| 1. |
- Acciaro, Roberta, et al.
(författare)
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Investigation of the formation, structure and release characteristics of self-assembled composite films of cellulose nanofibrils and temperature responsive microgels
- 2011
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Ingår i: Soft Matter. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 1744-683X .- 1744-6848. ; 7:4, s. 1369-1377
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The possibility of forming self-organized films using charge-stabilized dispersions of cellulose I nanofibrils and microgel beads of poly-(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylic acid) copolymer is presented. The build-up behavior and the properties of the layer-by-layer (LbL)-constructed films were studied using quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) and ellipsometry. The morphology of the formed films was also characterized using atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging. The applied methods clearly demonstrated the successful LbL-assembly of the monodisperse microgels and nanofibrils. The in situ QCM-D measurements also revealed that contrary to the polyelectrolyte bound microgel particles, the nanofibrils-bound gel beads preserve their highly swollen state and do not suffer a partial collapse due to the lack of interdigitation of the oppositely charged components. To probe the accessibility of the gel beads in the formed films, the room temperature (similar to 25 degrees C) loading and release of a fluorescent dye (FITC) was also investigated. The incorporation of the cellulose nanofibrils into the multilayer resulted in an open structure that was found easily penetrable for the dye molecules even at constant room temperature, which is in sharp contrast with previously reported systems based on synthetic polyelectrolytes. The amount of dye released from the multilayer films could be fine-tuned with the number of bilayers. Finally, the thermoresponsivity of the films was also shown by triggering the burst release of the loaded dye when the film was collapsed.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Aulin, Christian, et al.
(författare)
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Aerogels from nanofibrillated cellulose with tunable oleophobicity
- 2010
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Ingår i: SOFT MATTER. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 1744-683X .- 1744-6848. ; 6:14, s. 3298-3305
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The formation of structured porous aerogels of nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) by freeze-drying has been demonstrated. The aerogels have a high porosity, as shown by FE-SEM and nitrogen adsorption/desorption measurements, and a very low density ( < 0.03 g cm(-3)). The density and surface texture of the aerogels can be tuned by selecting the concentration of the NFC dispersions before freeze-drying. Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of 1H, 1H, 2H, 2H-perfluorodecyltrichlorosilane (PFOTS) was used to uniformly coat the aerogel to tune their wetting properties towards non-polar liquids. An XPS analysis of the chemical composition of the PFOTS-modified aerogels demonstrated the reproducibility of the PFOTS-coating and the high atomic fluorine concentration (ca. 51%) in the surfaces. The modified aerogels formed a robust composite interface with high apparent contact angles (theta* >> 90 degrees) for castor oil (gamma(1v) = 35.8 mN m(-1)) and hexadecane (gamma(1v) = 27.5 mN m(-1)).
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| 4. |
- Aulin, Christian, et al.
(författare)
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Biopolymer Coatings for Paper and Paperboard
- 2011
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Ingår i: Biopolymers. - Chichester : John Wiley & Sons. - 9780470683415 - 9781119994312 ; , s. 255-276
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 5. |
- Aulin, Christian, et al.
(författare)
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High strength flexible and transparent nanofibrillated cellulose-nanoclay biohybrid films with tunable oxygen and water vapor permeability
- 2012
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Ingår i: Nanoscale. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 2040-3364 .- 2040-3372. ; 4:20, s. 6622-6628
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A novel, technically and economically benign procedure to combine vermiculite nanoplatelets with nanocellulose fibre dispersions into functional biohybrid films is presented. Nanocellulose fibres of 20 nm diameters and several micrometers in length are mixed with high aspect ratio exfoliated vermiculite nanoplatelets through high-pressure homogenization. The resulting hybrid films obtained after solvent evaporation are stiff (tensile modulus of 17.3 GPa), strong (strength up to 257 MPa), and transparent. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) shows that the hybrid films consist of stratified nacre-like layers with a homogenous distribution of nanoplatelets within the nanocellulose matrix. The oxygen barrier properties of the biohybrid films outperform commercial packaging materials and pure nanocellulose films showing an oxygen permeability of 0.07 cm3 μm m-2 d-1 kPa -1 at 50% relative humidity. The oxygen permeability of the hybrid films can be tuned by adjusting the composition of the films. Furthermore, the water vapor barrier properties of the biohybrid films were also significantly improved by the addition of nanoclay. The unique combination of excellent oxygen barrier behavior and optical transparency suggests the potential of these biohybrid materials as an alternative in flexible packaging of oxygen sensitive devices such as thin-film transistors or organic light-emitting diode displays, gas storage applications and as barrier coatings/laminations in large volume packaging applications.
