| 1. |
- Berglund, Maria, et al.
(författare)
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Assessment of energy performance in the life-cycle of biogas production
- 2006
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Ingår i: Biomass & Bioenergy. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-2909 .- 0961-9534. ; 30:3, s. 254-266
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Energy balances are analysed from a life-cycle perspective for biogas systems based on 8 different raw materials. The analysis is based on published data and relates to Swedish conditions. The results show that the energy input into biogas systems (i.e. large-scale biogas plants) overall corresponds to 20-40% (on average approximately 30%) of the energy content in the biogas produced. The net energy output turns negative when transport distances exceed approximately 200 kin (manure), or up to 700 km (slaughterhouse waste). Large variations exist in energy efficiency among the biogas systems studied. These variations depend both on the properties of the raw materials studied and on the system design and allocation methods chosen. The net energy output from biogas systems based on raw materials that have high water content and low biogas yield (e.g. manure) is relatively low. When energy-demanding handling of the raw materials is required, the energy input increases significantly. For instance, in a ley crop-based biogas system, the ley cropping alone corresponds to approximately 40% of the energy input. Overall, operation of the biogas plant is the most energy-demanding process, corresponding to 40-80% of the energy input into the systems. Thus, the results are substantially affected by the assumptions made about the allocation of a plant's entire energy demand among raw materials, e.g. regarding biogas yield or need of additional water for dilution. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Berndes, Göran, 1966, et al.
(författare)
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Multifunctional biomass production systems - an overview with presentation of specific applications in India and Sweden
- 2008
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Ingår i: Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining. - : Wiley. - 1932-104X .- 1932-1031. ; 2:1, s. 16-25
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This perspective discusses multi-functional biomass production systems, which are located, designed, integrated and managed so as to provide specific environmental services, in addition to biomass supply. Besides discussing the general concept and outlining a range of different possible applications, we present in somewhat more detail specific applications of such systems for the cases of Sweden and India. The overall conclusion is that the environmental benefits from a large-scale establishment of multi-functional biomass production systems could be substantial. Given that suitable mechanisms to put a premium on the provided environmental services can be identified and implemented, additional revenues can be linked to biomass production systems and this could enhance the socioeconomic attractiveness and significantly improve the competitiveness of the produced biomass on the market. The provision of additional environmental services also contributes to local sustainable development, which is in many cases a prerequisite for local support for the production systems.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Börjesson, Pål, et al.
(författare)
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Biogas as a resource-efficient vehicle fuel
- 2008
-
Ingår i: Trends in Biotechnology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0167-7799. ; 26:1, s. 7-13
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There are currently strong incentives for increased use of renewable fuels in the transport sector worldwide. However, some bioethanol and biodiesel production routes have limitations with regard to resource efficiency and reduction of greenhouse gases. More efficient biofuel systems are those based on lignocelluloses and novel conversion technologies. A complementary strategy to these is to increase the production of biogas from the digestion of organic residues and energy crops, or from byproducts of ethanol and biodiesel production. Compared with other biomass-based vehicle fuels available so far, biogas often has several advantages from an environmental and resource-efficiency perspective. This provides the motivation for further technological development aiming to reduce costs and thereby increased economic competitiveness of biogas as a vehicle fuel.
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| 9. |
- Börjesson, Pål
(författare)
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Biogas from waste materials as transportation fuel-benefits from an environmental point of view.
- 2008
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Ingår i: Water Science and Technology. - : IWA Publishing. - 0273-1223 .- 1996-9732. ; 57:2, s. 271-275
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper various biogas systems based on waste materials have been analysed from an environmental point of view. The analyses are based on Swedish conditions using a systems analysis approach from an energy and life cycle perspective. The biogas produced is used as a transportation fuel replacing petrol in light-duty vehicles. The overall aims are to quantify the potential environmental effects when current waste handling and transportation fuel systems are replaced. A general conclusion is that the indirect environmental benefits (e.g. reduced emissions of ammonia and methane, and nitrogen leaching) from altered handling of organic waste materials and land-use may often significantly exceed the direct environmental benefits achieved when biogas replaces petrol (e.g. reduced emissions of carbon dioxide and air pollutants). Such indirect benefits are seldom considered when biogas is evaluated from an environmental point of view. However, the environmental impact from different biogas systems can vary significantly due to factors such as the waste materials utilised, different reference systems being replaced, and local conditions.
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
- Börjesson, Pål, et al.
