| 1. |
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| 2. |
- Akbarshahi, Hamid, et al.
(författare)
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TLR4 dependent heparan sulphate-induced pancreatic inflammatory response is IRF3-mediated
- 2011
-
Ingår i: Journal of Translational Medicine. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1479-5876. ; 9:219
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Degraded extracellular matrix can stimulate the innate immune system via the Toll-Like Receptor-4 (TLR4). In the pancreas, syndecan-anchored heparan sulphate (HS) on the ductal epithelium can be cleaved off its protein cores by the proteases (trypsin and elastase) and potentially activate TLR4 signalling. Methods: To investigate this signalling event, a low sulphated HS (500 mu g/ml) was infused into the biliary-pancreatic duct of C57BL/6J wild-type mice. Phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were used as negative and positive controls, respectively. Mice were sacrificed after 1, 3, 6, 9, and 48 hours and tissues were analysed for neutrophil and cytokine contents. In order to study the TLR4 signalling pathway of HS in the pancreas, genetically engineered mice lacking TLR4, Myeloid Differentiation primary response gene (88) (MyD88) or Interferon Regulatory Factor 3 (IRF3) were subjected to pancreatic infusion of HS. Results: Neutrophil sequestration and corresponding myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in the pancreas were increased 9 hours following HS challenge. In wild-type mice, the monocyte chemoattractant protein-1(MCP-1) increased at 3 hours after infusion, while RANTES increased after 9 hours. TLR4, MyD88, and IRF3 knockout mice showed an abrogated neutrophil recruitment and myeloperoxidase activity in the HS group, while the LPS response was only abolished in TLR4 and MyD88 knockouts. Conclusions: The results of this study show that HS is capable of initiating a TLR4-dependent innate immune response in the pancreas which is distinctly different from that induced by LPS. This inflammatory response was mediated predominantly through IRF3-dependent pathway. Release of HS into the pancreatic duct may be one important mediator in the pancreatic ductal defence.
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| 3. |
- Andersson, Ellen, et al.
(författare)
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Tissue factor in predicted severe acute pancreatitis.
- 2010
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Ingår i: World Journal of Gastroenterology. - : Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.. - 1007-9327. ; 16:48, s. 6128-6134
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To study tissue factor (TF) in acute pancreatitis and evaluate the role of TF as a predictive marker of severity.
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| 4. |
- Asplund, Fredrik, 1977-
(författare)
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Tool Integration and Safety : A Foundation for Analysing the Impact of Tool Integrationon Non-functional Properties
- 2012
-
Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The increasing complexity of embedded systems development is becoming difficult to handle with development environments based on disjoint engineering tools. Support for interactions between various engineering tools, especially through automated means, has therefore received an increased amount of attention during the last few years. The subsequent increase in the amount of tool integration is leading to an increased impact of tool integration on non-functional properties of development efforts, development environments and end products. At the same time there is a lack of methods and tools for analysing the relationship between these properties and tool integration. To establish a foundation for analysing this generic relationship, the specific relationship between tool integration and the safety of end products is analysed in this thesis.A survey was conducted to analyze the State of the Art of tool integration as related to safety. This survey specifically identified the lack of an efficient handling of tool integration by modern safety standards as an important concern. In relation to this survey, three theories were identified as of specific importance. These are the school of thought known as Systems Thinking, the Systems-Theoretic Accident Model and Processes (STAMP) causality model and the System-Theoretic Process Analysis (STPA) hazard analysis technique.Building on these theories, this thesis provides original contributions intended to (1) describe concepts and models related to tool integration and safety (the first and second contribution), (2) link tool integration to safety in a way that reduces complexity during analysis (the third contribution) and (3) propose how to interpret and make use of the implications of the presented theories and the first three contributions (the fourth and fifth contribution).• The first contribution is a new conceptual model of a development effort that emphasizes tool integration.• The second contribution is a new reference model for tool integration in highly heterogeneous environments.• The third contribution consists of nine safety-related tool chain properties, i.e. properties of tool chains that could mitigate at least part of the risks introduced by tool integration.• The fourth contribution is a proposition on how to identify safety implications due to a high level of automation of tool integration.• The fifth contribution is a proposition for a new software tool qualification process.
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| 5. |
- Axelsson, Jakob
(författare)
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A Transformation-Based Model of Evolutionary Architecting for Embedded System Product Lines
- 2010
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Ingår i: CEUR Workshop Proceedings. - Oslo. ; , s. 113-117
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In many industries, embedded software plays an increasingly important role in defining the characteristics of the products. Often, a product line approach is used, and the system architecture is developed through evolution rather than being redone from scratch for each product. In this paper, we present a model of such an evolutionary process based on architecture transformations. The model attempts to give an accurate description of how real architects actually work. Key elements of the approach are how the transformations interact with consistency constraints and with feasibility in terms of resource limitations. The work is based on findings from previous case studies in the automotive industry. The model can be used to enhance our understanding of the architecting process, and to find ways to improve it.
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| 6. |
- Axelsson, Jakob, et al.
(författare)
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Architectural Concepts for Federated Embedded Systems
- 2014
-
Ingår i: ACM International Conference Proceeding Series. - New York, NY, USA : ACM. - 9781450327787
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Federated embedded systems (FES) is an approach for systems-of-systems engineering in the domain of cyber-physical systems. It is based on the idea to allow dynamic addition of plug-in software in the embedded system of a product, and through communication between the plug-ins in different products, it becomes possible to build services on the level of a federation of products. In this paper, architectural concerns for FES are elicited, and are used as rationale for a number of decisions in the architecture of products that are enabled for FES, as well as in the application architecture of a federation. A concrete implementation of a FES from the automotive domain is also described, as a validation of the architectural concepts presented.
