| 1. |
- Rylander, David, et al.
(författare)
-
Lean Speed Optimization Applied to a Cyclic Haul Operation
- 2016
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cyclic haul operations are iterative transport operations, often performed by several haulers in a production work step. Cyclic haul operations are common in mining and quarry operations where the purpose of the haul work step is to move mass a relatively short distance e.g., from blasted rock supplies to the mass crushing and separation facility. The operation can include one or several haulers that perform the work simultaneously. When several haulers are used, they are generally not synchronized in an optimized way and operative variations and changes continuously affects the operation. An example of such variations can be that the driving speed and time required for certain maneuvers varies depending on driver skills and machine capacity. An operative change can be that the loading position is moved, leading to changed routes and varying distances. The operative characteristics of the haul work step indicates that there rarely exists a static state that the operators can learn to do efficiently. Our previous research has shown that haul operations can have a fuel reduction potential of up to 40%, depending on the operation characteristics and wastes such as unnecessary stops and waiting. This paper presents and assesses a system solution in a decentralized control system that calculates and advices operators with a speed for just in time arrival to a destination. The purpose of the system is to reduce fuel consumption with an obtained production rate. The system assessment shows that while production rate is obtained, fuel is reduced by up to 20% compared to base line operation in a simple quarry haul work step, including three haulers.
|
|
| 2. |
- Axelsson, Jakob
(författare)
-
A refined terminology on system-of-systems substructure and constituent system states
- 2019
-
Ingår i: 2019 14th Annual Conference System of Systems Engineering, SoSE 2019. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. - 9781728104577 ; , s. 31-36
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the field of systems-of-systems (SoS) engineering, there is broad agreement on a few characterizations, and these are currently being standardized. However, many aspects in the field still lack an established terminology. In particular, there are unclarities related to the internal structure of an SoS, and on the internal states of constituent systems. In this paper, a refined terminology is therefore proposed, which covers the internal substructure of an SoS; the states of constituent systems in relation to those substructures; and how it relates to hierarchical levels. This terminology can also be used to classify the characteristics of an SoS through different metrics. The terminology is illustrated through three examples of SoS applications in various domains. © 2019 IEEE.
|
|
| 3. |
- Axelsson, Jakob
(författare)
-
A systematic mapping of the research literature on system-of-systems engineering
- 2015. - 6
-
Ingår i: 2015 10th System of Systems Engineering Conference (SoSE). - 9781479976119 ; , s. 18-23
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The research area systems-of-systems engineering has increased rapidly over the last decade and now contains a substantial body of literature. To get an overview of the field, a systematic mapping of the literature has been done, covering over 3000 papers. It revealed a field massively dominated by US researchers, with an emphasis on military and space systems. A large number of people are involved, but few researchers focus on the area, and citations are fairly low compared to other fields. Important research topics include architecture, modeling and simulation, integration and interoperability, communication, sustainability, and safety and security. There are signs of immaturity within the research area, and it is recommended that existing venues are complemented with an international scientific event with very high standards for submissions.
|
|
| 4. |
- Axelsson, Jakob, et al.
(författare)
-
An analysis of systems-of-systems opportunities and challenges related to mobility in smart cities
- 2018
-
Ingår i: 2018 13th System of Systems Engineering Conference, SoSE 2018. - 9781538648766 ; , s. 132-137
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Urbanization is one of the major current trends in society. Cities around the world are looking into 'smart' solutions based on information and communication technology to deal with the challenges that result from this development. Mobility is one of the most important areas to address, and system-of-systems solutions where vehicles and infrastructure are connected have a potential to improve urban transportation in many aspects. In this paper, current initiatives related to mobility in smart cities around the world are surveyed, and this is complemented with input from focus groups of transportation stakeholders to identify the important aspects of the problem. Based on this, challenges related to the application of systems-ofsystems in urban mobility are identified.
|
|
| 5. |
- Axelsson, Jakob
(författare)
-
An initial analysis of operational emergent properties in a platooning system-of-systems
- 2018
-
Ingår i: 2018 Annual IEEE International Systems Conference (SysCon). - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. - 9781538636640
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- As systems-of-systems start to be more common in commercial applications, an analysis of emergent properties related to utility and cost for all stakeholders becomes critical. This paper describes an approach for this based on network simulation and game theory, which is applied to truck highway platooning. The emergent properties of energy efficiency and transport efficiency are studied as a consequence of the strategies for platoon formation, and it is shown that having information about the route planning of other vehicles has a significant positive effect on the properties. This indicates the need for a mediator in the platooning system-of-systems architecture. Its role is to communicate plans of the constituent systems.
|
|
| 6. |
- Axelsson, Jakob, et al.