(författare)
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Environmental systems analysis of biogas systems - Part 1: Fuel-cycle emissions
- 2006
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Ingår i: Biomass & Bioenergy. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-2909 .- 0961-9534. ; 30:5, s. 469-485
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Fuel-cycle emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) carbon oxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulphur dioxide (SO2), hydrocarbons (HC), methane (CH4), and particles are analysed from a life-cycle perspective for different biogas systems based oil six different raw materials. The gas is produced in large- or farm-scale biogas plants, and is used in boilers for heat production, in turbines for co-generation of heat and electricity, or as a transportation fuel in light- and heavy-duty vehicles. The analyses refer mainly to Swedish conditions. The levels of fuel-cycle emissions vary greatly among the biogas systems studied, and are significantly affected by the properties of the raw material digested, the energy efficiency of the biogas production, and the status of the end-use technology. For example, fuel-cycle emission may vary by a factor of 3-4, and for certain gases by up to a factor of 11, between two biogas systems that provide an equivalent energy service. Extensive handling of raw materials, e.g. ley cropping or collection of waste-products such as municipal organic waste, is often a significant source of emissions. Emission from the production phase of the biogas exceeds the end-use emissions for several biogas systems and for specific emissions. Uncontrolled losses of methane, e.g. leakages from stored digestates or from biogas upgrading, increase the fuel-cycle emissions of methane considerably. Thus, it is necessary to clearly specify the biogas production system and enduse technology being studied in order to be able to produce reliable and accurate data oil fuel-cycle emission. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 14. |
- Börjesson, Pål, et al.
(författare)
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Environmental systems analysis of biogas systems - Part II: The environmental impact of replacing various reference systems
- 2007
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Ingår i: Biomass & Bioenergy. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-2909 .- 0961-9534. ; 31:5, s. 326-344
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper analyses the overall environmental impact when biogas systems are introduced and replace various reference systems for energy generation, waste management and agricultural production. The analyses are based on Swedish conditions using a life-cycle perspective. The biogas systems included are based on different combinations of raw materials and final use of the biogas produced (heat, power and transportation fuel). A general conclusion is that biogas systems normally lead to environmental improvements, which in some cases are considerable. This is often due to indirect environmental benefits of changed land use and handling of organic waste products (e.g. reduced nitrogen leaching, emissions of ammonia and methane), which often exceed the direct environmental benefits achieved when fossil fuels are replaced by biogas (e.g. reduced emissions of carbon dioxide and air pollutants). Such indirect benefits are seldom considered when biogas is evaluated from an environmental point of view. The environmental impact from different biogas systems can, however, vary significantly due to factors such as the raw materials utilised, energy service provided and reference system replaced. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 15. |
- Börjesson, Pål
(författare)
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Fin- eller fuletanol - vad avgör?
- 2008
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Syftet med denna studie är att beskriva etanols energieffektivitet och klimatnytta och hur dessa parametrar beror av lokala förutsättningar och beräkningsmetodik. Andra aspekter som påverkan på biologisk mångfald, arbetsmiljöförhållanden mm analyseras ej här. Fokus ligger på svensk spannmålsbaserad etanol men kopplingar görs till andra produktionssystem för etanol. Hur klimateffektiv etanol är som drivmedel beror framför allt av följande fyra faktorer: (i) effektiviteten vid odling och dess utsläpp av lustgas, (ii) vilket bränsle som används i etanolanläggningen, (iii) hur effektivt biprodukter tas tillvara och deras nytta krediteras samt (iv) vilken typ av mark som utnyttjas vid odling. För att säkerställa att ”finetanol” produceras (med avseende på klimatnytta) kan man därför ställa följande krav (t ex vid certifiering): - etanolanläggningar ska drivas med biobränslen och inte med fossila bränslen - man ska inte odla ettåriga etanolgrödor på ”kolrik” mark som normalt inte odlas eller där fleråriga grödor odlats under lång tid, t ex gräsbevuxen torvmark - biprodukter ska tas tillvara på ett effektivt sätt så att deras energi- och klimatnytta maximeras (och man ska kreditera denna nytta genom systemutvidgning när så är möjligt, därefter bör ekonomisk allokering tillämpas före fysikalisk) - lustgasutsläpp vid odling ska minimeras genom effektivare kväveutnyttjande och användning av kvävegödsel som tillverkats i anläggningar med lustgasrening Idag kan svensk spannmålsetanol betraktas som finetanol eftersom flertalet av kraven ovan är uppfyllda vilket leder till en cirka 80 %-ig reduktion av växthusgaser jämfört med bensin. Samma sak gäller för brasiliansk sockerrörsetanol med motsvarande en 85%-ig reduktion medan en stor del av den amerikanska majsetanolen kan betraktas som fuletanol (med i genomsnitt en 20%-ig reduktion) eftersom många etanolanläggningar använder fossilt kol som bränsle. Det finns dock en stor förbättringspotential för flertalet produktionssystem för etanol vilket kan leda till en ökad klimatnytta. Å andra sidan kan en ökad markkonkurrens i framtiden leda till att ettåriga etanolgrödor börjar odlas på ”kolrik” mark, t ex långliggande gräsmarker, vilket medför minskad klimatnytta. När förändrad markanvändning inkluderas i livscykelanalyser bör man samtidigt ställa krav på att data presenteras som visar att den aktuella biodrivmedelsproduktionen faktiskt leder till förändrad markanvändning.