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| 7. |
- Axelsson, Jakob B, et al.
(författare)
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Proposed protective mechanism of the pancreas in the rat
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Journal of Inflammation. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1476-9255. ; 7
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Heparan sulphate is known to have various functions in the animal body, including surveillance of tissue integrity. Administered intraperitoneally, it induces a systemic inflammatory response syndrome and when given locally in the pancreas it initiates a protective inflammatory response. The aim of the present study was to investigate the underlying mechanisms behind cell recruitment following intra-ductal infusion of heparan sulphate. Methods: Rats were subjected to intraductal-infusion of heparan sulphate, lipopolysaccharide and phosphate buffered saline into the pancreas. Pancreatic tissue was harvested 1, 3, 6, 9 or 48 hours after infusion and stained immunohistochemically for myeloperoxidase, ED-1, CINC-1 and MCP-1, as well as using eosin hematoxylin staining. Furthermore, MPO activity and MCP-1 and CINC-1 concentrations of tissue homogenates were measured. All differences were analyzed statistically using the Mann-Whitney U-test. Results: During HS infusion, a rapid influx of macrophages/monocytes, as visualized as ED-1 positive cells, was seen reaching a maximum at 6 hours. After 48 hours, the same levels of ED-1 positive cells were noted in the pancreatic tissue, but with different location and morphology. Increased neutrophil numbers of heparan sulphate treated animals compared to control could be detected only 9 hours after infusion. The number of neutrophils was lower than the number of ED-1 positive cells. On the contrary, LPS infusion caused increased neutrophil numbers to a larger extent than heparan sulphate. Furthermore, this accumulation of neutrophils preceded the infiltration of ED-1 positive cells. Chemokine expression correlates very well to the cell infiltrate. MCP-1 was evident in the ductal cells of both groups early on. MCP-1 preceded monocyte infiltration in both groups, while the CINC-1 increase was only noticeable in the LPS group. Conclusions: Our data suggest that heparan and LPS both induce host defense reactions, though by using different mechanisms of cell-recruitment. This implies that the etiology of pancreatic inflammation may influence how the subsequent events will develop.
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| 8. |
- Axelsson, Jakob, et al.
(författare)
-
Characteristics of software ecosystems for Federated Embedded Systems : A case study
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Information and Software Technology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0950-5849 .- 1873-6025. ; 56:11, s. 1457-1475
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Context Traditionally, Embedded Systems (ES) are tightly linked to physical products, and closed both for communication to the surrounding world and to additions or modifications by third parties. New technical solutions are however emerging that allow addition of plug-in software, as well as external communication for both software installation and data exchange. These mechanisms in combination will allow for the construction of Federated Embedded Systems (FES). Expected benefits include the possibility of third-party actors developing add-on functionality; a shorter time to market for new functions; and the ability to upgrade existing products in the field. This will however require not only new technical solutions, but also a transformation of the software ecosystems for ES. Objective This paper aims at providing an initial characterization of the mechanisms that need to be present to make a FES ecosystem successful. This includes identification of the actors, the possible business models, the effects on product development processes, methods and tools, as well as on the product architecture. Method The research was carried out as an explorative case study based on interviews with 15 senior staff members at 9 companies related to ES that represent different roles in a future ecosystem for FES. The interview data was analyzed and the findings were mapped according to the Business Model Canvas (BMC). Results The findings from the study describe the main characteristics of a FES ecosystem, and identify the challenges for future research and practice. Conclusions The case study indicates that new actors exist in the FES ecosystem compared to a traditional supply chain, and that their roles and relations are redefined. The business models include new revenue streams and services, but also create the need for trade-offs between, e.g., openness and dependability in the architecture, as well as new ways of working. © 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
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| 9. |
- Axelsson, Jakob
(författare)
-
Evolutionary Architecting of Embedded and Enterprise Software and Systems
- 2012
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Ingår i: Aligning Enterprise, System, and Software Architectures. - : IGI Global. - 1466621990 ; , s. 39-57
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Many industries rely heavily on embedded software and systems to maximize business value in their products. These systems are very complex and the architecture is important to control the complexity and make development efficient. There are often also connections between the embedded system and the different lifecycle processes, and hence to the enterprise systems supporting those processes. It is rare to start from scratch when developing new products, and instead these companies evolve their products over time, which means that architecting needs to be evolutionary. In this chapter, it is described what such an evolutionary architecting process can look like based on observations from industry, and how the process can be continuously improved using a maturity model. It is also presented how the embedded system relates to different elements of the enterprise architecture.
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| 10. |
- Axelsson, Jakob
(författare)
-
Evolutionary Architecting of Embedded and Enterprise Software and Systems
- 2012. - 6
-
Ingår i: Aligning Enterprise, System, and Software Architectures. - : IGI Global. - 1466621990 ; , s. 39-57
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Many industries rely heavily on embedded software and systems to maximize business value in their products. These systems are very complex and the architecture is important to control the complexity and make development efficient. There are often also connections between the embedded system and the different lifecycle processes, and hence to the enterprise systems supporting those processes. It is rare to start from scratch when developing new products, and instead these companies evolve their products over time, which means that architecting needs to be evolutionary. In this chapter, it is described what such an evolutionary architecting process can look like based on observations from industry, and how the process can be continuously improved using a maturity model. It is also presented how the embedded system relates to different elements of the enterprise architecture.