(författare)
-
Architecting systems-of-systems and their constituents : A case study applying Industry 4.0 in the construction domain
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Systems Engineering. - : John Wiley and Sons Inc.. - 1098-1241 .- 1520-6858. ; 22:6, s. 455-470
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The development of system-of-systems (SoS) requires a continuous interplay between design decisions on the SoS level and those on the level of its constituent systems (CS), which often preexist and need to be adapted as the SoS evolves. This involves not only preparing the CS to participate in a particular SoS, but also designing the CS architecture to make it easily adaptable to a future SoS context. The problem is in part addressed in an emerging SoS framework in the manufacturing domain called Industry 4.0. It focuses on connected and digitalized production with the ambition of increasing flexibility and efficiency. This paper investigates how Industry 4.0 standards can be used in an SoS context to make CS more flexible and adaptive, and evaluates their usefulness outside manufacturing. The study is based on a case from the construction domain, for which a generic SoS architecture is developed. Several extensions and adaptations of Industry 4.0 are suggested, including specifications of ontologies for missions and workflows. © 2019 The Authors.
|
|
| 7. |
- Axelsson, Jakob
(författare)
-
Architectural Allocation Alternatives and Associated Concerns in Cyber-Physical Systems : A Case Study
- 2015. - 9
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of the 2015 European Conference on Software Architecture Workshops (ECSAW '15). - New York, NY, USA : ACM. - 9781450333931
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cyber-physical systems is an extension of traditional embedded systems, where communication to the outside world is given more emphasis. This leads to a new design space also for software development, allowing new allocation strategies for functionality. In traditional embedded systems, all functionality was inside the product, but now it becomes possible to partition the software between the embedded systems and IT systems outside the product. This paper investigates, through a case study from the automotive domain, possible new allocation alternatives where computation is offloaded from the embedded system to a server, and what additional architectural concerns this leads to, including performance, resource utilization, robustness, and lifecycle aspects. In addition, the paper addresses new opportunities created by allocating functionality outside the embedded systems, and thus making data available for extended services, as well as the larger concerns that result on the organizational level, including new competency in architecture and DevOps.
|
|
| 8. |
- Axelsson, Jakob
(författare)
-
Business models and roles for mediating services in a truck platooning system-of-systems
- 2019
-
Ingår i: 2019 14th Annual Conference System of Systems Engineering, SoSE 2019. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. - 9781728104577 ; , s. 113-118
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Platooning of trucks on motorways has been proposed as a method of reducing fuel consumption. It requires communication between the trucks to control the distance between them. However, this system-of-systems (SoS) cannot only contain the trucks, but also needs to include mediating off-board services for match-making to find suitable constellations of trucks, and for creating platooning incentives by distributing the profit made equally among the constituent systems. This paper analyzes what actors in the SoS would be suitable to operate these services, and also business models that cover the cost for their implementation and operation. It concludes that the truck OEMs have a vital role in creating the mediating services, and that a suitable business model would be based on usage fees for the services rather than upfront payment for platooning equipment.
|
|
| 9. |
- Axelsson, Jakob
(författare)
-
Experiences of using linked data and ontologies for operational data sharing in systems-of-systems
- 2019
-
Ingår i: SysCon 2019 - 13th Annual IEEE International Systems Conference, Proceedings. - Orlando, Florida, United States : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. - 9781538683965
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper addresses the problem of exchanging complex data between the constituent systems in a system-of-systems. This is necessary to ensure that they have compatible understandings of the world surrounding them and entails a need for semantic interoperability between the constituents. Through a case study of a road construction system-of-systems, the world wide web technologies of linked data and ontologies are explored as a framework for data representation and exchange. This data includes several broad categories, such as assets, interfaces, organizations, capabilities, missions, and observations, as well as various properties of those. It is also discussed how the constituents can use this data for reasoning and decision making. The results have been validated through a simulation-based research prototype of the road construction case, from which experiences are reported.
|
|
| 10. |
- Axelsson, Jakob
(författare)
-
Game Theory Applications in Systems-of-Systems Engineering : A Literature Review and Synthesis
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Procedia Computer Science. - : Elsevier BV. - 1877-0509. ; 153, s. 154-165
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Systems-of-systems (SoS) are becoming increasingly common in more and more domains, spreading from the initial focus on government-controlled areas such as defense to open market industries. This implies that collaborative SoS are becoming more important, where the constituents need to be given incentives to join and remain within the SoS. Game theory has been proposed as a framework to model and analyze such SoS mechanisms. It aims at providing such incentives to the independently operated and managed constituents. This paper presents a systematic literature review on the applications of game theory to SoS engineering, together with a synthesis aiming at capturing the best practices for such an analysis. The main conclusions are that game theory can be applied to SoS in a wide range of application areas, and deal with problems related to acquisition, design, and operations. In particular, the operational formation of SoS are well suited for this kind of analysis, and this often requires the use of simulation techniques. However, most results in the field lack a validation in practice.
|
|
| 11. |
|
|
| 12. |
- Axelsson, Jakob, et al.
