combining these techniques as compared to the baseline scenario using only ASMs.
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22.
  • Holmbom, Martin, 1984-, et al. (författare)
  • Prehospital delay is an important risk factor for mortality in community-acquired bloodstream infection (CA-BSI) : a matched case–control study
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: BMJ Open. - : BMJ Publishing Group Ltd. - 2044-6055. ; 11:11
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Objectives The aim of this study was to identify prehospital and early hospital risk factors associated with 30-day mortality in patients with blood culture-confirmed community-acquired bloodstream infection (CA-BSI) in Sweden.Methods A retrospective case–control study of 1624 patients with CA-BSI (2015–2016), 195 non-survivors satisfying the inclusion criteria were matched 1:1 with 195 survivors for age, gender and microorganism. All forms of contact with a healthcare provider for symptoms of infection within 7 days prior CA-BSI episode were registered. Logistic regression was used to analyse risk factors for 30-day all-cause mortality.Results Of the 390 patients, 61% (115 non-survivors and 121 survivors) sought prehospital contact. The median time from first prehospital contact till hospital admission was 13 hours (6–52) for non-survivors and 7 hours (3–24) for survivors (p&lt;0.01). Several risk factors for 30-day all-cause mortality were identified: prehospital delay OR=1.26 (95% CI: 1.07 to 1.47), p&lt;0.01; severity of illness (Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score) OR=1.60 (95% CI: 1.40 to 1.83), p&lt;0.01; comorbidity score (updated Charlson Index) OR=1.13 (95% CI: 1.05 to 1.22), p&lt;0.01 and inadequate empirical antimicrobial therapy OR=3.92 (95% CI: 1.64 to 9.33), p&lt;0.01. In a multivariable model, prehospital delay &gt;24 hours from first contact remained an important risk factor for 30-day all-cause mortality due to CA-BSI OR=6.17 (95% CI: 2.19 to 17.38), p&lt;0.01.Conclusion Prehospital delay and inappropriate empirical antibiotic therapy were found to be important risk factors for 30-day all-cause mortality associated with CA-BSI. Increased awareness and earlier detection of BSI in prehospital and early hospital care is critical for rapid initiation of adequate management and antibiotic treatment.All data relevant to the study are included in the article or uploaded as supplemental information.
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  • Kamp, A., et al. (författare)
  • A revised compartmental model for biokinetics and dosimetry of 2- F-18 FDG
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: EJNMMI Physics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2197-7364. ; 10:1
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • BackgroundThe aim was to review available biokinetic data, collect own experimental data, and propose an updated compartmental model for 2-[F-18]FDG in the frame of the revision of the ICRP report on dose coefficients for radiopharmaceuticals used in diagnostic nuclear medicine.MethodsThe compartmental model was developed based on published biokinetic data for 2-[F-18]FDG. Additional data on urinary excretion in 23 patients (11 males, 12 females) undergoing whole-body PET/CT examinations were obtained within this study. The unknown biokinetic model parameters were derived using the software SAAM II and verified with a modified version of IDAC-Iodide. Dose coefficients for reference adults were calculated with the programme IDAC-Dose 2.1. A dynamic bladder model was employed for urinary bladder dosimetry.ResultsThe proposed model consists of following compartments: blood, heart wall, brain, liver, lungs, pancreas, spleen, kidneys, urinary bladder content and a generic pool compartment "Other". The latter was introduced to account for 2-[F-18]FDG in body organ and tissues besides the explicitly modelled ones. The model predictions showed a good agreement with experimental data. Urinary bladder wall received the highest absorbed dose coefficient of 7.5E-02 mGy/MBq under the assumption of initial urine volume of 100 ml, first voiding at 45 min p.i. and 3.75 h voiding intervals thereafter. The effective dose coefficient calculated according to the current dosimetry framework of ICRP amounted to 1.7E-02 mSv/MBq, compared to 1.9E-02 mSv/MBq in ICRP Publication 128.ConclusionA compartmental model for 2-[F-18]FDG was proposed and will be used to replace the descriptive biokinetic model of ICRP Publication 128. The revised model and the provided dose coefficients are expected to improve reference dosimetry for patients administered with 2-[F-18]FDG.
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24.
  • Koutso111umanis, Konstantinos, et al. (författare)
  • Maximum levels of cross-contamination for 24 antimicrobial active substances in non-target feed. Part 4: β-Lactams: amoxicillin and penicillin V
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: EFSA Journal. - : Wiley. - 1831-4732. ; 19:10
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The specific concentrations of amoxicillin and penicillin V in non-target feed for food-producing animals, below which there would not be an effect on the emergence of, and/or selection for, resistance in bacteria relevant for human and animal health, as well as the specific antimicrobial concentrations in feed which have an effect in terms of growth promotion/increased yield were assessed by EFSA in collaboration with EMA. Details of the methodology used for this assessment, associated data gaps and uncertainties, are presented in a separate document. To address antimicrobial resistance, the Feed Antimicrobial Resistance Selection Concentration (FARSC) model developed specifically for the assessment was applied. However, due to the lack of data on the parameters required to calculate the FARSC, it was not possible to conclude the assessment until further experimental data become available. To address growth promotion, data from scientific publications obtained from an extensive literature review were used. Levels in feed that showed to have an effect on growth promotion/increased yield were reported for amoxicillin, whilst for penicillin V no suitable data for the assessment were available. It was recommended to carry out studies to generate the data that are required to fill the gaps which prevented the calculation of the FARSC for these two antimicrobials.
