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- Karasu, Feyza, et al.
(författare)
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Organic-inorganic hybrid planarization and water vapor barrier coatings on cellulose nanofibrils substrates
- 2018
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Chemistry. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 2296-2646. ; 6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) can be produced in the form of thin, transparent andflexible films. However, the permeability of such materials to oxygen and water vaporis very sensitive to moisture, which limits their potential for a variety of packaging andencapsulation applications. Diffusion barrier coatings were thus developed to reducethe access of water molecules to enzymatically pre-treated and carboxymethylated CNFsubstrates. The coatings were based on UV curable organic-inorganic hybrids withepoxy, tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) and 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethylenesilane (GPTS)precursors and additional vapor formed SiNx layers. A total of 14 monolayer andmultilayer coatings with various thickness and hybrid composition were produced andanalyzed. The water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) of the bilayer epoxy/CNF film wastwo times lower compared to that of uncoated CNF film. This was partly due to the watervapor permeability of the epoxy, a factor of two times lower than CNF. The epoxy coatingimproved the transparency of CNF, however it did not properly wet to the CNF surfacesand the interfacial adhesion was low. In contrast hybrid epoxy-silica coatings led to highadhesion levels owing to the formation of covalent interactions through condensationreactions with the OH-terminated CNF surface. The barrier and optical performance ofhybrid coated CNF substrates was similar to that of CNF coated with pure epoxy. Inaddition, the hybrid coatings provided an excellent planarization effect, with roughnessclose to 1 nm, one to two orders of magnitude lower than that of the CNF substrates.The WVTR and oxygen transmission rate values of the hybrid coated CNF laminateswere in the range 5–10 g/m2/day (at 38◦C and 50% RH) and 3–6 cm3/m2/day/bar (at23◦C and 70% RH), respectively, which matches food and pharmaceutical packagingrequirements. The permeability to water vapor of the hybrid coatings wasmoreover foundto decrease with increasing the TEOS/GPTS ratio up to 30 wt% and then increase athigher ratio, and to be much lower for thinner coatings due to further UV-induced silanolcondensation and faster evaporation of byproducts. The addition of a single 150 nmthickSiNx layer on the hybrid coated CNF improved its water vapor barrier performance bymore than 680 times, with WVTR below the 0.02 g/m2/day detection limit.
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| 3. |
- Srinivasa, Prashanth, et al.
(författare)
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Experimental characterisation of nanofibrillated cellulose foams
- 2015
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Ingår i: Cellulose. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0969-0239 .- 1572-882X. ; 22:6, s. 3739-3753
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There is a growing interest in applications for nanofibrillated cellulose based materials owing to their exceptional mechanical properties. Nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) foam is one such derivative which has potential applications in a wide array of fields. Here, we characterise the mechanical properties of two particular high porosity NFC foams (98.13 and 98.96 %) prepared by a freeze drying process. We evaluate their behaviour in uni-axial and bi-axial compression with cyclic loading. The secondary loading cycles reveal complete irreversible damage of the microstructure, with the secondary loading path being characterised by near zero plateau stress. In force controlled tests, negligible hysteresis corroborates the idea that there is no energy dissipation owing to near complete microstructural damage. Furthermore, we observe no indications of preferential orientation of the microstructure in these tests. The stress responses in mutually perpendicular directions are seen to be identical, within statistical considerations. We then utilise the “pseudo-elastic” model developed and adopt it to the case of highly compressible Ogden strain energy formulation with a modified neo-Hookean for the unloading, with a view of fitting a continuum hyperelastic model to the experimental data. The material parameters obtained from uni-axial data are seen to be insufficient to describe the more general bi-axial deformation. The parameters obtained from the bi-axial test describe uni-axial deformation up to stretches of ~0.5 but overestimate the stress levels beyond that point.
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