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| 11. |
- Axelsson, Jakob
(författare)
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Evolutionary Architecting of Software-Intensive Systems
- 2012
-
Ingår i: ERCIM News. - 0926-4981 .- 1564-0094. ; :88, s. 24-25
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Most industrial software-intensive systems have a very long life span, and undergo many changes after their initial conception. To ensure that they maintain the desired system-level properties, it is essential that their architecture is also updated to reflect the added functionality. To this end, we have investigated how Evolutionary Architecting should be carried out in order to provide a strong basis for a system, not only at conception but throughout its life. The results are concrete and based on empirical findings, and include both a new state-of-the-art process description and a light-weight maturity evaluation method.
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| 12. |
- Axelsson, Jakob H, et al.
(författare)
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Sexual orientation and self-rated health: the role of social capital, offence, threat of violence, and violence.
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health. - : SAGE Publications. - 1651-1905 .- 1403-4948. ; 41:5, s. 508-515
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: To study the association between sexual orientation and self-rated health, including trust, offence, threat of violence, and violence. Design/setting/participants/measurement: The 2008 Public Health Survey in Skåne is a cross-sectional postal questionnaire study. A total of 28,198 persons aged 18-80 years responded (55%). Logistic regressions analysed the association between sexual orientation and self-rated health. Results: 27.4% of all men and 30.0% of all women rated their health as poor. Poor self-rated health was significantly more prevalent in higher age, among immigrants, people with lower education, low social support, low trust, experience of being offended, experience of threat of violence and violence, and bisexual and other orientation. Homosexual and bisexual men and women had higher age-adjusted odds ratios of having felt offended compared to heterosexual respondents. The odds ratios of low trust, threat of violence (men), and experience of violence (women) were significant for respondents with bisexual orientation but not for respondents with homosexual orientation. In the age-adjusted model, no significant association was observed between homosexual orientation and poor self-rated health among women. All other associations between sexual orientation and health were significant in the age-adjusted model but non-significant in the multiple models. Conclusions: Associations between sexual orientation and health disappear after multiple adjustments including trust and experience of offence, threat of violence, and violence. The study suggests that the group with bisexual orientation seems to be more exposed to low social capital (trust), threat of violence, and violence than the group with homosexual orientation.
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| 13. |
- Axelsson, Jakob
(författare)
-
Improving the Evolutionary Architecting Process for Embedded System Product Lines
- 2011. - 5
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Ingår i: 2011 IEEE International Systems Conference, SysCon 2011 - Proceedings. - : IEEE. - 9781424494941 ; , s. 334-341
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Many industries developing complex products based on embedded systems rely on architecting as a key activity. Furthermore, they use product line approaches to find synergies between their products. This means that they use a base platform which is adapted to different products, and the architecture of the product line thus evolves over time. In previous case studies we have seen that these companies often lack a defined process for the evolutionary architecting of these product lines. The contribution of this paper is to present such a process, which matches key characteristics of mature architecting practices. It is also discussed how this process compares to observations in industry.
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| 14. |
- Axelsson, Jakob, et al.
(författare)
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MOPED : A Mobile Open Platform for Experimental Design of Cyber-Physical Systems
- 2014
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Ingår i: The 40th Euromicro Conference on Software Engineering and Advanced Applications SEAA 2014. - 9781479957941 ; , s. 423-430
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Due to the increasing importance of cyber-physical and embedded systems in industry, there is a strong demand for engineers with an updated knowledge on contemporary technology and methods in the area. This is a challenge for educators, in particular when it comes to creating hands-on experiences of real systems, due to their complexity and the fact that they are usually proprietary. Therefore, a laboratory environment that is representative of the industrial solutions is needed, with a focus on software and systems engineering issues. This paper describes such an environment, called the Mobile Open Platform for Experimental Design (MOPED). It consists of a model car chassis, equipped with a network of three control units based on standard hardware, and running the automotive software standard AUTOSAR, which consists of operating system, middleware, and application software structures. It is equipped with various sensors and actuators, and is open to extensions both in hardware and software. It also contains elements of future systems, since it allows connectivity to cloud services, development of federated embedded systems, and continuous deployment of new functionality. In this way, the platform provides a very relevant learning environment for cyber-physical systems, today and in the future.
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
- Axelsson, Jakob
(författare)
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On how to deal with uncertainty when architecting embedded software and systems
- 2011. - 5
-
Ingår i: Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 6903. - Berlin, Heidelberg : Lecture Notes in Computer Science 6903, Springer. - 9783642237973 ; , s. 199-202
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper discusses the topic of uncertainty in the context of architecting embedded software and systems. It presents links between complexity and uncertainty, and identifies different kinds of uncertainty. Based on this, it elaborates why uncertainty arises in the architecting of software-intensive systems, and presents ten different tactics that can be employed to deal with uncertainty and mitigate the associated risks.
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| 17. |
- Axelsson, Jakob, et al.
(författare)
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On the Conceptual Design of a Dynamic Component Model for Reconfigurable AUTOSAR Systems
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Proceedings<em> of the 5th Workshop on Adaptive and Reconfigurable Embedded Systems</em>.