(författare)
-
Notes On Agile and Safety-Critical Development
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Software Engineering Notes. - : Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). - 0163-5948 .- 1943-5843. ; 41:2, s. 23-36
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Agile approaches have been highly influential to the software engineering practices in many organizations, and are increasingly being applied in larger companies, and for developing systems outside the pure software domain. To understand more about the current state of agile, its applications to safety-critical systems, and the consequences on innovation and large organizations, a seminar was organized in Stockholm in 2014. This paper gives an overview of the topics discussed at that seminar, a summary of the main results and suggestions for future work as input to a research agenda for agile development of safety-critical software.
|
|
| 13. |
- Axelsson, Jakob
(författare)
-
Proceedings of the 1st Scandinavian Workshop on the Engineering of Systems-of-Systems (SWESoS 2015)
- 2015. - 8
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The rapid digitization of society is to a large extent driven by the interconnection of existing systems in order to co-ordinate their activities. This leads to systems-of-systems (SoS), where the parts more or less voluntarily co-operate for mutual benefits while keeping their autonomy. The term SoS started to become relevant some 20 years ago, and accelerated as a research area about 10 years ago. Although some people tend to take SoS as a synonym for large and complex systems, the research community has arrived at a fairly precise characterization of the term. In an SoS, the elements, or constituent systems, exhibit an operational and managerial independence, meaning that they can operate outside the SoS context, and have different owners. They choose to collaborate in order to achieve a common goal, manifested as an emergent property of the SoS, i.e. a property not existent in any of its parts in isolation. The field so far has been dominated by US researchers focusing on military and space applications. Key topics include architecture, communications, interoperability, modeling and simulation, and also a number of properties where dependability attributes such as safety play an important role. From its origins in the government driven sectors, SoS are now spreading to civilian and commercial usage. To investigate the needs and strategies for Sweden in relation to SoS, VINNOVA in late 2014 commissioned a consortium led by the Swedish Institute of Computer Science (SICS) to develop a research and innovation agenda for the area. The agenda project has included an industrial perspective captured in a series of workshops with practitioners, and also a research perspective. The latter was handled through an extensive research literature review, which indicated a poor representation of Scandinavia in the SoS research community. Also, a survey was sent to all relevant Swedish universities, research institutes, and funding agencies, and the result of this was somewhat contradictory. Many researchers are indeed working on topics related to SoS, but often use different terms for it, and publish at other venues than the SoS community. Given the large, but scattered, activity in the highly multidisciplinary SoS area, SICS and the Swedish Chapter of the International Council on Systems Engineering (INCOSE) decided to organize the 1st Scandinavian Workshop on the Engineering of Systems of Systems (SWESoS 2015). The primary purpose of the workshop was to create a meeting place for researchers and practitioners interested in SoS. The workshop was intended to be an informal event, focusing on presentation of results and ongoing research, to stimulate interaction among the researchers. This proceedings volume contains the extended abstracts of those presentations. In many cases, the presentations are based on work already published elsewhere, and the interested reader can find links to more material in each contribution. The scope of the workshop was all aspects related to SoS engineering. This included, but was not restricted to, the following topics when applied to systems of systems: Autonomous and cooperative systems; Business models, including software ecosystems; Case studies of applications in different domains; Control strategies; Communication; Dependability, robustness, and other quality attributes; Enterprise architecture; Governance; Interoperability; Modeling and simulation, including multi-agent systems; Service oriented architecture; Systems engineering methods; and Systems thinking. In total, 16 papers were submitted to the workshop, and 13 were accepted for presentation, whereas the remaining three were somewhat outside the core scope of the event.
|
|
| 14. |
|
|
| 15. |
- Axelsson, Jakob, et al.