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
- Börjesson, Pål
(författare)
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Good or bad bioethanol from a greenhouse gas perspective - What determines this?
- 2009
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Ingår i: Applied Energy. - : Elsevier BV. - 1872-9118 .- 0306-2619. ; 86:5, s. 589-594
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this study is to describe how the greenhouse gas (GHG) benefits of ethanol from agricultural crops depend on local conditions and calculation methods. The focus is mainly on the fuels used in the ethanol process and biogenic GHG from the soils cultivated. To ensure that "good" ethanol is produced, with reference to GHG benefits, the following demands must be met: (i) ethanol plants should use biomass and not fossil fuels, (ii) cultivation of annual feedstock crops should be avoided on land rich in carbon (above and below ground), such as peat soils used as permanent grassland, etc., (iii) by-products should be utilised efficiently in order to maximise their energy and GHG benefits and (iv) nitrous oxide emissions should be kept to a minimum by means of efficient fertilisation strategies, and the commercial nitrogen fertiliser utilised should be produced in plants which have nitrous oxide gas cleaning. Several of the current ethanol production systems worldwide fullfill the majority of these demands, whereas some production systems do not. Thus, the findings in this paper helps identifying current "good" systems, how today's "fairly good" systems could be improved, and which inherent "bad" systems that we should avoid. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 18. |
- Börjesson, Pål
(författare)
-
Good or bad ethanol – what determines this?
- 2008
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The purpose of this study is to describe how the energy efficiency and greenhouse gas (GHG) benefits of ethanol depend on local conditions and calculation methods. The following four parameters have been identified as crucial to the GHG benefits of ethanol: (i) energy efficiency and emissions of nitrous oxide during cultivation, (ii) what kind of fuel is used in ethanol plants, (iii) how efficiently by-products are utilised and their benefits credited, and (iv) the type of land used for cultivation. To ensure that “good” ethanol is produced (with reference to GHG benefits), the following demands must be met: - ethanol plants should use biomass and not fossil fuels - cultivation of annual feedstock crops should be avoided on land rich in carbon (above and below ground), such as peat soils used as permanent grassland - by-products should be utilised efficiently in order to maximise their energy and GHG benefits (and these benefits should be credited by system expansion, followed by economic allocation and physical allocation) - nitrous oxide emissions should be kept to a minimum by means of efficient fertilisation strategies, and the commercial nitrogen fertiliser utilised should be produced in plants which have nitrous oxide gas cleaning Current production of Swedish ethanol from wheat can be seen as “good” ethanol, reducing GHG emissions by some 80 % compared to petrol. Ethanol based on sugarcane from Brazil leads to a reduction of – on average – 85 %, while ethanol from maize in the USA leads to a reduction of only 20 % on average. The reason for this is that several ethanol plants in the USA are using coal (fossil fuel). There is potential for improvement of current ethanol production systems worldwide, leading to increased GHG benefits. On the other hand, increased competition for land in future may increase the risk of cultivation of annual ethanol crops on new farmland rich in carbon. This will reduce the GHG benefits of ethanol from annual crops. When such changes of land use are included in life cycle assessments of biofuels, complementary data should also be presented showing that this is the actual case regarding the specific biofuel production system analysed.
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| 19. |
- Börjesson, Pål, et al.
(författare)
-
Hållbara drivmedel - finns de?
- 2008
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Vårt syfte med denna rapport är att diskutera drivmedel från ett brett perspektiv ur hållbarhetssynpunkt. Biodrivmedel och el analyseras och jämförs med fossila drivmedel. Vår målsättning är att försöka peka ut under vilka förutsättningar som drivmedel kan anses försvarbara ur hållbarhetssynpunkt och vilka system som vi bör utveckla respektive vilka system som vi bör undvika. En övergripande slutsats i studien är att man inte kan fastställa hur hållbara biodrivmedel blir i framtiden utan att samtidigt beakta skala och tillväxttakt. Dagens biodrivmedel i Sverige är hållbara utifrån den aktuella produktionsvolymen och gynnar utvecklingen av nya drivmedelssystem, men man bör ställa hårda krav på energi- och klimateffektivitet i hela bränslekedjan (från odling till tank) vid ökade produktionsvolymer. Det är av hög prioritet att utveckla bränslesnåla bilar och här kommer elhybridteknologin och elbilar att bli allt viktigare. En långsiktig strategi för biodrivmedel bör innehålla satsningar på teknologi både för termisk förgasning och biologiska omvandlingsmetoder för lignocellulosa eftersom detta är kompletterande lika mycket som konkurrerande teknologier samt ger större flexibilitet och mindre risk för konflikter. Biogas från restprodukter har stora miljöfördelar och kan expandera med liten risk för konflikter. Certifiering (rätt utformat) är ett viktigt och nödvändigt verktyg på vägen mot mer hållbara drivmedel och vid ökade produktionsvolymer, men dessa system ska inte överskattas då de aldrig kan innefatta alla hållbarhetskriterier. Socio-ekonomiska aspekter som arbetsförhållanden, lokal landsbygdsutveckling osv samt effekter av ökad markkonkurrens måste i första hand lösas med generella åtgärder som nationell lagstiftning, fördelningspolitik, program och planer som i sin tur bör stödjas av internationella avtal och utvecklingssamarbete på olika nivåer. Oavsett utvecklingen i Sverige eller EU så kommer biodrivmedelsproduktionen globalt att öka, framför allt i utvecklingsländerna. Det är därför viktigt att ta vara på den möjlighet vi har idag att medverka i utvecklingen och införandet av hållbarhetskriterier. Förnybara drivmedel kan, med rätt utformning och styrmedel för lämplig tillväxttakt och produktionsvolym, leda till en positiv och hållbar utveckling i både industri- och utvecklingsländer.