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| 6. |
- Aulin, Christian, et al.
(författare)
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Multilayered Alkyd Resin/Nanocellulose Coatings for Use in Renewable Packaging Solutions with a High Level of Moisture Resistance
- 2013
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Ingår i: Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0888-5885 .- 1520-5045. ; 52:7, s. 2582-2589
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A surprisingly simple and rapid methodology for large-area, lightweight, and thin laminate coatings with remarkable moisture barrier properties is introduced. Commercially available paperboards are coated with thin layers of nanocellulose. The nanocellulose coating induces a surface smoothening effect on the coated sheets as characterized by environmental scanning electron microscopy and white light interferometry. A moisture-protective layer of renewable alkyd resins is deposited on the nanocellulose precoated sheets using a water-borne dispersion coating process or lithographic printing. Through an auto-oxidation process, the applied alkyd resins are transformed into moisture sealant layers. The moisture barrier properties are characterized in detail by water vapor permeability measurements at different levels of relative humidity. The water vapor barrier properties of the nanocellulose precoated substrates were significantly improved by thin layers of renewable alkyd resins. The effect of the alkyd resin properties, coating technologies, and base paper substrates on the final barrier performance of the sheets were studied. It was found that the nanocellulose coating had a notable effect on the homogeneity and barrier performance of the alkyd resin layers and in particular those alkyd resin layers that were applied by printing. The concept is environmentally friendly, energy-efficient, and economic and is ready for scaling-up via continuous roll-to-roll processes. Large-scale renewable coatings applicable for sustainable packaging solutions are foreseen.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Aulin, Christian, et al.
(författare)
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Oxygen and oil barrier properties of microfibrillated cellulose films and coatings
- 2010
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Ingår i: Cellulose. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0969-0239 .- 1572-882X. ; 17:3, s. 559-574
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The preparation of carboxymethylated microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) films by dispersion-casting from aqueous dispersions and by surface coating on base papers is described. The oxygen permeability of MFC films were studied at different relative humidity (RH). At low RH (0%), the MFC films showed very low oxygen permeability as compared with films prepared from plasticized starch, whey protein and arabinoxylan and values in the same range as that of conventional synthetic films, e.g., ethylene vinyl alcohol. At higher RH's, the oxygen permeability increased exponentially, presumably due to the plasticizing and swelling of the carboxymethylated nanofibers by water molecules. The effect of moisture on the barrier and mechanical properties of the films was further studied using water vapor sorption isotherms and by humidity scans in dynamic mechanical analysis. The influences of the degree of nanofibrillation/dispersion on the microstructure and optical properties of the films were evaluated by field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and light transmittance measurements, respectively. FE-SEM micrographs showed that the MFC films consisted of randomly assembled nanofibers with a thickness of 5-10 nm, although some larger aggregates were also formed. The use of MFC as surface coating on various base papers considerably reduced the air permeability. Environmental scanning electron microscopy (E-SEM) micrographs indicated that the MFC layer reduced sheet porosity, i.e., the dense structure formed by the nanofibers resulted in superior oil barrier properties.
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| 9. |
- Aulin, Christian, et al.