(författare)
-
Quality assurance in software ecosystems : A systematic literature mapping and research agenda
- 2015. - 11
-
Ingår i: Journal of Systems and Software. - : Elsevier BV. - 0164-1212 .- 1873-1228. ; 114, s. 69-81
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Abstract Software ecosystems are becoming a common model for software development in which different actors cooperate around a shared platform. However, it is not clear what the implications are on software quality when moving from a traditional approach to an ecosystem, and this is becoming increasingly important as ecosystems emerge in critical domains such as embedded applications. Therefore, this paper investigates the challenges related to quality assurance in software ecosystems, and identifies what approaches have been proposed in the literature. The research method used is a systematic literature mapping, which however only resulted in a small set of six papers. The literature findings are complemented with a constructive approach where areas are identified that merit further research, resulting in a set of research topics that form a research agenda for quality assurance in software ecosystems. The agenda spans the entire system life-cycle, and focuses on challenges particular to an ecosystem setting, which are mainly the results of the interactions across organizational borders, and the dynamic system integration being controlled by the users.
|
|
| 16. |
|
|
| 17. |
- Axelsson, Jakob
(författare)
-
Safety in Vehicle Platooning: A Systematic Literature Review
- 2017
-
Ingår i: IEEE transactions on intelligent transportation systems (Print). - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 1524-9050 .- 1558-0016. ; 18, s. 1033-1045
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Vehicle platooning has been studied for several decades, with objectives such as improved traffic throughput on existing infrastructure or reduced energy consumption. All the time, it has been apparent that safety is an important issue. However, there are no comprehensive analyses of what is needed to achieve safety in platooning, but only scattered pieces of information. This paper investigates, through a systematic literature review, what is known about safety for platooning, including what analysis methods have been used, what hazards and failures have been identified, and solution elements that have been proposed to improve safety. Based on this, a gap analysis is performed to identify outstanding questions that need to be addressed in future research. These include dealing with a business ecosystem of actors that cooperate and compete around platooning, refining safety analysis methods to make them suitable for systems-of-systems, dealing with variability in vehicles, and finding solutions to various human factors issues.
|
|
| 18. |
- Axelsson, Jakob
(författare)
-
Systems-of-systems for border-crossing innovation in the digitized society : A strategic research and innovation agenda for Sweden
- 2015
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This report constitutes a strategic research and innovation agenda for the area systems-of-systems. The agenda has been developed during the first half of 2015 in a project led by SICS Swedish ICT AB, in collaboration with INCOSE Sweden and a large number of representatives from industry and academia, with financial support from Vinnova. The overall conclusion of the agenda is: Sweden needs a world-leading capability to rapidly develop trustworthy systems-of-systems A system-of-systems (SoS) can informally be defined as a group of independent collaborating systems. The elements of an SoS, called constituent systems, retain an operational and managerial independence, but when combined in a certain way, they provide together a new capability that is emergent from their cooperation. There are many applications of SoS, often as a consequence of the digitization of society which opens new possibilities for system integration. Examples can be found within command and control systems for defense and civilian crisis management; construction and mining; manufacturing and the reindustrialization; transportation; and health care. System integration is traditionally a Swedish area of strength, and by improving SoS knowledge, competitive advantages can be reached. SoS is also an important enabler for innovation, through the ability to combine existing technical products, processes, and organizations in new ways. Having the ability for rapid SoS development is very important for businesses to bring new innovations to market. However, to advance the practice of SoS engineering, a number of challenges need to be addressed, including improving the theoretical foundations; the socio-technical aspects; architecture; modeling and simulation; interoperability; trust; business and legal aspects; development processes and methods; and standardization. As part of the agenda project, a survey has been done of international and Swedish research in the area. Internationally, the SoS field is dominated by US researchers, with a very strong focus on military and space applications. A large number of people are involved, but few persons focus on the area. In comparison, Sweden has entered the research area much later, and only now is attention growing. As is the case internationally, few researchers focus on SoS, and many of them do not even call their research SoS. Activities are scattered over many organizations throughout the country. Many of the researchers in SoS in Sweden come from a background in Software Engineering or Control Engineering, and this is in contrast with the international research, which has its basis in Systems Engineering. In Sweden, research topics such as business aspects (in particular innovation), control systems, governance, and Internet of Things are more pronounced than internationally. However, there is little research in Sweden on the underlying, fundamental principles of SoS engineering. This is likely to be in part a consequence of the funding strategies currently implemented. The analysis shows a broad but scattered Swedish research community lacking critical mass. There is a high competence in software and control engineering, and in empirical research methods, but the lack of systems engineering competence is alarming, since it is fundamental for desired advances, such as in the reindustrialization (Industry 4.0). To achieve the desired capability in SoS development requires knowledge, competence, and capacity, which are provided through substantially increased research and education actions. It is suggested that research in the area is organized as a national SoS center-of-centers that coordinates activities at different academic member organizations. This requires increased research funding. There is also an urgent need for education in systems engineering, systems thinking, and SoS. It is proposed that the center-of-centers also takes responsibility for this, by developing joint courses in those disciplines, including on-line courses for practitioners, and PhD schools for industrial and academic doctoral students. To complement this, societal actions are needed to remove obstacles for building SoS, and enforcing standards. Finally, it is necessary to create meeting places, including triple helix flagship projects, that can fuel the interactions between individuals and organizations interested in SoS.
|
|
| 19. |
- Axelsson, Jakob, et al.