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The automotive industry has recently developed the embedded software standard AUTOSAR, which is now being introduced widely in production vehicles. The standard structures the application into reusable components that can be deployed in a specific vehicle using a configuration scheme. However, this configuration takes place at design time, with no provision for dynamically installing components to reconfigure the system. In this paper, we present the conceptual design of a dynamic component model that extends an AUTOSAR based control unit with the possibility to add plug-in components that execute on a virtual machine. This concept is intended to give benefits in terms of much shorter deployment time for new functions, even into vehicles that have already been produced. Further, it creates opportunities for vehicles to take part in federated embedded systems together with other products. It also opens up a market for third-party developers, and fosters open innovation in an ecosystem around the automotive software business.
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| 18. |
- Axelsson, Jakob
(författare)
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Towards a process maturity model for evolutionary architecting of embedded system product lines
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of the Fourth European Conference on Software Architecture. - New York : ACM Press. ; , s. 36-42
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Many companies developing embedded systems and software as part of a product line struggle with how to improve their architecting practices to deal with increasing complexity. As the amount of legacy systems from previous products increases, the architecting becomes more and more evolutionary. This paper develops a process maturity model for evolutionary architecting, that can be used by an organization to improve its practices. The model is based on the Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI) which is instantiated to suit the architecting needs. Through this instantiation and simplification, it becomes feasible also for a small architecting team to systematically improve its maturity without dealing with the full CMMI. It is shown how the resulting maturity model addresses a number of issues previously collected from industrial case studies. The method is evaluated by performing maturity evaluations at several companies.
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| 19. |
- Axén, Jakob, et al.
(författare)
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Efforts to improve detection sensitivity for capillary electrophoresis coupled to atmospheric pressure photoionization mass spectrometry.
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry. - : John Wiley & Sons Ltd. - 0951-4198 .- 1097-0231. ; 24:9, s. 1260-1264
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Electrospray ionization performs best with volatile buffers. However, generally the best separation performance for capillary electrophoresis (CE) is achieved with non-volatile buffers. Hyphenation of CE with mass spectrometry (MS) utilizing atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) enables use of a wider range of separation buffers without compromising detection sensitivity. As APPI is considered to be mass flow sensitive, the use of a larger inner diameter separation capillary (75 microm) allows larger volumes to be injected, without decreased separation performance, thus providing improved sensitivity (approx. a factor of 10), compared to the use of a 25 microm capillary. However, nebulizing gas flow and position of capillary tip in the sprayer have to be carefully optimized to prevent excessive band broadening. Further improvement in sensitivity (approx. a factor of 2) was obtained by decreasing the distance between the sprayer and ionization region, indicating that a specially designed CE/APPI-MS interface for low flow rates will be favourable.
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| 20. |
- Broström, Robert, et al.
(författare)
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Correlation between safety assessments in the driver-car interaction design process
- 2011
-
Ingår i: Applied Ergonomics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0003-6870 .- 1872-9126. ; 42:4, s. 575-582
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- With the functional revolution in modern cars, evaluation methods to be used in all phases of driver-car interaction design have gained importance. It is crucial for car manufacturers to discover and solve safety issues early in the interaction design process. A current problem is thus to find a correlation between the formative methods that are used during development and the summative methods that are used when the product has reached the customer. This paper investigates the correlation between efficiency metrics from summative and formative evaluations, where the results of two studies on sound and navigation system tasks are compared. The first, an analysis of the J.D. Power and Associates APEAL survey, consists of answers given by about two thousand customers. The second, an expert evaluation study, was done by six evaluators who assessed the layouts by task completion time, TLX and Nielsen heuristics. The results show a high degree of correlation between the studies in terms of task efficiency, i.e. between customer ratings and task completion time, and customer ratings and TLX. However, no correlation was observed between Nielsen heuristics and customer ratings, task completion time or TLX. The results of the studies introduce a possibility to develop a usability evaluation framework that includes both formative and summative approaches, as the results show a high degree of consistency between the different methodologies. Hence, combining a quantitative approach with the expert evaluation method, such as task completion time, should be more useful for driver-car interaction design.
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| 21. |
- Charpentier, Julius, et al.
(författare)
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Ung och positiv : om unga hivpositivas livssituation
- 2010
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Det blir allt fler personer som lever med hiv idag tack vare de nya bromsmedicinerna som kom i mitten på 1990-talet. Det sker även en ökning av antalet personer som bor i Sverige som smittas av hiv, speciellt män som har sex med män. Samtidigt ser det ut som om fl er yngre personer blir smittade och att dessa personer inte har nåtts av det traditionella hivpreventiva arbetet. Dessutom saknas det kunskap om hur unga personer med hiv lever.Detta är upprinnelsen till att SRHR (Sexuell och Reproduktiv Hälsa och Rättigheter) har gjort en studie om gruppen.Studien erbjuder intressant läsning då den visar på ett paradigmskifte när det gäller livssituationen för de unga som får hiv nu gentemot de som fi ck hiv tidigare. Personerna i studien anser bland annat att hiv inte är den dominerande faktorn i deras liv utan de väljer att fortsätta leva sitt liv som innan de fi ck hiv och på samma sätt som deras jämnåriga vänner gör. De fl esta är inte med i någon förening för hivpositiva. De upplever kontakten med behandlande läkare som positiv och viktig, men vill gärna ha övrig information och kontakt genom internet.
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| 22. |
- Dersten, Sara, et al.