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25.
  • Koutsoumanis, Konstantinos, et al. (författare)
  • Maximum levels of cross-contamination for 24 antimicrobial active substances in non-target feed. Part 1: Methodology, general data gaps and uncertainties
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: EFSA Journal. - : Wiley. - 1831-4732. ; 19:10
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The European Commission requested EFSA to assess, in collaboration with EMA, the specific concentrations of antimicrobials resulting from cross-contamination in non-target feed for food-producing animals below which there would not be an effect on the emergence of, and/or selection for, resistance in microbial agents relevant for human and animal health, as well as the levels of the antimicrobials which could have a growth promotion/increase yield effect. The assessment was performed for 24 antimicrobial active substances, as specified in the mandate. This scientific opinion describes the methodology used, and the main associated data gaps and uncertainties. To estimate the antimicrobial levels in the non-target feed that would not result in emergence of, and/or selection for, resistance, a model was developed. This ‘Feed Antimicrobial Resistance Selection Concentration’ (FARSC) model is based on the minimal selective concentration (MSC), or the predicted MSC (PMSC) if MSC for the most susceptible bacterial species is unavailable, the fraction of antimicrobial dose available for exposure to microorganisms in the large intestine or rumen (considering pharmacokinetic parameters), the daily faecal output or rumen volume and the daily feed intake. Currently, lack of data prevents the establishment of PMSC and/or FARSC for several antimicrobials and animal species. To address growth promotion, data from an extensive literature search were used. Specific assessments of the different substances grouped by antimicrobial classes are addressed in separate scientific opinions. General conclusions and recommendations were made.
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26.
  • Koutsoumanis, Konstantinos, et al. (författare)
  • Maximum levels of cross-contamination for 24 antimicrobial active substances in non-target feed. Part 10: Quinolones: flumequine and oxolinic acid
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: EFSA Journal. - : Wiley. - 1831-4732. ; 19:10
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The specific concentrations of flumequine and oxolinic acid in non-target feed for food-producing animals, below which there would not be an effect on the emergence of, and/or selection for, resistance in bacteria relevant for human and animal health, as well as the specific antimicrobial concentrations in feed which have an effect in terms of growth promotion/increased yield were assessed by EFSA in collaboration with EMA. Details of the methodology used for this assessment, associated data gaps and uncertainties, are presented in a separate document. To address antimicrobial resistance, the Feed Antimicrobial Resistance Selection Concentration (FARSC) model developed specifically for the assessment was applied. However, due to the lack of data on the parameters required to calculate the FARSC, it was not possible to conclude the assessment until further experimental data are available. To address growth promotion, data from scientific publications obtained from an extensive literature review were used. No suitable data for the assessment were available. It was recommended to carry out studies to generate the data that are required to fill the gaps which prevented the calculation of the FARSC for these antimicrobials.
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27.
  • Koutsoumanis, Konstantinos, et al. (författare)
  • Maximum levels of cross-contamination for 24 antimicrobial active substances in non-target feed. Part 11: Sulfonamides
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: EFSA Journal. - : Wiley. - 1831-4732. ; 19:10
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The specific concentrations of sulfonamides in non-target feed for food-producing animals, below which there would not be an effect on the emergence of, and/or selection for, resistance in bacteria relevant for human and animal health, as well as the specific antimicrobial concentrations in feed which have an effect in terms of growth promotion/increased yield were assessed by EFSA in collaboration with EMA. Details of the methodology used for this assessment, associated data gaps and uncertainties, are presented in a separate document. To address antimicrobial resistance, the Feed Antimicrobial Resistance Selection Concentration (FARSC) model developed specifically for the assessment was applied. However, due to the lack of data on the parameters required to calculate the FARSC, it was not possible to conclude the assessment until further experimental data are available. To address growth promotion, data from scientific publications obtained from an extensive literature review were used. Levels in feed that showed to have an effect on growth promotion/increased yield were identified for three sulfonamides: sulfamethazine, sulfathiazole and sulfamerazine. It was recommended to carry out studies to generate the data that are required to fill the gaps which prevented the calculation of the FARSC for these antimicrobials.
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28.
  • Koutsoumanis, Konstantinos, et al. (författare)
  • Maximum levels of cross-contamination for 24 antimicrobial active substances in non-target feed. Part 12: Tetracyclines: tetracycline, chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline, and doxycycline
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: EFSA Journal. - : Wiley. - 1831-4732. ; 19:10
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The specific concentrations of tetracycline, chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline and doxycycline in non-target feed for food-producing animals, below which there would not be an effect on the emergence of, and/or selection for, resistance in bacteria relevant for human and animal health, as well as the specific antimicrobial concentrations in feed which have an effect in terms of growth promotion/increased yield were assessed by EFSA in collaboration with EMA. Details of the methodology used for this assessment, associated data gaps and uncertainties are presented in a separate document. To address antimicrobial resistance, the Feed Antimicrobial Resistance Selection Concentration (FARSC) model developed specifically for the assessment was applied. The FARSC for these four tetracyclines was estimated. To address growth promotion, data from scientific publications obtained from an extensive literature review were used. Levels in feed that showed to have an effect on growth promotion/increased yield were reported for tetracycline, chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline, whilst for doxycycline no suitable data for the assessment were available. Uncertainties and data gaps associated with the levels reported were addressed. It was recommended to perform further studies to supply more diverse and complete data related to the requirements for calculation of the FARSC for these antimicrobials.