(författare)
-
Towards a Risk Analysis Method for Systems-of-Systems Based on Systems Thinking
- 2018
-
Ingår i: IEEE Systems Conference SysCon2018. - : IEEE. - 9781538636640 ; , s. 1-8
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The characteristics of systems-of-systems (SoS) present fundamental challenges regarding properties such as safety, security, reliability, and robustness. This is due to the SoS nature where a collection of independent systems cooperate to fulfil certain high-level objectives. Risk analysis is thus an important activity in SoS engineering. This paper presents a risk analysis method which extends the existing STAMP safety analysis method that is based on systems thinking. Our extensions are aimed at coping with other risks than safety, and the usage is tailored to SoS. The method aims at deriving requirements on the constituent systems that will reduce the emergent risks on the SoS as a whole. The method has been applied to a case study of vehicle platooning.
|
|
| 20. |
- Axelsson, Jakob, et al.
(författare)
-
Towards a risk analysis method for systems-of-systems based on systems thinking
- 2018
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The characteristics of systems-of-systems (SoS) present fundamental challenges regarding properties such as safety, security, reliability, and robustness. This is due to the SoS nature where a collection of independent systems cooperate to fulfil certain high-level objectives. Risk analysis is thus an important activity in SoS engineering. This paper presents a risk analysis method which extends the existing STAMP safety analysis method that is based on systems thinking. Our extensions are aimed at coping with other risks than safety, and the usage is tailored to SoS. The method aims at deriving requirements on the constituent systems that will reduce the emergent risks on the SoS as a whole. The method has been applied to a case study of vehicle platooning.
|
|
| 21. |
- Axelsson, Jakob, et al.
(författare)
-
Towards a system-of-systems for improved road construction efficiency using lean and industry 4.0
- 2018
-
Ingår i: 2018 13th System of Systems Engineering Conference, SoSE 2018. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. - 9781538648766 ; , s. 576-582
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Road construction is a very large business segment, consuming enormous public funding every year and with significant environmental impacts. However, the rate of efficiency improvement during the last few decades has been negligible, whereas other industries, such as manufacturing, have seen very large improvements by applying automation and Leanbased flow optimization across the production system. In this paper, we outline a system-of-systems concept for road construction which applies similar principles as have previously proved successful in other industries. The paper identifies efficiency attributes and wastes in current practices, which lead to a conceptual solution that focuses on improved coordination of working machines. Technical elements from Industry 4.0 are considered as potential building blocks in this concept, identifying similarities and differences between the construction domain and other industries. Finally, challenges are identified, in particular within knowledge representation and information management.
|
|
| 22. |
- Axelsson, Jakob, et al.
(författare)
-
Towards the architecture of a decision support ecosystem for system component selection
- 2017
-
Ingår i: 11th Annual IEEE International Systems Conference, SysCon 2017 - Proceedings. - 9781509046225 - 9781509046232
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- When developing complex software-intensive systems, it is nowadays common practice to base the solution partly on existing software components. Selecting which components to use becomes a critical decision in development, but it is currently not well supported through methods and tools. This paper discusses how a decision support system for this problem could benefit from a software ecosystem approach, where participants share knowledge across organizations both through reuse of analysis models, and through partially disclosed past decision cases. We show how the ecosystem architecture becomes fundamental to deal with efficient knowledge sharing, while respecting constraints on integrity of intellectual property. A concrete architecture proposal is outlined, which is a web-based distributed system-of-systems. Experiences of a proof-of-concept implementation are also described.
|
|
| 23. |
- Borg, Markus, et al.