(författare)
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An empirical study of refactoring decisions in embedded software and systems
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Procedia Computer Science. - : Elsevier BV. - 1877-0509. ; 8, s. 279-284
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper describes an empirical study of decision-making when changing the architecture in embedded systems. A refactoring of the system architecture often gives effects on both system properties and functions in the company organization, and there is a lack of efficient analysis methods for decision support in the system architecture process. This study investigates the information needed to make a decision about a system refactoring. Scenario-based interviews have been conducted with managers and system architects from companies developing embedded systems. The results show that the companies investigate similar issues regardless of their industry sector. The most wanted information prior to a decision is also presented.
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| 23. |
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| 24. |
- Dersten, Sara, et al.
(författare)
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Analysis of the Business Effects of Software Architecture Refactoring in an Automotive Development Organization
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Proceedings - 36th EUROMICRO Conference on Software Engineering and Advanced Applications, SEAA 2010. - 9780769541709 ; , s. 269-278
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents an exploratory study of an automotive manufacturer, which develops embedded software for over 150 products and has adopted a company-wide software product-line approach. The company is facing the introduction of a new software architecture in all products in near time. This architecture introduces new paradigms more explicitly, such as explicit software components and signal-based communication, newer technologies, and adheres to new standards. Concretely, the architecture consists of common infrastructure and other generic components. Such a fundamental and drastic technology change can be expected to have far-reaching consequences, both of technical and non-technical nature. In this study we systematically investigate the introduction of the new software architecture, by mapping individual elements of the architectural change to system properties and company functions. The study implies that the whole organization is affected, and the new architecture also influences the cooperation with suppliers.
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| 25. |
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| 26. |
- Dersten, Sara, et al.
(författare)
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Effect Analysis of the Introduction of AUTOSAR - a Systematic Literature Review
- 2011
-
Ingår i: Proceedings - Software Engineering and Advanced Applications (SEAA), 2011 37th EUROMICRO. - 9780769544885 ; , s. 239-
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Many complex software-intensive systems have a long life time, and undergo substantial evolution. These evolutions are either additions of functionality or system refactoring, i.e., updating the architecture to improve quality attributes without changing functionality. However, the return of investment for such a system refactoring is not easily measured due to a lack of understanding of its effects. In order to improve our understanding of these effects, we have conducted a systematic literature review of the reported effects of one such refactoring: the introduction of AUTOSAR, an open automotive software architecture standard. The effects include both benefits, like lower complexity and more efficient system development, and costs, like performance risks. We have investigated how the effects depend on different elements in AUTOSAR, and how the reports correspond to the stated objectives of the standard. It is also discussed to what extent these effects can be generalized to other types of refactoring.
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| 27. |
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| 28. |
- Dersten, Sara
(författare)
-
Towards a guideline for refactoring of embedded systems
- 2012
-
Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The electronics in automotive systems give great possibilities. It has contributed to environmental improvements through reduced emissions and reduced fuel consumption, safety, driver assistance, and quality through better diagnostic capabilities. Automotive systems are today distributed embedded systems that consist of several nodes that communicate with each other. The increasing possibilities have led to a situation where functions that used to be stand-alone, are today dependent on several inter-connected systems which all contribute to the desired functionality. This has increased the costs and the complexity to deal with the systems. The automotive industry is adopting a new open software architecture, called AUTOSAR, that is intended to reduce the complexity. AUTOSAR also gives possibilities for coping with large product ranges and for component sharing. The introduction of AUTOSAR is an example of an architecture change without modifying the external functionality. We have chosen to call such changes system refactoring. However, if the introduction of AUTOSAR is not successfully performed, there are risks for delayed development projects, which are costly for the automotive companies. Unfortunately, existing engineering standards and literature focus mostly on new product development and less on system re-factoring, and this gap needs to be filled. The goal of this research is to provide guidelines for refactoring, which provides support throughout the complete process of system architects in efforts to refactor the system. This thesis identifies the characteristics of refactoring processes. This is done by empirical studies of the drivers behind refactoring, the effects we can expect from refactoring, and the process activities and characteristics. The result can be used to create guidelines for improving the work of refactoring.
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| 29. |
- Gustavsson, Håkan, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
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A Comparative Case Study of Architecting Practices in the Embedded Software Industry
- 2011
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of 18th IEEE International Conference and Workshops on Engineering of Computer-Based Systems. - 9780769543796 ; , s. 226-231
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The goal of this study is to improve the understanding of how architecting is performed within the field of software-intensive systems. Architects at six different internationally well-known companies have been interviewed to understand their way of working. This paper presents the practices that are found most successful. The context of the different companies as well as the architecting practices are compared and analyzed. Many of the architecting practices found in the study can be explained by the context of the different companies. The study shows that architects at all companies mention a general lack of understanding of software-intensive systems within industries that used to be mechanical. The architects' view of their work is very similar independently of where they work. Also the way architecting is performed is very similar, but surprisingly only one company has a defined process for architecting.
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| 30. |
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| 31. |
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| 32. |
- Gustavsson, Håkan, et al.
(författare)
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Architecting Complex Embedded Systems : An Industrial Case Study
- 2011
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Ingår i: 2011 IEEE International Systems Conference, SysCon 2011 - Proceedings. - : IEEE. - 9781424494927 ; , s. 472-478
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper studies the current state of architecting practices in three different industrial segments which are characterized by being software-intensive. The context of the six different companies as well as the architecting practices are compared and analyzed. The methods used to solve the tasks within the architecting process are mapped to the context where it has been used in industry. An analysis of the case study indicates how different methods are more suitable in different environments. Many of the successful practices found in the study can be explained by external factors related to the context of the different companies. Others relate to the internal structure of the organization, including its maturity which is measured by assessment through an adaption of the Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI).