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29.
  • Koutsoumanis, Konstantinos, et al. (författare)
  • Maximum levels of cross-contamination for 24 antimicrobial active substances in non-target feed. Part 13: Diaminopyrimidines: trimethoprim
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: EFSA Journal. - : Wiley. - 1831-4732. ; 19:10
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The specific concentrations of trimethoprim in non-target feed for food-producing animals below which there would not be an effect on the emergence of, and/or selection for, resistance in bacteria relevant for human and animal health, as well as the specific antimicrobial concentrations in feed which have an effect in terms of growth promotion/increased yield were assessed by EFSA in collaboration with EMA. Details of the methodology used for this assessment, associated data gaps and uncertainties, are presented in a separate document. To address antimicrobial resistance, the Feed Antimicrobial Resistance Selection Concentration (FARSC) model developed specifically for the assessment was applied. The FARSC for trimethoprim was estimated. Uncertainties and data gaps associated to the levels reported were addressed. To address growth promotion, data from scientific publications obtained from an extensive literature review were used. No suitable data for the assessment were available. It was recommended to perform further studies to supply more diverse and complete data related to the requirements for calculation of the FARSC for trimethoprim.
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30.
  • Koutsoumanis, Konstantinos, et al. (författare)
  • Maximum levels of cross-contamination for 24 antimicrobial active substances in non-target feed. Part 3: Amprolium
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: EFSA Journal. - : Wiley. - 1831-4732. ; 19:10
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The specific concentrations of amprolium in non-target feed for food-producing animals, below which there would not be an effect on the emergence of, and/or selection for, resistance in bacteria relevant for human and animal health, as well as the specific antimicrobial concentrations in feed which have an effect in terms of growth promotion/increased yield were assessed by EFSA in collaboration with EMA. Details of the methodology used for this assessment, associated data gaps and uncertainties, are presented in a separate document. To address antimicrobial resistance, the Feed Antimicrobial Resistance Selection Concentration (FARSC) model developed specifically for the assessment was applied. However, due to the lack of data on the parameters required to calculate the FARSC for amprolium, it was not possible to conclude the assessment. To address growth promotion, data from scientific publications obtained from an extensive literature review were used. Levels of amprolium in feed that showed to have an effect on growth promotion/increased yield were reported. The lack of antibacterial activity at clinically relevant concentrations for amprolium suggests that further studies relating to bacterial resistance are not a priority.
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31.
  • Koutsoumanis, Konstantinos, et al. (författare)
  • Maximum levels of cross-contamination for 24 antimicrobial active substances in non-target feed. Part 5: Lincosamides: lincomycin
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: EFSA Journal. - : Wiley. - 1831-4732. ; 19:10
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The specific concentrations of lincomycin in non-target feed for food-producing animals, below which there would not be an effect on the emergence of, and/or selection for, resistance in bacteria relevant for human and animal health, as well as the specific antimicrobial concentrations in feed which have an effect in terms of growth promotion/increased yield were assessed by EFSA in collaboration with EMA. Details of the methodology used for this assessment, associated data gaps and uncertainties, are presented in a separate document. To address antimicrobial resistance, the Feed Antimicrobial Resistance Selection Concentration (FARSC) model developed specifically for the assessment was applied. However, due to the lack of data on the parameters required to calculate the FARSC, it was not possible to conclude the assessment until further experimental data become available. To address growth promotion, data from scientific publications obtained from an extensive literature review were used. Levels of lincomycin in feed that showed to have an effect on growth promotion/increased yield were reported. It was recommended to carry out studies to generate the data that are required to fill the gaps which prevented the calculation of the FARSC for lincomycin.
  •  
32.
  • Koutsoumanis, Konstantinos, et al. (författare)
  • Maximum levels of cross-contamination for 24 antimicrobial active substances in non-target feed. Part 6: Macrolides: tilmicosin, tylosin and tylvalosin
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: EFSA Journal. - : Wiley. - 1831-4732. ; 19:10
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The specific concentrations of tilmicosin, tylosin and tylvalosin in non-target feed for food-producing animals, below which there would not be an effect on the emergence of, and/or selection for, resistance in bacteria relevant for human and animal health, as well as the specific antimicrobial concentrations in feed which have an effect in terms of growth promotion/increased yield, were assessed by EFSA in collaboration with EMA. Details of the methodology used for this assessment, associated data gaps and uncertainties, are presented in a separate document. To address antimicrobial resistance, the Feed Antimicrobial Resistance Selection Concentration (FARSC) model developed specifically for the assessment was applied. However, due to the lack of data on the parameters required to calculate the FARSC, it was not possible to conclude the assessment until further experimental data become available. To address growth promotion, data from scientific publications obtained from an extensive literature review were used. Levels in feed that showed to have an effect on growth promotion/increased yield were reported for tilmicosin and tylosin, whilst for tylvalosin no suitable data for the assessment were available. It was recommended to carry out studies to generate the data that are required to fill the gaps which prevented the calculation of the FARSC for these three antimicrobials.