(författare)
-
Selecting component sourcing options : A survey of software engineering's broader make-or-buy decisions
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Information and Software Technology. - : Elsevier B.V.. - 0950-5849 .- 1873-6025. ; 112, s. 18-34
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Context: Component-based software engineering (CBSE) is a common approach to develop and evolve contemporary software systems. When evolving a system based on components, make-or-buy decisions are frequent, i.e., whether to develop components internally or to acquire them from external sources. In CBSE, several different sourcing options are available: (1) developing software in-house, (2) outsourcing development, (3) buying commercial-off-the-shelf software, and (4) integrating open source software components. Objective: Unfortunately, there is little available research on how organizations select component sourcing options (CSO) in industry practice. In this work, we seek to contribute empirical evidence to CSO selection. Method: We conduct a cross-domain survey on CSO selection in industry, implemented as an online questionnaire. Results: Based on 188 responses, we find that most organizations consider multiple CSOs during software evolution, and that the CSO decisions in industry are dominated by expert judgment. When choosing between candidate components, functional suitability acts as an initial filter, then reliability is the most important quality. Conclusion: We stress that future solution-oriented work on decision support has to account for the dominance of expert judgment in industry. Moreover, we identify considerable variation in CSO decision processes in industry. Finally, we encourage software development organizations to reflect on their decision processes when choosing whether to make or buy components, and we recommend using our survey for a first benchmarking.
|
|
| 24. |
- Borg, Markus, et al.
(författare)
-
Selecting Software Component Sourcing Options : Detailed Survey Description and Analysis
- 2018
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Component-based software engineering (CBSE) is a common approach to develop and evolve contemporary software systems. When evolving a system based on components, make-or-buy decisions are frequent, i.e., whether to develop components internally or to acquire them fromexternal sources. In CBSE, several different sourcing options are available: 1) developing software in-house, 2) outsourcing development, 3) buying commercial-off-the-shelf software, and 4) integrating open source software components. Unfortunately, there is little available research on howorganizations select component sourcing options (CSO) in industry practice. In this work, we seek to contribute empirical evidence to CSO selection. Method: We conduct a cross-domain survey on CSO selection in industry, implemented as an online questionnaire. Based on 188 responses, we find that most organizations consider multiple CSOs during software evolution, and that the CSO decisions in industry are dominated by expert judgment. When choosing between candidate components, functional suitability acts as an initial filter, then reliability is the most important quality. We stress that future solution-oriented work on decision support has to account for the dominance of expert judgment in industry. Moreover, we identify considerable variation in CSO decision processes in industry. Finally, we encourage software development organizations to reflect on their decision processes when choosing whether to make or buy components, and we recommend using our survey for a first benchmarking.
|
|
| 25. |
- Dersten, Sara, et al.
(författare)
-
An analysis of a layered system architecture for autonomous construction vehicles
- 2015. - 8
-
Ingår i: 2015 Annual IEEE Systems Conference (SysCon) Proceedings. - 9781479959273 ; , s. 582-588
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- It has been suggested in the literature to organize software in autonomous vehicles as hierarchical layers where each layer makes its own decisions based on its own world model. This paper presents two alternative designs for autonomous construction vehicles based on the layered framework 4D/RCS. As a first step, the typical use cases for these vehicles were defined. Then one use case for a hauler was traversed through the two alternatives to see how they supported safety, flexibility and the use of a product platform. We found that the coordination between bucket control and motion control must be done at a low level in the hierarchy and that the relationship between the vehicle actuators and the built-in autonomous system is important for how the software is organized.
|
|
| 26. |
- Dersten, Sara, et al.
(författare)
-
Analysis of the Information Needs of an Autonomous Hauler in a Quarry Site
- 2016
-
Ingår i: IEEE 11th International Conference on System of Systems Engineering Conference SoSE2016. - 9781467387279 - 9781467387262
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Autonomous and intelligent construction equipment is an emergent area of research, which shares many characteristics with on-road autonomous vehicles, but also have fundamental differences. Construction vehicles usually perform repetitive tasks in confined sites, such as quarries, and cooperate with other vehicles to complete common missions. A quarry can be viewed as a system-of-systems and the vehicles are individual systems within the site system. Therefore it is important to analyze the site system, i.e. included vehicles, surrounding systems, and system context, before the introduction of autonomous vehicles. It is necessary to map the needed infrastructure, and the needed input information from on-board sensors and off-board information suppliers, before designing the vehicle electronics system. This paper describes how we identified sensory and input signal needs for an autonomous articulated hauler in a scenario at a quarry site. Different architectural alternatives are evaluated and a set-up for a quarry site is suggested.
|
|
| 27. |
- Kobetski, Avenir, et al.