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| 20. |
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
- Börjesson, Pål, et al.
(författare)
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Sustainable vehicle fuels - do they exist?
- 2009
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Our aim with this report is to discuss vehicle fuels from a wide perspective of sustainability. Biofuels and electricity are analyzed and compared to fossil vehicle fuels. Our goal is to try to point out the circumstances under which vehicle fuels can be reasonably perceived as sustainable, and which systems we should develop and which we should avoid. The all-embracing conclusion of this study is that one can not establish how sustainable fuels will develop in the future without simultaneously taking into consideration both scale and pace of growth. Today’s biofuels produced in Sweden are sustainable, given the present production volume, and promote further development of new fuel systems. However, in the case of increased production volumes, exact requirements should be established for the energy- and climate efficiency of the entire fuel chain (from cultivation to tank). High priority should be given to the development of fuel-efficient cars. In this field hybrid electric technology and electric cars will grow in importance. Any long-term strategy for biofuels should include investments in technology for both thermal gasification and biological conversion methods of lignocellulose, since these are complementing as much as competing technologies, both increasing the flexibility as well as decreasing the risk of conflicts. Biogas from waste products has great environmental advantages and the sector can be expanded with only small risks of conflicts. Certification (if correctly formulated) is an important and necessary tool on the way towards more sustainable vehicle fuels and increased production volumes, but certification systems should not be overrated since they can not cover all sustainability aspects. Socio-economic aspects such as working conditions, local rural development etc. must be dealt with through general measures such as national laws, distribution policies, programs and plans, all of which should be supported by international agreements and cooperation on development at all levels. Irrespective of the development in Sweden or the EU, global production of biofuels will increase, not least in the developing countries. It is therefore important to exploit the opportunity we have today to participate in the development and implementation of sustainability criteria. Renewable vehicle fuels can lead to a positive as well as sustainable development in both industrialized and developing countries, when the framing and guidance for an adequate pace of growth and production volumes are given.
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| 23. |
- Börjesson, Pål, et al.
(författare)
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The prospects for willow plantations for wastewater treatment in Sweden
- 2006
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Ingår i: Biomass & Bioenergy. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-2909 .- 0961-9534. ; 30:5, s. 428-438
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The concept of willow vegetation filters for the treatment of nutrient-rich wastewater has the potential to address two of our most serious environmental problems today -water pollution and climate change- in a cost-efficient way. Despite several benefits, including high treatment efficiency, increased biomass yields, improved energy and resource efficiency, and cost savings, willow vegetation filters have so far only been implemented to a limited degree in Sweden. This is due to various kinds of barriers, which may be the result of current institutional, structural and technical/geographical conditions. This paper discusses the prospects of a more widespread utilisation of willow plantations for wastewater treatment in Sweden, including existing incentives and barriers, based on current knowledge and experience. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 24. |
- Ericsson, Karin, et al.