  •  
33.
  • Koutsoumanis, Konstantinos, et al. (författare)
  • Maximum levels of cross-contamination for 24 antimicrobial active substances in non-target feed. Part 7: Amphenicols: florfenicol and thiamphenicol
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: EFSA Journal. - : Wiley. - 1831-4732. ; 19:10
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The specific concentrations of florfenicol and thiamphenicol in non-target feed for food-producing animals, below which there would not be an effect on the emergence of, and/or selection for, resistance in bacteria relevant for human and animal health, as well as the specific antimicrobial concentrations in feed which have an effect in terms of growth promotion/increased yield, were assessed by EFSA in collaboration with EMA. Details of the methodology used for this assessment, associated data gaps and uncertainties, are presented in a separate document. To address antimicrobial resistance, the Feed Antimicrobial Resistance Selection Concentration (FARSC) model developed specifically for the assessment was applied. The FARSC for florfenicol was estimated. However, due to the lack of data, the calculation of the FARSC for thiamphenicol was not possible until further experimental data become available. To address growth promotion, data from scientific publications obtained from an extensive literature review were used. Levels in feed that showed to have an effect on growth promotion/increased yield were reported for florfenicol, whilst for thiamphenicol no suitable data for the assessment were available. Uncertainties and data gaps associated to the levels reported were addressed. For florfenicol, it was recommended to perform further studies to supply more diverse and complete data related to the requirements for calculation of the FARSC, whereas for thiamphenicol, the recommendation was to generate the data required to fill the gaps which prevented the FARSC calculation.
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34.
  • Koutsoumanis, Konstantinos, et al. (författare)
  • Maximum levels of cross-contamination for 24 antimicrobial active substances in non-target feed. Part 8: Pleuromutilins: tiamulin and valnemulin
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: EFSA Journal. - : Wiley. - 1831-4732. ; 19:10
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The specific concentrations of tiamulin and valnemulin in non-target feed for food-producing animals, below which there would not be an effect on the emergence of, and/or selection for, resistance in bacteria relevant for human and animal health, as well as the specific antimicrobial concentrations in feed which have an effect in terms of growth promotion/increased yield were assessed by EFSA in collaboration with EMA. Details of the methodology used for this assessment, associated data gaps and uncertainties, are presented in a separate document. To address antimicrobial resistance, the Feed Antimicrobial Resistance Selection Concentration (FARSC) model developed specifically for the assessment was applied. However, due to the lack of data on the parameters required to calculate the FARSC, it was not possible to conclude the assessment until further experimental data become available. To address growth promotion, data from scientific publications obtained from an extensive literature review were used. Levels in feed that showed to have an effect on growth promotion/increased yield were reported for tiamulin, while for valnemulin no suitable data for the assessment were available. It was recommended to carry out studies to generate the data that are required to fill the gaps which prevented the calculation of the FARSC for these two antimicrobials.
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35.
  • Koutsoumanis, Konstantinos, et al. (författare)
  • Maximum levels of cross-contamination for 24 antimicrobial active substances in non-target feed. Part 9: Polymyxins: colistin
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: EFSA Journal. - : Wiley. - 1831-4732. ; 19:10
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The specific concentrations of colistin in non-target feed for food-producing animals, below which there would not be an effect on the emergence of, and/or selection for, resistance in bacteria relevant for human and animal health, as well as the specific antimicrobial concentrations in feed which have an effect in terms of growth promotion/increased yield were assessed by EFSA in collaboration with EMA. Details of the methodology used for this assessment, associated data gaps and uncertainties, are presented in a separate document. To address antimicrobial resistance, the Feed Antimicrobial Resistance Selection Concentration (FARSC) model developed specifically for the assessment was applied. However, due to the lack of data on the parameters required to calculate the FARSC, it was not possible to conclude the assessment until further experimental data become available. To address growth promotion, data from scientific publications obtained from an extensive literature review were used. Levels of colistin in feed that showed to have an effect on growth promotion/increased yield were reported. It was recommended to carry out studies to generate the data that are required to fill the gaps which prevented the calculation of the FARSC for these antimicrobials.
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36.