(författare)
-
Towards safe and secure systems of systems : Challenges and opportunities
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Applied Computing. - New York, NY, USA : ACM. - 9781450344869 ; , s. 1803-1806
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- While systems of systems (SoS) are starting to reach the market, it is not entirely evident how to analyze safety, and on a high level also security, of such systems. In fact, specific characteristics of SoS, such as independence, changing constitution, evolutionary development, and emergent behavior, provide certain challenges to the safety analysis. In this paper, such challenges are summarized and a systems theoretic safety analysis method, abbreviated as STAMP, is evaluated on an automotive SoS application example. In conclusion, STAMP seems well positioned to serve as a base for a future method for safety and, to a certain degree, security analysis of SoS, although some work remains to be done. The advantages and limitations of the STAMP approach when dealing with SoS are discussed.
|
|
| 28. |
- Mohan, Naveen
(författare)
-
Architecting Safe Automated Driving with Legacy Platforms
- 2018
-
Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Modern vehicles have electrical architectures whose complexity grows year after year due to feature growth corresponding to customer expectations. The latest of the expectations, automation of the dynamic driving task however, is poised to bring about some of the largest changes seen so far. In one fell swoop, not only does required functionality for automated driving drastically increase the system complexity, it also removes the fall-back of the human driver who is usually relied upon to handle unanticipated failures after the fact. The need to architect thus requires a greater rigour than ever before, to maintain the level of safety that has been associated with the automotive industry.The work that is part of this thesis has been conducted, in close collaboration with our industrial partner Scania CV AB, within the Vinnova FFI funded project ARCHER. This thesis aims to provide a methodology for architecting during the concept phase of development, using industrial practices and principles including those from safety standards such as ISO 26262. The main contributions of the thesis are in two areas. The first area i.e. Part A contributes, (i) an analysis of the challenges of architecting automated driving, and serves as a motivation for the approach taken in the rest of this thesis, i.e. Part B where the contributions include, (ii) a definition of a viewpoint for functional safety according to the definitions of ISO 42010, (iii) a method to systematically extract information from legacy components and (iv) a process to use legacy information and architect in the presence of uncertainty to provide a work product, the Preliminary Architectural Assumptions (PAA), as required by ISO 26262. The contributions of Part B together comprise a methodology to architect the PAA. A significant challenge in working with the industry is finding the right fit between idealized principles and practical utility. The methodology in Part B has been judged fit for purpose by different parts of the organization at Scania and multiple case studies have been conducted to assess its usefulness in collaboration with senior architects. The methodology was found to be conducive in both, generating the PAA of a quality that was deemed suitable to the organization and, to find inadequacies in the architecture that had not been found earlier using the previous non-systematic methods. The benefits have led to a commissioning of a prototype tool to support the methodology that has begun to be used in projects related to automation at Scania. The methodology will be refined as the projects progress towards completion using the experiences gained.A further impact of the work is seen in two patent filings that have originated from work on the case studies in Part B. Emanating from needs discovered during the application of the methods, these filed patents (with no prior publications) outline the future directions of research into reference architectures augmented with safety policies, that are safe in the presence of detectable faults and failures. To aid verification of these ideas, work has begun on identifying critical scenarios and their elements in automated driving, and a flexible simulation platform is being designed and developed at KTH to test the chosen critical scenarios.
|
|
| 29. |
- Papatheocharous, Efi, et al.
(författare)
-
Ecosystems and Open Innovation for Embedded Systems : A Systematic Mapping Study
- 2015. - 11
-
Ingår i: Software Business. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 9783319195926 - 9783319195933 ; , s. 81-95
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper surveys work on ecosystems and open innovation of systems in the context of software engineering for embedded systems. The primary research goal is to develop a research agenda based on the topics identified within the research publications on the topic. The agenda is based on a systematic mapping study of 260 publications obtained from digital libraries and is influenced by a set of areas of interest, i.e., product lines, open source, third party, business models, open innovation, and strategy. The results from the study include analysis of the type of research conducted in the field, its origin and research contribution. The study identifies the need for more solutions to specific open innovation problems such as mapping business models to technical platforms; defining open ecosystem processes that foster open innovation; and improving how ecosystem players can leverage on tool support for open innovation. A direction for future research is also provided.
|
|
| 30. |
- Papatheocharous, Efi, et al.
(författare)
-
The GRADE decision canvas for classification and reflection on architecture decisions
- 2017
-
Ingår i: ENASE 2017 - Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Evaluation of Novel Approaches to Software Engineering. - : SciTePress. - 9789897582509 ; , s. 187-194
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper introduces a decision canvas for capturing architecture decisions in software and systems engineering. The canvas leverages a dedicated taxonomy, denoted GRADE, meant for establishing the basics of the vocabulary for assessing and choosing architectural assets in the development of software-intensive systems. The canvas serves as a template for practitioners to discuss and document architecture decisions, i.e., capture, understand and communicate decisions among decision-makers and to others. It also serves as a way to reflect on past decision-making activities devoted to both tentative and concluding decisions in the development of software-intensive systems. The canvas has been assessed by means of preliminary internal and external evaluations with four scenarios. The results are promising as the canvas fulfills its intended objectives while satisfying most of the needs of the subjects participating in the evaluation. © 2017 by SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, Lda. All Rights Reserved.
|
|
| 31. |
- Petersen, Kai, et al.