(författare)
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Self-Organized Films from Cellulose I Nanofibrils Using the Layer-by-Layer Technique
- 2010
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Ingår i: Biomacromolecules. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1525-7797 .- 1526-4602. ; 11:4, s. 872-882
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The possibility of forming self-organized films using only charge-stabilized dispersions of cellulose I nanofibrils with opposite charges is presented, that is, the multilayers were composed solely of anionically and cationically modified microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) with a low degree of substitution. The build-up behavior and the properties of the layer-by-layer (LbL)-constructed films were studied using a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) and stagnation point adsorption reflectometry (SPAR). The adsorption behavior of cationic/anionic MFC was compared with that of polyethyleneimine (PEI)/anionic MFC. The water contents of five bilayers of cationic/anionic MFC and PEI/anionic MFC were approximately 70 and 50%, respectively. The MFC surface coverage was studied by atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements, which clearly showed a more dense fibrillar structure in the five bilayer PEI/anionic MFC than in the five bilayer cationic/anionic MFC. The forces between the cellulose-based multilayers were examined using the AFM colloidal probe technique. The forces on approach were characterized by a combination of electrostatic and steric repulsion. The wet adhesive forces were very long-range and were characterized by multiple adhesive events. Surfaces covered by PEU/anionic MFC multilayers required more energy to be separated than surfaces covered by cationic/anionic MFC multilayers.
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| 10. |
- Aulin, Christian, et al.
(författare)
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Structure and Properties of Layer-by-Layer Films from Combinations of Cellulose Nanofibers, Polyelectrolytes and Colloids
- 2014
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Ingår i: HANDBOOK OF GREEN MATERIALS, VOL 3. - : World Scientific. - 9789814566506 - 9789814566452 ; , s. 57-77
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The formation of nanometer-thin films of cellulose nanofibers (CNFs), polyelectrolytes, and/or nanoparticles has opened up new possibilities of manufacturing interactive devices with controlled mechanical properties. By controlling the charge of the CNF and the charge and 3D structure of the polyelectrolytes, it is possible to control the buildup, i.e., the thickness, the adsorbed amount, and the immobilized water of layer-by-layer (LbL) films of these materials. The charge balance between the components is not the only factor controlling the LbL formation. The structure of these adsorbed layers in combination with the properties of the constituent components will in turn control how these layers interact with, for example moist air. The mechanical properties of the LbLs can be tuned by combining the high-modulus CNF with different components. This has been shown by using a microbuckling technique where the mechanical properties of ultra-thin films can be measured. In combination with, for example, moisture-sensitive poly(ethylene imine) (PEI), the Young's modulus of CNF/PEI films can be changed by one order of magnitude when the humidity is increased from 0% RH to 50% RH. The incorporation of high-modulus nanoparticles such as SiO2 particles can also be used to prepare LbLs with a higher modulus. Examples are also given where it is shown that the color of an LbL film can be used as a non-contact moisture sensor since the thickness is related to the amount of adsorbed moisture. By chemical modification of the CNF, it is also possible to tailor the interaction between the CNF and multivalent metal ions, enabling a specific interaction between multivalent for example metal surfaces in water and modified CNF.
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| 11. |
- Aulin, Christian, et al.
(författare)
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Transparent Nanocellulosic Multilayer Thin Films on Polylactic Acid with Tunable Gas Barrier Properties
- 2013
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Ingår i: ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1944-8244 .- 1944-8252. ; 5:15, s. 7352-7359
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The layer-by-layer (LbL) deposition method was used for the build-up of alternating layers of nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) or carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) with a branched, cationic polyelectrolyte, polyethyleneimine (PEI) on flexible poly (lactic acid) (PLA) substrates. With this procedure, optically transparent nanocellulosic films with tunable gas barrier properties were formed. 50 layer pairs of PEI/NFC and PEI/CMC deposited on PLA have oxygen permeabilities of 0.34 and 0.71 cm(3).mu m/m(2).day.kPa at 23 degrees C and 50% relative humidity, respectively, which is in the same range as polyvinyl alcohol and ethylene vinyl alcohol. The oxygen permeability of these multilayer nanocomposites outperforms those of pure NFC films prepared by solvent-casting. The nanocellulosic LbL assemblies on PLA substrates was in detailed characterized using a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D). Atomic force microscopy (AFM) reveals large structural differences between the PEI/NFC and the PEI/CMC assemblies, with the PEI/NFC assembly showing a highly entangled network of nanofibrils, whereas the PEI/CMC surfaces lacked structural features. Scanning electron microscopy images showed a nearly perfect uniformity of the nanocellulosic coatings on PLA, and light transmittance results revealed remarkable transparency of the LbL-coated PLA films. The present work demonstrates the first ever LbL films based on high aspect ratio, water-dispersible nanofibrillated cellulose, and water-soluble carboxymethyl cellulose polymers that can be used as multifunctional films and coatings with tailorable properties, such as gas barriers and transparency. Owing to its flexibility, transparency and high-performance gas barrier properties, these thin film assemblies are promising candidates for several large-scale applications, including flexible electronics and renewable packaging.