  • Manjate, Alice, 1971-, et al. (författare)
  • Assessment of the performance of a multiplex real-time PCR, AmpliSens Florocenosis/Bacterial Vaginosis-FRT, versus Nugent's criteria in the diagnosis of BV in women in Mozambique
  • 2024
  • Ingår i: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. - : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. - 0148-5717 .- 1537-4521. ; 51:1S, s. S433-S434
  • Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Background: Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a common vaginal disorder among women of reproductive age, and BV can be associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes and enhanced acquisition and transmission of STIs/HIV. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of BV using the Nugent score and sociodemographic factors associated with BV among women in Maputo, Mozambique, and to evaluate the performance of the AmpliSens® Florocenosis/Bacterial vaginosis-FRT PCR kit versus Nugent score for diagnosis of BV.Material and Methods: Vaginal swabs were collected from 886 non-pregnant symptomatic women during their visit to the Mavalane Health area in Maputo, Mozambique from February 2018 to January 2019. BV was diagnosed by Nugent score. The AmpliSens®Florocenosis/Bacterial vaginosis-FRT PCR kit (InterLabService, Moscow, Russia) was evaluated for BV diagnosis. HIV was detected using Determine HIV1/2 (Alere Medical Co. Ltd, Chiba, Japan) plus Uni-Gold HIV1/2 (Trinity Biotech, Ireland). The chisquare test was used to estimate associations between categorical variables.Results: The prevalence of BV by PCR, Nugent score, and HIV was 47.2%, 39.1%, and 22.5%, respectively. Of those with BV, 52% were HIV-positive and 48% HIV-negative (p < 0.001). The highest proportion of women was under 24 years old (38.1%), single (49.5%), with secondary education (53.5%), and living in rural areas (55.4%). BV was associated with young age at first sexual intercourse (44.5%) (χ2 = 17.47, p=< 0.001), condom use (43.3%) (χ2 =3.7, p= 0.05), and no use of contraceptives (49%) (χ2= 13.6, p=0.02). In real-time PCR, a higher proportion of BV cases (47.2%) were detected. However, 12.5% of women had an unknown vaginal dysbiosis. The sensitivity and specificity of the PCR were 99.6% and 82.2%, respectively. Using the PCR as a reference test, the sensitivity and specificity of the Nugent score were 86.2% and 99.4%, respectively. The concordance of both tests was κ=0.825 (95% CI, 0.78 - 0.86), p<0.001.Conclusions: A high prevalence of BV was associated with young age at first sexual intercourse, condom and contraceptive use among women in Maputo, Mozambique. The AmpliSens® Florocenosis/Bacterial vaginosis-FRT PCR assay detected more BV-positive cases than the Nugent score and needs further evaluation in other settings.
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37.
  • Manjate, Alice, 1971-, et al. (författare)
  • Laboratory-based evaluation of the 4th-generation AlereTM HIV Combo rapid point-of-care test
  • 2024
  • Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 19:2
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • BACKGROUND: Mozambique is a high-prevalence country for HIV and early detection of new HIV infections is crucial for control of the epidemic. We aimed to evaluate the accuracy of the 4th-generation rapid diagnostic test (RDT) AlereTM HIV Combo in detecting acute and seroconverted HIV-infection, among sexually-active women attending three clinical health centers in Maputo, Mozambique.METHODS: Women aged 14-55 years (n = 920) seeking care at the Mavalane Health Area, Maputo (February 2018-January 2019) were included, and blood specimens sampled. Sociodemographic and sexual behavior data were collected. Point-of-care HIV testing was performed using Alere DetermineTM HIV-1/2 and Uni-GoldTM HIV-1/2. All samples were also tested using Enzygnost® HIV Integral 4 and Innotest® HIV Antigen mAb in laboratory. The 4th-generation RDT AlereTM HIV Combo was evaluated on serum samples in the laboratory. Finally, Innotest® HIV Antigen mAb, Enzygnost® HIV Integral 4 (Ag/Ab), and HIV RNA quantification acted as gold standard assays in the evaluation of AlereTM HIV Combo test for HIV antigen detection (in clinical samples and in three HIV-1 seroconversion panels).RESULTS: The antibody component of the 4th generation AlereTM HIV Combo RDT demonstrated a sensitivity and specificity of 100% examining clinical samples. However, the test did not detect HIV p24 antigen in any clinical samples, while Innotest® HIV Antigen mAb, verified by Enzygnost® HIV Integral 4 (Ag/Ab) and/or HIV RNA quantification, detected HIV antigen in six clinical samples. Furthermore, the AlereTM HIV Combo RDT had a low sensitivity in the detection of HIV p24 antigen in seroconversion panels. The HIV prevalence among the examined women was 17.8%.CONCLUSIONS: The 4th-generation RDT AlereTM HIV Combo showed similar sensitivity to the 3rd-generation RDTs to detect seroconverted HIV-infections. However, the sensitivity for detection of HIV p24 antigen and diagnosing acute HIV infections, before seroconversion, was low. There is an urgent need to develop and evaluate simple and affordable POC tests with high sensitivity and specificity for diagnosing individuals with acute HIV infection in resource-limited settings with high HIV prevalence.
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38.
  • Mattsson, Sören, et al. (författare)
  • X-RAY AND MOLECULAR IMAGING DURING PREGNANCY AND BREASTFEEDING—WHEN SHOULD WE BE WORRIED?
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Radiation Protection Dosimetry. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0144-8420 .- 1742-3406. ; 195:3-4, s. 339-348
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Some of the ethically most sensitive issues in radiation protection arise at imaging of pregnant-and potentially pregnant-patients and of newborn. This article reviews the current literature and recommendations on imaging during pregnancy and breastfeeding. Risks related to alternative non-ionizing radiation methods are also considered. With few exceptions, exposure of the fetus through radiography, computed tomography (CT) and nuclear medicine imaging can be limited to safe levels, although studies such as abdominal-pelvic CT cannot avoid significant exposure to fetuses. Eight to 10 weeks post-conception, the fetus has a thyroid which starts to concentrate iodide having crossed the placenta barrier resulting in unacceptably high doses to the fetal thyroid after administration of 131I- and even 123I-iodide and other radiopharmaceuticals with a high content of free radioiodine. Many radiopharmaceuticals are excreted through breast milk. Breastfeeding interruption recommendations should be followed to keep the effective dose to the infant below 1 mSv.