(författare)
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Potentiell avsättning av biomassa för produktion av el, värme och drivmedel inklusive energikombinat
- 2008
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur avsättningen av biomassa kan öka inom de närmaste 10-20 åren för produktion av värme, el och drivmedel i Sverige. I dessa analyser förutsätts biomassan användas på ett resurs- och kostnadseffektivt sätt, vilket exempelvis innebär att värmeunderlagen är styrande för den potentiella avsättningen av biomassa i kraftvärmebaserad elproduktion och framtida drivmedelskombinat, och att avsättningen av biprodukter är styrande för avsättningen av biomassa i produktion av vissa biodrivmedel. De ekonomiska förutsättningarna analyseras inte närmare i denna studie. Inom sektorn värme- och elproduktion görs länsvisa analyser över potentialen att avsätta biomassa i produktion av småskalig värme, fjärrvärme, processvärme i skogsindustrin och kraftvärmebaserad elproduktion i fjärrvärme¬systemen och skogsindustrin. Dessa analyser visar att avsättningen av biobränslen för värme- och elproduktion kan öka från 87 TWh (avsättningen 2004/2005 exklusive vedeldning) till mellan 113 TWh och 134 TWh, beroende på fjärrvärmesystemens framtida utbyggnad. Den största ökningspotentialen finns i produktion av fjärrvärme. Geografiskt sett finns en stor del av ökningspotentialen i Stockholms län tack vare de stora möjligheterna att öka avsättningen av biobränslen för produktion av fjärrvärme och kraftvärme i länet. Inom drivmedelsektorn används ett delvis annorlunda angreppssätt då avsättningspotentialen för biodrivmedel bedöms vara ”obegränsad” inom de närmaste 10-20 åren. Faktorer som begränsar produktionen är i stället tillgången på råvara och de lokala förutsättningar som krävs för att uppnå effektiva produktionssystem. Bland biodrivmedel som produceras med första generationens teknologi är fokus på RME och spannmålsbaserad etanol. Den årliga inhemska produktionen av dessa bedöms kunna uppgå till som mest 1,4 TWh RME och 0,7-3,8 TWh spannmålsbaserad etanol, där den högre siffran i intervallet beskriver framtida möjligheter. För andra generationens biodrivmedel är fokus på utformningen av energikombinat och de fysiska förutsättningarna för avsättning av kombinatens värmeproduktion i fjärrvärme¬systemen. Då vi bedömer dessa avsättningsmöjligheter som ganska begränsade är det av stor vikt att energikombinaten utformas så att värmeproduktionen begränsas. Detta kan åstadkommas genom god värmeintegration och optimering av drivmedelsproduktionen. Utifrån de senaste årens utveckling och nuvarande styrmedel bedömer vi det som realistiskt att avsättningen av biomassa för värme- och elproduktion ökar enligt våra potential¬uppskattningar, d.v.s. med ca 30-50% inom de kommande 10 till 20 åren. Hur avsättningen av biomassa kommer att utvecklas för produktion av drivmedel är däremot mer osäkert enligt vår bedömning.
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| 25. |
- Hagström, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Wax esters produced by solvent-free energy-efficient enzymatic synthesis and their applicability as wood coatings
- 2005
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Ingår i: Green Chemistry. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 1463-9270 .- 1463-9262. ; 7:12, s. 837-843
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The study aimed at developing a process for making a wood coating wax based on the principles of green chemistry. The research was conducted within the Swedish interdisciplinary research programme Greenchem. Wax esters are attractive since they are non-hazardous, biodegradable and can be produced in an atom-efficient process from building blocks obtained from renewable resources. Four wax esters were prepared in a solvent-free process using an immobilised lipase as catalyst. When the water was removed during the process from what was initially an equimolar mixture of the starting materials carboxylic acid and alcohol by a stream of dry air passed through the reactor, there was a 95-99% conversion to the ester. The enzymatic process consumed 34% less energy and generated less waste than chemical esterification using a strong acid as catalyst. Two of the esters worked well in the industrial wood coating equipment employed and produced surfaces resistant to water and somewhat less to fat stains.
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| 26. |
- Hansson, Julia, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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The prospects for large-scale import of biomass and biofuels into Sweden - a review of critical issues
- 2006
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Ingår i: Energy for Sustainable Development. - 2352-4669 .- 0973-0826. ; X:1, s. 82-94
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sweden presently imports biofuels to meet part of the domestic demand for bioenergy. This paperevaluates the prospects for large-scale import of biofuels into Sweden. The parameters included areprospective Swedish and global biofuel supply and demand, the cost of long-distance biofuel transport,the capacity of global freight and of Swedish ports to handle increased biofuel flows andenvironmental aspects. It is found that the Swedish bioenergy potential is large enough to accommodatea substantial increase in the domestic use of both solid and liquid biofuels. However, anextensive import of biofuel feedstock would be needed for a prospective Swedish biofuel industryto be able to export substantial volumes of, for instance, liquid biofuels to Europe. South Americaand the former USSR are examples of regions where the assessed potential supply of low-costbiomass is higher than the estimated future regional biofuel demand. The costs, including transport,of imported biofuels from these regions are estimated to be equivalent to or lower than currentcosts of domestic biofuels, but the price is dependent on future competition for biofuels as well asfreight and port capacity. A substantial increase in international biofuel trade may influence globalbulk freight patterns and lead to increased competition for freight capacity, especially as regardssolid biofuels. This might lead to an increase in freight price. Current specialization at Swedishports may in the short term (perhaps 5-15 years) be an obstacle to a rapid increase in biofuelimport. The energy input in long-distance biofuel transport, as well as its environmental impact, isestimated to be low. However, to make large-scale biofuel trade flows acceptable special attentionneeds to be paid to, among other things, the impact on biodiversity and socioeconomic conditionsin the exporting countries.
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| 27. |
- Hansson, Julia, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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The prospects for large-scale import of biomass and biofuels to Sweden – a review of critical issues
- 2006
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Ingår i: World Bioenergy 2006 Conference & Exhibition on Biomass for Energy.