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
- Cervin, Nicholas Tchang, et al.
(författare)
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Ultra porous nanocellulose aerogels as separation medium for mixtures of oil/water liquids
- 2012
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Ingår i: Cellulose. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0969-0239 .- 1572-882X. ; 19:2, s. 401-410
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A novel type of sponge-like material for the separation of mixed oil and water liquids has been prepared by the vapour deposition of hydrophobic silanes on ultra-porous nanocellulose aerogels. To achieve this, a highly porous (> 99%) nanocellulose aerogel with high structural flexibility and robustness is first formed by freeze-drying an aqueous dispersion of the nanocellulose. The density, pore size distribution and wetting properties of the aerogel can be tuned by selecting the concentration of the nanocellulose dispersion before freeze-drying. The hydrophobic light- weight aerogels are almost instantly filled with the oil phase when selectively absorbing oil from water, with a capacity to absorb up to 45 times their own weight in oil. The oil can also be drained from the aerogel and the aerogel can then be reused for a second absorption cycle.
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
- Lindström, Tom, et al.
(författare)
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Market and technical challenges and opportunities in the area of innovative new materials and composites based on nanocellulosics
- 2014
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0282-7581 .- 1651-1891. ; 29:4, s. 345-351
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This communication is a review over the major market and technical challenges and opportunities for nanocellulosic materials on a large scale but in low-to-medium-end markets. Basically, the potential use of nanocellulose as a wet-end strength additive in papermaking has been known for decades, but not come into operation because of the high-energy costs of producing these materials. Cost performance compared to starch derivatives is one challenge, and the other is to design suitable dewatering/retention aid systems. Other paper applications are as a surface-sizing agent and as a barrier coating material. Major challenges are associated with the high viscosity of nanocellulosic materials and how to apply the nanocellulose in order to obtain good surface coverage. There are several opportunities in the nanocomposite markets. The packaging sector together with the automotive sector and the building sector constitute large potential markets. Challenges are related to the mixing of hydrophobic and hydrophilic materials so that a good dispersion of nanocellulose is obtained. Scaling up of nanocellulose production processes and procedures for nanocomposite manufacturing in order to obtain price-performance in the various applications remains, as expected, the largest challenge.
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| 16. |
- Lindström, Tom, et al.
(författare)
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The emergence of practical nanocellulose applications for a more sustainable paper/board industry
- 2014
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Ingår i: IPPTA: Quarterly Journal of Indian Pulp and Paper Technical Association. - 0379-5462. ; 26:1, s. 53-61
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There has been extensive research and development activities in the field of nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) materials during recent years, although microfibrillated cellulose was developed already during the late 1970s at ITT-Rayonier in USA. A major impediment for the large-scale use of NFC has been the high-energy use (excess of 30000 kWh/ton NFC in energy consumption). This problem has now been alleviated by a series of different pre-treatment procedures of the fibres prior to the subsequent mechanical cell wall delamination. The focus in practical papermaking applications of NFC is in the reinforcement of paper/board materials (dry strength wet-end additive) and in barrier coating applications. The driving forces in these applications are resource and energy efficiency in papermaking and the vision of substituting fossil-based films with nanocellulose barriers. Nanocellulose has excellent oil, fat and oxygen barrier properties in the dry state, but the oxygen barrier properties deteriorate at high relative humidities and the approaches to alleviate the moisture sensitivity will be discussed. Today, there are many companies in the process of commercializing NFC and several of them have pilot plants/pre-commercial operations and are planning for up scaling. A pilot plant for the nominal production of 100 kg/day (dry based NFC) was also taken into operation at Innventia AB in 2010. The current contribution will highlight critical issues in the production of NFC and discuss various applications and hurdles to be overcome in order to make NFC production for paper/board based end-use applications viable.
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