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| 33. |
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| 34. |
- Gustavsson, Håkan, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluation of Design Options in Embedded Automotive Product Lines
- 2010
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Ingår i: Applied Software Product Line Engineering. - Boca Raton : Auerbach Publications. - 9781420068412 ; , s. 477-496
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This chapter discusses how to deal with scenarios as previous presented by putting a value on flexibility in the system solution. Thereby, it becomes clearer when to focus on short-term solutions and when to keep the long-term evolution of a product line in mind. The approach taken is to evaluate flexibility using a concept called Real Options. The method is motivated and described by using as an example an industrial area where very complex product lines occur, namely automotive embedded systems. To improve the usability of the method, a structured evaluation process is defined to aid practitioners such as developers and architects. The evaluation process provides a way of valuing system designs and enables the practitioner to think about the future in a systematic manner. The value of a flexible design can thereby be quantified, and the proposed process shows how it can be accepted by practitioners within the automotive industry.
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| 35. |
- Gustavsson, Håkan, et al.
(författare)
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Improving the system architecting process through the use of Lean tools
- 2010
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Ingår i: Portland International Conference on Management of Engineering and Technology. - Phuket, Thailand. - 1890843229 ; , s. 1601-1607
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The impact of embedded systems within the automotive industry has grown very rapidly and is today influencing most part of the product development process. This technological change puts high demands on the development process in order for the company to stay competitive. The architecting process is performed during the early phases of the development process when uncertainty is very high. The architecting process will not create immediate value to the end customer, but rather create the architecture on which value in terms of product features can be developed. The architecture will enable value creation when working properly or, in the worst case, prevent value creation. Lean is a product development philosophy that aims at creating value for the end customer. A Lean tool used to improve the value creation within a process is Value Stream Mapping (VSM). VSM has in this work been adapted and evaluated to analyze and identify improvements of the architecting process within embedded systems development. In this paper we present practical experiences from using this adapted VSM. The evaluation was conducted through interviews at two automotive manufacturers. VSM is shown to be a valuable tool to identify waste and thereby improve the architecting process.
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| 36. |
- Gustavsson, Håkan, 1977-
(författare)
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Lean Thinking Applied to System Architecting
- 2011
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Software intensive systems are an increasing part of new products, which make the business impact significant. This is especially true for the automotive industry where a very large part of new innovations are realized through the use of software. The architecture of the software intensive system will enable value creation when working properly or, in the worst case, prevent value creation. Lean thinking is about focusing on the increase of customer value and on the people who add value. This thesis investigates how system architecting is performed in industry and how it can be improved by the use of Lean thinking. The architecting process does not create immediate value to the end customer, but rather create the architecture on which value in terms of product features and functionality can be developed. A Lean tool used to improve the value creation within a process is Value Stream Mapping (VSM). We present a method based on VSM which is adapted to enable analysis of the architecting process in order to identify improvements. A study of architecting at two companies shows what effect differences such as a strong line organization or a strong project organization has on the architecting process. It also shows what consequence technical choices and business strategy have on the architecting process. In order to improve the understanding of how architecting is performed a study including architects at six different internationally well-known companies have been interviewed. The study presents the practices that are found most successful. The context of the different companies as well as the architecting practices are compared and analyzed. The early design decisions made when developing software-intensive systems are crucial to the outcome of development projects. In order to improve the decision making process a method was developed based on Real Options. The method improves the customer focus of critical design decision by taking the value of flexibility into account. This thesis provides a toolbox of knowledge on how Lean thinking can be applied to system architecting and also presents how architecting is performed in industry today.
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| 37. |
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| 38. |
- Kobetski, Avenir, et al.
(författare)
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Federated Embedded Systems – a review of the literature in related fields
- 2012. - 10
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This report is concerned with the vision of smart interconnected objects, a vision that has attracted much attention lately. In this paper, embedded, interconnected, open, and heterogeneous control systems are in focus, formally referred to as Federated Embedded Systems. To place FES into a context, a review of some related research directions is presented. This review includes such concepts as systems of systems, cyber-physical systems, ubiquitous computing, internet of things, and multi-agent systems. Interestingly, the reviewed fields seem to overlap with each other in an increasing number of ways.
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| 39. |
- Kobetski, Avenir, et al.
(författare)
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Federated Robust Embedded Systems: Concepts and Challenges
- 2012. - 6
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The development within the area of embedded systems (ESs) is moving rapidly, not least due to falling costs of computation and communication equipment. It is believed that increased communication opportunities will lead to the future ESs no longer being parts of isolated products, but rather parts of larger communities or federations of ESs, within which information is exchanged for the benefit of all participants. This vision is asserted by a number of interrelated research topics, such as the internet of things, cyber-physical systems, systems of systems, and multi-agent systems. In this work, the focus is primarily on ESs, with their specific real-time and safety requirements. While the vision of interconnected ESs is quite promising, it also brings great challenges to the development of future systems in an efficient, safe, and reliable way. In this work, a pre-study has been carried out in order to gain a better understanding about common concepts and challenges that naturally arise in federations of ESs. The work was organized around a series of workshops, with contributions from both academic participants and industrial partners with a strong experience in ES development. During the workshops, a portfolio of possible ES federation scenarios was collected, and a number of application examples were discussed more thoroughly on different abstraction levels, starting from screening the nature of interactions on the federation level and proceeding down to the implementation details within each ES. These discussions led to a better understanding of what can be expected in the future federated ESs. In this report, the discussed applications are summarized, together with their characteristics, challenges, and necessary solution elements, providing a ground for the future research within the area of communicating ESs.