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Sweden is one of the biggest consumers of both domestic and imported biofuels in the EU. This paper evaluates the prospects for an increased and large-scale import of biofuels to Sweden in the future. The parameters included are prospective Swedish and global biofuel supply and demand, the cost, energy input and environmental impact of long-distance biofuel transport as well as the capacity of global freight and of Swedish ports to handle increased biofuel flows. The Swedish bioenergy potential seems large enough to accommodate a substantial increase in the domestic use of biofuels. However, an extensive import of biofuel feedstock would be needed for a prospective Swedish biofuel industry to be able to export substantial volumes of biofuels. The costs, including transport, of imported biofuels from regions, where the assessed potential supply of biomass are higher than the estimated future regional demand, are estimated to be equivalent to or lower than current costs of domestic biofuels. But the price is dependent on future competition for biofuels as well as freight and port capacity. Current specialization at Swedish ports may in the short term be an obstacle to a rapid increase in biofuel import. The energy input in long-distance biofuel transport is estimated to be low. However, to make large-scale biofuel trade flows acceptable special attention needs to be paid, e.g., to the impact on biodiversity and socioeconomic conditions in the exporting countries.
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| 28. |
- Hatti-Kaul, Rajni, et al.
(författare)
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Industrial biotechnology for the production of bio-based chemicals - a cradle-to-grave perspective
- 2007
-
Ingår i: Trends in Biotechnology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0167-7799. ; 25:3, s. 119-124
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Shifting the resource base for chemical production from fossil feedstocks to renewable raw materials provides exciting possibilities for the use of industrial biotechnology-based process tools. This review gives an indication of the current developments in the transition to bio-based production, with a focus on the production of chemicals, and points out some of the challenges that exist in the large-scale implementation of industrial biotechnology. Furthermore, the importance of evaluating the environmental impact of bio-based products with respect to their entire life cycle is highlighted, demonstrating that the choice of the raw material often turns out to be an important parameter influencing the life cycle performance.
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| 29. |
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| 30. |
- Lantz, Mikael, et al.
(författare)
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Systemoptimerad produktion av fordonsgas - En miljö- och energisystemanalys av Söderåsens biogasanläggning
- 2009
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Syftet med föreliggande studie är att presentera en energi- och miljösystemanalys för en specifik biogasanläggning samt att beskriva och kostnadsberäkna åtgärder för att optimera systemet. En övergripande målsättning är också att studien ska kunna fungera som modell för kommande energi- och miljösystemstudier av andra specifika biogasanläggningar. Analysen innefattar direkta effekter som energianvändning och emissioner från produktion av biogas, uppgradering, transporter samt lagring och spridning av biogödsel. Dessutom inkluderas indirekta effekter i form av minskade metanläckage från konventionell gödselhantering, ersättning av mineralgödsel med biogödsel och olika markeffekter med mera. Produktion och distribution av fordonsgas från Söderåsens biogasanläggning beräknas ha en energibalans på cirka 5,5 vilket kan jämföras med etanol från vete där energibalansen normalt ligger mellan 2 och 3. Emissionerna av växthusgaser uppgår till 16 gram CO2-ekvivalenter/kWh vilket är cirka 95 % lägre jämfört med bensin. Det kan jämföras med etanol från vete och RME som i andra studier beräknats minska emissionerna med cirka 80 % respektive 65 %. Resultatet påverkas framförallt av metanläckaget från uppgraderingsanläggningen och minskade emissionerna av lustgas när biogödsel ersätter mineralgödsel samt antaganden om hur den elektricitet som används har producerats. Biogassystemets påverkan på övergödningen kan nästan uteslutande kopplas till hanteringen av biogödsel och uppgår till cirka 6 gram NO3-ekv. /kWh vilket är något lägre än vad som beräknats för etanol och RME i andra studier. Genom att täcka biogödsellagren och värma anläggningen med flis, vilka bedöms vara kostnadsneutrala eller lönsamma åtgärder för producenten, beräknas emissionerna av växthusgaser minska till -13 gram/kWh. Om samtliga identifierade förbättringsåtgärder genomfördes skulle emissionerna minska med 120 % jämfört med bensin till en kostnad av ett par ören per kWh fordonsgas.
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| 31. |
- Lantz, Mikael, et al.