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39.
  • Maueia, Cremildo, et al. (författare)
  • Identification of the Human Papillomavirus Genotypes, According to the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Status in a Cohort of Women from Maputo, Mozambique
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Viruses. - : MDPI. - 1999-4915. ; 14:1
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • BACKGROUND: Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is now a well-established cause of cervical cancer and other anogenital cancers. An association between human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and higher HPV incidence and prevalence are commonly reported. This study was conducted to demonstrate HPV prevalence, genotypes and its characteristics, according to the HIV status in women from Maputo in Mozambique.METHODS: A total of 233 participants with ages ranging from fourteen to forty-five were included. Cervical samples were collected, DNA extracted, and HPV genotyping was performed using the HPV Direct Flow CHIP Kit.RESULTS: In total, 177 HIV-negative and 56 HIV-positive women were included in the analysis. The overall HPV prevalence was 63% and was significantly higher among HIV-positive women (79% versus 58% among HIV-negative women; p = 0.005). The prevalence of multiple HPV type infections was 32%. High-risk HPV types 52, 68, 35, 18 and 16 were the most frequent. A higher proportion of HIV-positive women had multiple HPV types compared with HIV-negative women.CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated a high prevalence of HPV in the study cohort. HIV-positive women were identified as having the highest HPV prevalence and infection with multiple HPV types across all ages. High-risk genotypes were the most commonly found.
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40.
  • Msafiri, Frank, et al. (författare)
  • Vaccine-Induced Seroreactivity Impacts the Accuracy of HIV Testing Algorithms in Sub-Saharan Africa : An Exploratory Study
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Vaccines. - : MDPI. - 2076-393X. ; 10:7
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The detection of vaccine-induced HIV antibody responses by rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) may confound the interpretation of HIV testing results. We assessed the impact of vaccine-induced seroreactivity (VISR) on the diagnosis of HIV in sub-Saharan Africa. Samples collected from healthy participants of HIVIS and TaMoVac HIV vaccine trials after the final vaccination were analyzed for VISR using HIV testing algorithms used in Mozambique and Tanzania that employ two sequential RDTs. The samples were also tested for VISR using Enzygnost HIV Integral 4 ELISA and HIV western blot assays. Antibody titers to subtype C gp140 were determined using an in-house enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The frequency of VISR was 93.4% (128/137) by Enzygnost HIV Integral 4 ELISA, and 66.4% (91/137) by western blot assay (WHO interpretation). The proportion of vaccine recipients that would have been misdiagnosed as HIV-positive in Mozambique was half of that in Tanzania: 26.3% (36/137) and 54.0% (74/137), respectively, p < 0.0001. In conclusion, the HIV RDTs and algorithms assessed here will potentially misclassify a large proportion of the HIV vaccine recipients if no other test is used. Increased efforts are needed to develop differential serological or molecular tools for use at the point of care.
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41.
  • Ninyio, Nathaniel, 1985-, et al. (författare)
  • Development and analysis of prospective anti-HIV probiotic vaccines
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: 19th Smögen Summer Symposium on Virology. - : Virus- och Pandemifonden – Swedish Society for Virology. ; , s. 40-40
  • Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Major improvements have been made in the treatment and prevention of HIV/AIDS. However, a prophylactic vaccine is still unavailable, and several vaccine-candidate trials yielded less than favourable results. Given that the HIV pandemic has not slowed down significantly, there is an urgent need for the development of an effective vaccine. The HIV-1 Gag protein, a key player in HIV particle assembly, is a suitable antigen for use in HIV vaccine development since antibodies targeting HIV-1 Gag will interfere with the replication of the virus. In our vaccine development strategy, it was important for us to develop a candidate for mucosal administration. This is because the mucosal route is the major site for HIV transmission and early viral replication, which is associated with extensive and rapid depletion of CD4+ T-cells in the Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (GALT). Here, we transformed probiotic strains of Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus fermentum with the recombinant plasmid vectors pSIP409 and pSIP411 harbouring the HIV-1 GagM gene. Following electroporation, HIV-1 GagM expression was induced in the probiotics using peptide pheromone. Via PCR and sequencing, the presence of GagM was confirmed in the L. plantarum+ pSIP409-GagM and L. fermentum+ pSIP411-GagM clones. Protein expression was induced with peptide pheromone. Then, protein expression was confirmed by western blotting with goat anti-HIV p24 primary antibody and anti-goat secondary antibody. ELISA was also performed to confirm the antigenicity of the HIV-1 Gag antigen and to also quantify the antigen in the two Lactobacilli clones. Our results show that 1.5×109 CFU of L. plantarum+ pSIP409-GagM expressed 125μg of HIV-1 Gag and 1.9×109 CFU of L. fermentum+ pSIP411-GagM clones expressed 125μg of HIV-1 Gag respectively. In vitro digestion with pepsin, pancreatin and bile salts suggested that partial digestion of the probiotic vaccine candidates may occur when administered orally. Taken together, our probiotic HIV-1 vaccine candidates showed good prospects for further immunological analysis via animal trial.
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42.