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| 40. |
- Kobetski, Avenir, et al.
(författare)
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On the Technological and Methodological Concepts of Federated Embedded Systems
- 2013
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Ingår i: First Open EIT ICT Labs Workshop on Cyber-Physical Systems Engineering. - Trento, Italy.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Traditionally embedded systems are developed with a specific control task in mind, and are able to affect only a limited set of actuators, based on measurements from a limited set of sensors. With the arrival of cheap and efficient communication technology, this traditional picture is starting to change. It is our belief that future embedded systems will interact with each other, forming federations to provide new emergent services to their users. With this in mind, a pre-study was performed to discern the main concepts of such federations and the related challenges that need to be addressed. This has led to two parallel research directions, presented in this paper. One is focusing on the enabling technology that is needed for dynamic creation of new types of federations, while the other deals with the methodological concepts for creation of ecosystems in which federations of embedded systems can be dynamically formed.
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| 41. |
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| 42. |
- Kobetski, Avenir, et al.
(författare)
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Paving the Way for Apps in Vehicles
- 2013
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Ingår i: ERCIM News. - : ERCIM News. - 0926-4981 .- 1564-0094. ; :94
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 43. |
- Lindström, Martin, et al.
(författare)
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Experience of violation during the past 3 months, social capital, and self-rated health: A population-based study.
- 2012
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health. - : SAGE Publications. - 1651-1905 .- 1403-4948. ; 40:8, s. 753-760
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: The objective was to investigate the association between experience of violation during the past 3 months and self-rated health, taking trust (social capital), economic stress, and country of birth and parents' country of birth into account. Design/setting/participants/measurements: The 2008 public health survey in Skåne is a cross-sectional study with 55% response rate. A random sample was approached using a postal questionnaire, and 28,198 persons aged 18-80 responded. Logistic regression models investigated associations between experience of violation during the past 3 months and self-rated health. Results: A 27.4% proportion of the men and 30.0% of the women reported less than good health. Less than good health was significantly higher in older age groups, among persons born outside Sweden, with low education, economic stress, low trust in other people, and experience of violation during the past 3 months. The group with experience of violation at one occasion during the past 3 months had odds ratio 1.76 (95% CI 1.57-1.97) of less than good health among men and odds ratio 1.78 (95% CI 1.62-1.96) among women, while the group with experience of violation two or more times during the past 3 months had odds ratio 4.28 (95% CI 3.36-5.44) among men and 3.54 (95% CI 2.89-4.35) among women in the final multiple analyses. Conclusions: Experience of violation during the past 3 months is significantly associated with less than good health, which is a finding with important policy implications.
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| 44. |
- Lindström, Martin, et al.
(författare)
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Sexual orientation, social capital and daily tobacco smoking: a population-based study.
- 2014
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Ingår i: BMC Public Health. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1471-2458. ; 14:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Studies have suggested poorer health in the homosexual and bisexual groups compared to heterosexuals. Tobacco smoking, which is a health-related behavior associated with psychosocial stress, may be one explanation behind such health differences. Social capital, i.e. the generalized trust in other people and social participation/social networks which decreases the costs of social interaction, has been suggested to affect health through psychosocial pathways and through norms connected with health related behaviours, The aim of this study is to investigate the association between sexual orientation and daily tobacco smoking, taking social capital into account and analyzing the attenuation of the logit after the introduction of social participation, trust and their combination in the models.
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| 45. |
- Malm, Annika, 1970, et al.
(författare)
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The association of drinking water treatment and distribution network disturbances with Health Call Centre contacts for gastrointestinal illness symptoms
- 2013
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Ingår i: Water Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0043-1354 .- 1879-2448. ; 47:13, s. 4474-4484
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There are relatively few studies on the association between disturbances in drinking waterservices and symptoms of gastrointestinal (GI) illness. Health Call Centres data concerningGI illness may be a useful source of information. This study investigates if there is anincreased frequency of contacts with the Health Call Centre (HCC) concerning gastrointestinal symptoms at times when there is a risk of impaired water quality due to disturbances at water works or the distribution network. The study was conducted inGothenburg, a Swedish city with 0.5 million inhabitants with a surface water source ofdrinking water and two water works. All HCC contacts due to GI symptoms (diarrhoea,vomiting or abdominal pain) were recorded for a three-year period, including also sex, age,and geocoded location of residence. The number of contacts with the HCC in the affectedgeographical areas were recorded during eight periods of disturbances in the water works(e.g. short stops of chlorine dosing), six periods of large disturbances in the distributionnetwork (e.g. pumping station failure or pipe breaks with major consequences), and 818pipe break and leak repairs over a three-year period. For each period of disturbance theobserved number of calls was compared with the number of calls during a control periodwithout disturbances in the same geographical area. In total about 55, 000 calls to the HCCdue to GI symptoms were recorded over the three-year period, 35 per 1000 inhabitants andyear, but much higher (>200) for children
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| 46. |
- Ni, Ze, et al.