(författare)
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The prospects for an expansion of biogas systems in Sweden - Incentives, barriers and potentials
- 2007
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Ingår i: Energy Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-6777 .- 0301-4215. ; 35:3, s. 1830-1843
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Biogas is a renewable, high-quality fuel, currently produced at more than 200 locations in Sweden. The present production is some 5 PJ/year but the potential is approximately 10 times higher. Biogas can be produced from a wide range of raw materials, from organic waste to dedicated energy crops, and can be utilised for various energy services such as heat, combined heat and power or as a vehicle fuel. Biogas systems are therefore affected by a number of different incentives and barriers, including energy-, waste treatment- and agricultural policies. In this paper, different policies and policy instruments, as well as other factors, which influence a potential expansion of Swedish biogas systems, are identified and evaluated. Existing incentives and barriers can be divided into those affecting the production of biogas, and those affecting the utilisation of the biogas. Only a few types of biogas systems are competitive in Sweden today, while the majority needs increased incentives of different kinds to reach profitability. Such incentives are often motivated from an energy and environmental point of view. Due to the complexity of the biogas systems and the many actors involved, all with different interests, the process of implementing adequate policy instruments will require concerted efforts. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 32. |
- Leduc, Sylvain
(författare)
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Development of an optimization model for the location of biofuel production plants
- 2009
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- First generation biofuels have not achieved the expected greenhouse gas emission savings and the production may in some cases compete with food production. Issued from non arable land and certified wood, the production of the second generation biofuels are more adapted to tackle those issues. Very large production plants are however required to reach competitive production costs via economy of scale effects. This may cause large logistical issues as the biomass feedstock often is located on the countryside, while the production plants are situated near harbors to enable boat transports. Moreover negative social and environmental effects may occur due to heavy traffic from the transport of the raw material and the final product, such as road damaging, noise perturbation, pollutant emission increase. To face those intensive logistic issues, the geographical location and size of the plant should be determined optimally with respect to raw material and demand location prior to plant investment and construction. The main aim of this thesis has therefore been to develop a model for optimization of the geographical location of second generation biofuel production plants by minimizing the cost of the complete supply chain, which comprises biomass harvesting, biomass transport, biofuel production, biofuel transport and biofuel distribution. The model is not intended to be applied to maximize the profitability of one single plant, but to minimize the final cost of biofuel for the region's welfare. The development of the model is illustrated via several case studies, where also analysis of critical parameters affecting the fuel production cost and the production plant location has been carried out. The model is a mixed integer program. The production of two liquid biofuels for the transportation sector have been studied, methanol via biomass gasification and ligno-cellulosic ethanol via fermentation. The model has been applied on areas as large as country levels. A set of optimal production plant can be determined to fulfill the biofuel demand of a selected area. It can be applied for different biofuel production processes and take into account the by-products geographically explicitly if required. The model can manage demands, costs and prices that change with time. Existing biomass based industries can be integrated to the model, and thus the competition on the biomass between these plants and possible bioenergy plants can be modeled, giving a better estimation of the available biomass for biofuel production. Biofuel imports from long distances are taken into account and finally policy tools such as carbon tax can be applied to limit the emissions from the transports or as a subsidy to the amount of mitigated fossil fuel emissions from the bioenergy production. The developed model can be applied for any kind of biomass based production plant and feedstock as long as the input data is available. As geographical energy planning is important, the developed model may be a valuable tool for decision makers in order to determine the most suitable strategy regarding locations of new biofuel production plants.
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| 33. |
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| 34. |
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| 35. |
- Neij, Lena, et al.
(författare)
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The prospects of cost reductions in willow production.
- 2005
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 14th European Biomass Conference & Exhibition: Biomass for Energy Industry and Climate Protection, 17-21 October 2005, Paris, France.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)
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| 36. |
- Paulrud, Susanne, et al.
(författare)
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Förutsättningar för nya biobränsleråvaror. System för småskalig brikettering och pelletering
- 2009
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- I projektet analyserades vilka biobränsleråvaror som har bäst förutsättningar för vidareförädling till briketter och pellets i mindre produktionsanläggningar (1 000-10 000 årston producerat bränsle) i nära anslutning till råvaran. I studien gjordes dels övergripande analyser kring olika råvarors förutsättningar, dels en fallstudie där en kostnadskalkyl för hela produktionskedjan för brikettering av rörflen på en specifik gård (Låttra gård) har tagits fram.
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| 37. |
- Tufvesson, Linda, et al.