  • Ninyio, Nathaniel, 1985-, et al. (författare)
  • Stable expression of HIV-1 MPER extended epitope on the surface of the recombinant probiotic bacteria Escherichia Coli Nissle 1917 using CRISPR/Cas9
  • 2024
  • Ingår i: Microbial Cell Factories. - : BioMed Central (BMC). - 1475-2859. ; 23:1
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • BACKGROUND: Mucosal vaccines have the potential to induce protective immune responses at the sites of infection. Applying CRISPR/Cas9 editing, we aimed to develop a probiotic-based vaccine candidate expressing the HIV-1 envelope membrane-proximal external region (MPER) on the surface of E. coli Nissle 1917.RESULTS: The HIV-1 MPER epitope was successfully introduced in the porin OmpF of the E. coli Nissle 1917 (EcN-MPER) and the modification was stable over 30 passages of the recombinant bacteria on the DNA and protein level. Furthermore, the introduced epitope was recognized by a human anti-HIV-1 gp41 (2F5) antibody using both live and heat-killed EcN-MPER, and this antigenicity was also retained over 30 passages. Whole-cell dot blot suggested a stronger binding of anti-HIV-1 gp41 (2F5) to heat-killed EcN-MPER than their live counterpart. An outer membrane vesicle (OMV) - rich extract from EcN-MPER culture supernatant was equally antigenic to anti-HIV-1 gp41 antibody which suggests that the MPER antigen could be harboured in EcN-MPER OMVs. Using quantitative ELISA, we determined the amount of MPER produced by the modified EcN to be 14.3 µg/108 cfu.CONCLUSIONS: The CRISPR/Cas9 technology was an effective method for establishment of recombinant EcN-MPER bacteria that was stable over many passages. The developed EcN-MPER clone was devoid of extraneous plasmids and antibiotic resistance genes which eliminates the risk of plasmid transfer to animal hosts, should this clone be used as a vaccine. Also, the EcN-MPER clone was recognised by anti-HIV-1 gp41 (2F5) both as live and heat-killed bacteria making it suitable for pre-clinical evaluation. Expression of OmpF on bacterial surfaces and released OMVs identifies it as a compelling candidate for recombinant epitope modification, enabling surface epitope presentation on both bacteria and OMVs. By applying the methods described in this study, we present a potential platform for cost-effective and rational vaccine antigen expression and administration, offering promising prospects for further research in the field of vaccine development.
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43.
  • Pettersson, John Sören, 1961-, et al. (författare)
  • Usability testing of interactive systems conducted by university students during a pandemic
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Proceedings of the 2022 AIS SIGED International Conference on Information Systems Education and Research. - : Association for Information Systems. - 9781713871064 ; , s. 114-128
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This case study describes a usability testing course in which students learn by practicing several evaluation methods. The on-campus format makes it possible for teachers and students to meet to discuss recorded test sessions and students can observe other students’ execution of pilot studies conducted on campus. The COVID-19 pandemic placed new demands on this course. In-person activities were avoided by some students and many test participants. Some student teams tried remote usability testing. Interestingly, screen recordings (with sound) of the test sessions show that remote testing sometimes helped the students focus more on observation and less on (inappropriately) guiding the test subjects. Another effect was that the students found it easier to recruit participants than during the previous years when the university was teeming with students, lecturers, and non-academic staff. However, the recruited participants were often notably limited to the students’ circles of friends.
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44.
  • Scherbak, Nikolai, 1967-, et al. (författare)
  • Production of anti-viral vaccines using probiotic bacteria
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: 19th Smögen Symposium on Virology: Abstracts. - : Virus- och Pandemifonden – Swedish Society for Virology. ; , s. 16-16
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The mucosal surfaces throughout the body are constantly exposed to microorganisms. The mucosal surfaces accommodate a large part of the body’s immune system. For effective vaccination, it is believed that direct immunization on mucosal surfaces will be more effective than the more conventional systemic immunization. Certain probiotic bacteria provide significant adjuvant effects that may be utilized for the desired immune response. Virus-like particles (VLPs) are complexes of viral proteins that without being infectious are efficient in mimicking the natural viral structures. While presenting the patterns of viral antigens, the VLPs have been shown to efficiently interact with dendritic cells and be effective in triggering the B and T-cell immunity. HIV-1 Gag is one of the most highly conserved structural antigens and contains several immunodominant T- and B-cell epitopes. Mosaic Gag protein matches 74% of 9-amino-acid potential epitopes in global Gag sequences thus maximizing the coverage of potential T-cell epitopes for a viral population.The current study aimed to develop probiotic strains of Lactobacillus plantarum NC8 and E. coli Nissle 1917 that produced recombinant mosaic HIV-1 Gag protein as VLPs.For the transient expression of the mosaic HIV-1 Gag protein (GagM), the gene-carrying expression vectors were transformed into the L. plantarum and in probiotic E.coli Nissle 1917. Protein expression of the GagM was shown to lead to the formation of the VLPs of the recombinant HIV-1 Gag proteins. This was confirmed through immunoblotting and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).Our study shows that probiotic lactobacteria can be developed to express HIV-1 Gag VLPs, which may be used for VLP production and potentially for vaccine delivery. Further evaluation of the concept is merited.
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45.
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46.
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47.