(författare)
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Design and Implementation of a Dynamic Component Model for Federated AUTOSAR Systems
- 2014
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Ingår i: Proceedings - Design Automation Conference, 2014. - New York, NY, USA : ACM. - 9781479930173 ; , s. Article number 2593121-
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The automotive industry has recently agreed upon the embedded software standard AUTOSAR, which structures an application into reusable components that can be deployed using a configuration scheme. However, this configuration takes place at design time, with no provision for dynamically installing components to reconfigure the system. In this paper, we present the design and implementation of a dynamic component model that extends AUTOSAR with the possibility to add plug-in components at runtime. This opens up for shorter deployment time for new functions; opportunities for vehicles to participate in federated embedded systems; and involvement of third-party software developers.
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| 47. |
- Ozkaya, Ipek, et al.
(författare)
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Architecture knowledge management during system evolution: observations from practitioners
- 2010
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 2010 ICSE Workshop on Sharing and Reusing Architectural Knowledge. - New York, NY, USA : ACM. - 9781605589671 ; , s. 52-59
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- It is widely accepted that awareness of architectural decisions enables better management and planning of system evolution, refactoring, and modernization efforts. In this paper we report data from interviews with software architects about how practitioners utilize architecture during system evolution. Our results show, despite the widely shared view that long-lived systems are better off with strong architectures; basic architecture-centric practices are not followed systematically. The key gap we observe is in correct and timely communication of architectural issues. This overall finding is not surprising. However, our data also contributes to how architecture knowledge management activities can be focused for most benefit throughout a system's lifespan. While the often-referenced problem is lack of time spent on documentation and design practices, our interviews show that lack of quality attribute reasoning early on, and during the lifespan of the system is a key contributor to failing to use architecture knowledge effectively during evolution.
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| 48. |
- Papatheocharous, Efi, et al.
(författare)
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Issues and challenges in ecosystems for federated embedded systems
- 2013
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Ingår i: 1st ACM SIGSOFT/SIGPLAN International Workshop on Software Engineering for Systems-of-Systems, SESoS 2013 Proceedings. - New York, NY, USA : ACM. - 9781450320481 ; , s. 21-24
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper discusses how Systems of Systems (SoS) can be constructed by linking together embedded computers in constituent systems to create complex but more flexible and adaptable systems. The approach of software system development is called Federated Embedded Systems (FES) and their revolved ecosystem of players is presented, aiming to ensure quality in engineering SoS. Ecosystems for Federated Embedded Systems (EcoFES) comprise a new area of research that scales component-based software development for embedded software into new dimensions. The proposed ecosystem dimension introduces an open, flexible and adaptable SoS architecture for improving the process of FES development. In the paper, we identify some architectural challenges and discuss the implications of scaling from a closed ecosystem to an open one, providing open collaboration and innovation in the context of FES.
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| 49. |
- Rylander, David, et al.
(författare)
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Energy savings by wireless control of speed, scheduling and travel times for hauling operation
- 2014
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Ingår i: IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium, Proceedings. - : IEEE. - 9781479936380 ; , s. 1115-1120
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- A Quarry and Aggregate production site consist of sequential production processes and activities to process and produce the output products. Compared to a fixed manufacturing plant, the quarry processes involve mobile machines such as wheel loaders, trucks and articulated haulers and a highly dynamic road infrastructure. Today, the mobile machines are generally not synchronized or controlled towards the overall throughput of the site in real time. This indicates a general improvement potential in increased productivity at quarry sites, but also unsolved challenges for the same reason. Assuming a wireless control system that controls speed and throughput of the different processes and activities, there would be a fuel reduction potential in controlling the mobile machines. This optimization requires models of machine fuel consumption for different applications, velocities and travel times. The main contribution of this paper is the presentation of fuel measurements based on different speeds, site application characteristics and travel times for hauling operation. The fuel measures reveal important aspects regarding how different velocities impact fuel consumption. The results of fuel measurements show a potential in fuel savings of up to 42% and a typical improvement of 20-30% depending on machine speeds, travel times, application and site characteristics. Based on this, some of the applications and challenges in wirelessly controlling machines are discussed.
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| 50. |
- Rylander, David, et al.
(författare)
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LEAN METHOD TO IDENTIFY IMPROVEMENTS FOR OPERATION CONTROL AT QUARRY SITES
- 2013. - 6
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Ingår i: 30th International Symposium of Automation and Robotics in Construction and Mining (ISARC 2013). - 9781926872162
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The operation of Quarry and Aggregate sites are similar to factory production, since it contains sequential production processes, tasks and activities to produce the output product. Compared to the plant though, the quarry processes are generally not synchronized and controlled towards the overall throughput of the site in real time. Some quarries control parts of the production but do generally not utilize real-time technologies for the whole site and all its activities. This fact indicates a general improvement potential in increased productivity at quarry sites, but also unsolved challenges for the same reason. The main contribution of this paper is the presentation of a Lean based method for how to describe the processes to identify control improvement potential within a site. The aim of the identified improvements is to increase overall site productivity by optimizing site, fleet and machine utilization towards the overall throughput, and minimizing operational expenses and inventories. Further the paper exemplifies the methodÂ’s usability with field studies at operational quarry plants successfully identifying and quantifying potential wastes and improvements. In addition the identified productivity improvements based on increased control and automation indicate challenges and needs in wireless communication and sensing technologies.
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