| 1. |
- Atak, Gamze, et al.
(författare)
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Electrochromic performance of WO3 films with different ITO layers
- 2019
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Ingår i: EMRS Spring Meeting 2019..
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Electrochromic (EC) materials are able to change their optical properties such as transmission, absorption and reflection reversibly by application of an external voltage. EC metal oxides are divided into two groups: cathodic (coloring under ion insertion) and anodic (coloring under ion extraction). Tungsten oxide (WO3) is a well-known cathodic EC material and has been intensively studied in the last 30 years. EC materials and devices have been developed as an alternative to passive coating materials for light and heat management. Conventionally, an EC device is a construction with five-layers: transparent conducting oxide (TCO)/cathodic EC/ion conducting layer (liquid, gel or solid)/anodic EC/TCO, either all on one substrate or positioned between two substrates in a laminated configuration. Indium-tin oxide (ITO) coated substrates are used as a TCO electrode in EC applications due to their high conductivity and transparency.In this study, we deposited WO3 films onto ITO coated glass substrates with different sheet resistances (15, 30, 60 and 1000 Ω/□) by using DC magnetron sputtering technique. Optical and structural properties of ITO films were investigated. For durability studies, cyclic voltammetry data was recorded for up to 500 cycles between 2.0 and 4.0 V versus Li/Li+ at a scan rate of 20 mV s−1. Chronoamperometry measurements of the WO3 films were also performed. We measured the inserted and extracted charges as well as bleaching and coloring times of WO3 films with different ITO layer properties. Generally, ITO with low resistivity is preferred for the electrochemical measurements while absorption is low in the near-infrared region for ITO with higher resistivity. In this study, it is observed that the ITO with 60 Ω/□ sheet resistance is very suitable for optical and electrochromic measurements.
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| 2. |
- Atak, Gamze, et al.
(författare)
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Nitrogen doped W oxide films for electrochromic applications
- 2019
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Ingår i: EMRS Spring Meeting 2019.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Electrochromic (EC) materials are able to change their optical properties such as transmission, absorption and reflection reversibly by application of an external voltage. EC metal oxides are divided into two groups: cathodic (coloring under ion insertion) and anodic (coloring under ion extraction). W oxide is a well-known cathodic EC material and its color changes from transparent to dark blue when ions are inserted.A desirable electrochromic material must have and maintain a high optical modulation, high coloration efficiency, fast coloration/bleaching switching kinetics and a stable charge/ discharge reversibility. In this study, W oxide films with different nitrogen levels were deposited by using reactive DC sputtering onto glass and ITO coated glass in Ar+O2+N2 atmosphere. For all films, the total gas pressure was set to 4.0 Pa, the Ar flow rate was kept at 50 ml/min, and the O2+N2 flow rate was kept at 7.5 ml/min. The optical, structural and electrochromic properties of undoped and N-doped W oxide films were investigated. The optical studies revealed that the average optical transmittance and band gap decreased (from 3.43 to 3.08 eV) due to N doping. It is shown that a small amount of nitrogen has promising effects on the EC performance (i.e. charge/discharge reversibility, optical modulation, coloration efficiency) of the WO3 films. It is observed that CE values increased by increasing N2 flow rate and its maximum value was 33.8 cm2/C. The maximum ΔT at 537 nm was 73.6% for an optimized N doped W oxide film.
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| 3. |
- Bayrak Pehlivan, Ilknur, et al.
(författare)
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Bifunctional solar electrocatalytic water splitting using CIGS solar modules and WO3-based electrolyzers
- 2019
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Ingår i: EMRS Spring Meeting 2019.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using energy from the sun to produce a fuel and finally obtaining only water as an exhaust is a promising future technology for renewable energy and environmental sustainability. Solar driven water splitting is a method to produce hydrogen from solar energy. Coupling a solar cell with an electrolyzer is the approach with highest technological readiness. CuInxGa1-xSe2 (CIGS) is here a promising solar cell material for water splitting because it is possible to tune the band gap between 1.0 and 1.7 eV by changing the ratio between Ga and In, thus enabling maximum power point matching with an electrolyzer. Tungsten oxide is known as a photocatalytic material and mainly used for the oxygen evolution reaction in a water splitting process. However, WO3 films also show electrochromic activity together with hydrogen evolution. This result is interesting because it shows that WO3 films can be used as bifunctional materials for both hydrogen and oxygen evolution in water splitting, and provide additional functionalities to the system. In this study, WO3 films coated at different sputtering conditions on Ni foam and indium tin oxide substrates were investigated in the potential range of the hydrogen evolution reaction. The best overpotential of 164 mV vs. RHE at 10 mA/cm2 was obtained for WO3 films on Ni foam in 0.5 M H2SO4. The lowest potential needed for 10 mA/cm2 was measured 1.768 V for the electrolyzers consisting WO3 films on Ni foam as the cathode and non-coated Ni foam as the anode. Optimum solar-to-hydrogen (STH) efficiency of the CIGS solar cell modules and the electrolyzers was examined for different band gaps of the CIGS modules and sputtering conditions of WO3 films. Operation points of the combined system were calculated from the intersection of the voltage-current density curves for the CIGS modules and the electrolyzers. The results showed that the detailed sputtering conditions were not very critical to obtain high STH efficiency, indicating that the system could be robust and easily manufactured. The best-matched band gap of the CIGS was 1.19 eV and the highest STH efficiency of the CIGS driven WO3-based electrolyzers was 12.98 %.
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