(författare)
-
Choosing Component Origins for Software Intensive Systems: In-House, COTS, OSS or Outsourcing?-A Case Survey
- 2018
-
Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering. - : IEEE Computer Society. - 0098-5589 .- 1939-3520. ; 44:3, s. 237-261
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The choice of which software component to use influences the success of a software system. Only a few empirical studies investigate how the choice of components is conducted in industrial practice. This is important to understand to tailor research solutions to the needs of the industry. Existing studies focus on the choice for off-the-shelf (OTS) components. It is, however, also important to understand the implications of the choice of alternative component sourcing options (CSOs), such as outsourcing versus the use of OTS. Previous research has shown that the choice has major implications on the development process as well as on the ability to evolve the system. The objective of this study is to explore how decision making took place in industry to choose among CSOs. Overall, 22 industrial cases have been studied through a case survey. The results show that the solutions specifically for CSO decisions are deterministic and based on optimization approaches. The non-deterministic solutions proposed for architectural group decision making appear to suit the CSO decision making in industry better. Interestingly, the final decision was perceived negatively in nine cases and positively in seven cases, while in the remaining cases it was perceived as neither positive nor negative.
|
|
| 32. |
- Törngren, Martin, 1963-, et al.
(författare)
-
Model-based development of automotive embedded systems
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Automotive Embedded Systems Handbook. - : CRC Press. - 9780849380273 - 084938026X - 9780849380266 ; , s. 10-52
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Vehicles are being transformed into autonomous machines that assist drivers when accidents are about to occur, inform about traffic conditions, diagnose and upgrade themselves as required, while providing comfort and entertainment functionalities. The evolution of embedded systems technology has provided an important enabler for such new functionalities and improved qualities. In this context it can be noted that an estimated 70% of the innovations over the last 20 years are related to information and communication technologies [3]. Cars are becoming computers on wheels. The impact of introducing embedded system technology into vehicles has had, and is having, a radical effect on vehicle development, production, and maintenance. Automotive embedded systems have over the past decades evolved from single stand-alone computer systems, simple enough to be designed and maintained with a minimum of engineering, to distributed computer systems including several networks, and large numbers of sensors, electrical motors, and points of interactions with humans. These distributed systems are tightly integrated into the vehicle. They provide flexible information transfer and computational capabilities, allowing coordination among actuators, sensors, and human-machine interfaces (HMIs), removal of mechanical parts, and also completely new mechanical designs. Automotive embedded systems is an interesting area where the mechanical and control systems worlds meet with the general IT world represented by entertainment/telematics functionalities and increasing connections to the vehicle external infrastructure and IT systems. The opportunities are thus enormous, but the new technology also requires new competencies, methodologies, processes, and tools that can handle the flip side of the coin; the resulting increase and change in product and development complexity. Competition, customer demands, legislation, and new technologies are driving the introduction of new functionalities in the automotive industry. Many new functions in vehicles span traditional domains and organizations. An example of this is active safety systems that assist the driver by receiving environmental information, interpreting the driver intentions, controlling the vehicle dynamics, and, in case an accident is about to occur, informing an emergency center. The increasing system complexity and related increase in costs for the embedded systems development and maintenance create strong needs for systematic and cost-effective development approaches. Current methods of automotive embedded system development lead to [2,50,70] • Long turnaround time, since the complete behavior can only be tested in the integration phase. • Lack of continuity between requirements deinition, system design, and distributed system implementation; typically involving different people and with little formalized communication. • Suboptimal solutions. The organizational structures still mirror the mechanical architecture, and because of a current lack of a systems-level engineering approach for embedded systems design.
|
|
| 33. |
- Zhang, Xinhai, et al.
(författare)
-
Architecture exploration for distributed embedded systems : A gap analysis in automotive domain
- 2017
-
Ingår i: 2017 12th IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Embedded Systems, SIES 2017 - Proceedings. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 9781538631669
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- A large body of work can be found in literature on Design Space Exploration (DSE) methods for distributed embedded system architecting (DESA). However, almost none of these methods is successfully adopted in automotive industry. To clarify the reasons, this paper 1) analyzes the current state of the art (SOTA) on DSE methods for DESA through a systematic literature study, focusing on the assumed architecting process and concerns; 2) investigates the state of practice (SOP) on DESA in the automotive industry through a literature study and interviews with experienced system architects from five different automotive manufacturers; and 3) analyzes the gap between SOTA and SOP, and thereby discusses potential improvements of DSE methods.
|
|