  • Skov, Karin, et al. (författare)
  • Det nordiske nyreudvekslingsprogram
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Ugeskrift for Læger. - 0041-5782. ; 182
  • Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
  •  
48.
  • Tatar, Kourosh, 1973-, et al. (författare)
  • Investigation of cutting conditions on tool life in shoulder milling of Ti6Al4V using PVD coated micro-grain carbide insert based on design of experiments
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Heliyon. - : Elsevier. - 2405-8440. ; 6:6
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Tool life prediction is generally of great importance in all metal cutting processes, including milling titanium. In this paper, tool life testing was performed based on full factorial design. The cutting speed and width varied between 100 and 120 m/min, and 10 and 70 percent of tool diameter, respectively. All cutting tests were performed in Ti6Al4V under wet conditions using Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) coated milling inserts. The wear limit was set to 0.2 mm. The data were analyzed using multiple regression analyses, where the method of least squares was applied. A mathematical tool life model was established. Roughly, for each one percent increase in cutting width, tool life decreases on average by one percent, and an increase in cutting speed by a percent leads to a decrease in tool life by four percent. The adequacy of the model was verified using analysis of variance at 95% confidence level. Tool life contour in cutting width and speed was generated from the model. The results can be used for selecting optimum cutting parameters for providing a desired tool life or maximum metal removal rates for a favored tool life.
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49.
  • Tran, Pham Tue Hung, 1991- (författare)
  • Characterizing important flavivirus-host interactions : Replication, assembly, restriction factors and vaccine development
  • 2022
  • Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • The genus Flavivirus (family Flaviviridae) consists of important zoonotic viruses that cause morbidity and mortality worldwide. These viruses are enveloped and have a positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome encoding a polyprotein. Cleavages of the polyprotein by host and viral proteases result in individual viral proteins, including the structural capsid (C), pre-membrane (prM), envelope (E) proteins, and seven nonstructural proteins. Removal of the C-prM-E genes in the flavivirus genome results in replicons that can replicate in transfected cells but do not generate infectious virus particles. The replicon can be co-expressed with the C-prM-E genes in trans, resulting in packaging of the replicon and generation of replicon virus-like particles (RVPs).During cellular infection, various host proteins are employed, supporting multiple stages of the virus life cycle. In this thesis, we identified and characterized functions of the host lunapark protein and two members of the Endosomal Sorting Complexes Required for Transport Machinery – ALIX and CHMP4A. We also revealed how the host proteins were recruited by virus proteins during infection.To counteract the virus infection, virus-infected cells can express antiviral proteins. We demonstrated the antiviral mechanism of interferonstimulated gene (ISG) 15 and the E3 ligase for ISG15 conjugation HERC5, which degrades ALIX and CHMP4A, indirectly targets virus infection. Furthermore, using proteomic screening, we identified tripartite motif-containing proteins (TRIM) – TRIM21 and TRIM14 – as restriction factors to Langat virus and Zika virus.We also established and characterized an RVP production system based on the West Nile virus (WNV) Kunjin strain. The system was used as a vector to express antigens from Ebola virus (EBOV), which can potentially be developed as a vaccine platform against WNV and EBOV.
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50.
  • Wallenhammar, Amélie, 1986-, et al. (författare)
  • Revealing new tick-borne encephalitis virus foci by screening antibodies in sheep milk
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Parasites & Vectors. - : BioMed Central. - 1756-3305. ; 13:1
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • BACKGROUND: Tick distribution in Sweden has increased in recent years, with the prevalence of ticks predicted to spread towards the northern parts of the country, thus increasing the risk of tick-borne zoonoses in new regions. Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is the most significant viral tick-borne zoonotic disease in Europe. The disease is caused by TBE virus (TBEV) infection which often leads to severe encephalitis and myelitis in humans. TBEV is usually transmitted to humans via tick bites; however, the virus can also be excreted in the milk of goats, sheep and cattle and infection may then occur via consumption of unpasteurised dairy products. Virus prevalence in questing ticks is an unreliable indicator of TBE infection risk as viral RNA is rarely detected even in large sample sizes collected at TBE-endemic areas. Hence, there is a need for robust surveillance techniques to identify emerging TBEV risk areas at early stages.METHODS: Milk and colostrum samples were collected from sheep and goats in Örebro County, Sweden. The milk samples were analysed for the presence of TBEV antibodies by ELISA and validated by western blot in which milk samples were used to detect over-expressed TBEV E-protein in crude cell extracts. Neutralising titers were determined by focus reduction neutralisation test (FRNT). The stability of TBEV in milk and colostrum was studied at different temperatures.RESULTS: In this study we have developed a novel strategy to identify new TBEV foci. By monitoring TBEV antibodies in milk, we have identified three previously unknown foci in Örebro County which also overlap with areas of TBE infection reported during 2009-2018. In addition, our data indicates that keeping unpasteurised milk at 4 °C will preserve the infectivity of TBEV for several days.CONCLUSIONS: Altogether, we report a non-invasive surveillance technique for revealing risk areas for TBE in Sweden, by detecting TBEV antibodies in sheep milk. This approach is robust and reliable and can accordingly be used to map TBEV "hotspots". TBEV infectivity in refrigerated milk was preserved, emphasising the importance of pasteurisation (i.e. 72 °C for 15 s) prior to consumption.
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