(författare)
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Life cycle assessment in green chemistry - A comparison of various industrial wood surface coatings
- 2007
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Ingår i: International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0948-3349 .- 1614-7502. ; 12:3, s. 151-159
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background, Aims and Scope. Using renewable feedstock and introducing biocatalysts in the chemical industry have been suggested as the key strategies to reduce the environmental impact of chemicals. The Swedish interdisciplinary programme 'Greenchem', is aiming to develop these strategies. One target group of chemicals for Greenchem are wax esters which can be used in wood surface coatings for wood furniture, etc. The aim of this study was to conduct a life cycle assessment of four different wood surface coatings, two wax-based coatings and two lacquers using ultra violet light for hardening (UV lacquers). One of the two wax-based coatings is based on a renewable wax ester produced with biocatalysts from rapeseed oil, denoted 'green wax', while the other is based on fossil feedstock and is denoted 'fossil wax'. The two UV lacquers consist of one '100% UV' coating and one 'water-based UV coating. The scope was to compare the environmental performance of the new 'green' coating with the three coatings which are on the market today. Methods. The study has a cradle-to-grave perspective and the functional unit is decoration and protection of 1 m(2) wood table surface for 20 years'. Extensive data collection and calculations have been performed for the two wax-based coatings, whereas mainly existing LCI data have been used to characterise the production of the two UV lacquers. Results. For all impact categories studied, the '100% UV' lacquer is the most environmentally benign alternative. The 'waterbased UV is the second best alternative for all impact categories except EP, where the 'fossil wax' is slightly better. For GWP the 'fossil wax' has the highest contribution followed by the 'green wax'. For AP and EP it is the 'green wax' that makes the highest environmental impact due to the contribution from the cultivation of the rapeseed and the production of the rapeseed oil. For POCP the 'fossil wax' makes the highest contribution, slightly higher than the contribution from the 'green wax'. Also the energy requirements for the '100% U-V' lacquer is much lower than for the other coatings. The results from the toxicological evaluation conducted in this study, which was restricted to include only the UV lacquers, are inconclusive, giving different results depending on the model chosen, EDIP97 or USES. Discussion. The result in this study shows that the environmental benefits of using revewable feedstock and processes based on biocatalysis in the production of wax esters used in wood surface coatings are rather limited. This is due to the high environmental impact from other steps in the life cycle of the coating. Conclusions. Overall the '100% UV' lacquer seems to be the best alternative from an environmental point of view. This study shows that the hot spots of the life cycle of the coatings are the production of the ingredients, but also the application and drying of the coatings. The toxicity assessment shows the need for the development of a new model, a model which finds common ground in order to overcome the current situation of diverging results of toxicity assessments. The results in this study also point to the importance of investigating the environmental performance of a product based on fossil or renewable feedstock from a life cycle perspective. Recommendations and Perspectives. The results in this study show that an efficient way to improve the wood coating industry environmentally is to increase the utilization of UV lacquers that are 100% U-V-based. These coatings can also be even further improved by introducing biocatalytic processes and producing epoxides and diacrylates from renewable raw material instead of the fossil-based ones produced with conventional chemical methods in use today. In doing this, however, choosing a vegetable oil with good environmental performance is important. An alternative application of the 'green wax' analysed in this study may be as an ingredient in health care products, for example, which may result in greater environmental benefits than when the wax is used in wood coating products. The results in this study illustrate the importance of investigating the environmental performance of a product from cradle.-to-grave perspective and not consider it 'green' because it is based on renewable resources.
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| 38. |
- Tufvesson, Linda, et al.
(författare)
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Wax production from renewable feedstock using biocatalysts instead of fossil feedstock and conventional methods
- 2008
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Ingår i: International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0948-3349 .- 1614-7502. ; 13:4, s. 328-338
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background, aim, and scope Using renewable feedstock and introducing biocatalysts in the chemical industry have been suggested as the key strategies to reduce the environmental impact of chemicals. The Swedish interdisciplinary research program "Speciality Chemicals from Renewable Resources-Greenchem" is aiming to develop these strategies. One target group of chemicals for Greenchem are wax esters which can be used in wood coatings to replace paraffin wax made from fossil crude oil. The aim of this study was to conduct a life cycle assessment of wax esters based on rapeseed oil produced by biocatalysts (enzymes). The scope was to compare the environmental performance of wax esters with paraffin wax produced by conventional methods. Materials and methods The study has a cradle-to-gate perspective and the functional unit is "1-kg wax product ready to use in a wood coating product." Extensive data collection and calculations have been performed for the wax esters, whereas existing life cycle inventory data have been used for the paraffin wax. Results The energy input into the wax ester production is about one third of the energy input in paraffin wax production. However, the wax ester has a higher contribution to the global warming potential (GWP) due to high emissions of nitrous oxide from rapeseed cultivation. Referring to a cradle-to-grave perspective, including waste incineration, the contribution to the GWP will, however, be 3.5 times higher from paraffin wax. Wax ester makes a higher contribution to the acidification and eutrophication potential, due to emissions from soil from rapeseed cultivation, but five times lower contribution to the photochemical ozone creation potential. From a land-use perspective and a global warming point of view, it is more efficient to produce paraffin wax and grow high-yielding, short-rotation coppice (Salix) to replace fuel oil than it is to grow rapeseed for wax ester production. Discussion Overall, this study shows the importance of studying the environmental performance of a product not only from a gate-to-gate perspective but, instead, considering the environmental performance from cradle-to-gate. The biocatalytic production of the wax ester consumes less energy than the conventional chemical method, but the raw material step, cultivation of rapeseed contributes much to both acidification and eutrophication. When the waste treatment step is included, the contribution to GWP, however, for paraffin wax will be 3.5 times higher than for the wax ester. Conclusions From a gate-to-gate perspective, replacing conventional chemical processes by biocatalysts using enzymes leads to energy savings and reduces emissions. However, from a cradle-to-gate perspective, the use of renewable feedstock, such as rapeseed oil, may counteract some of these benefits. Concerning the GWP benefit from using renewable feedstock instead of fossil feedstock, the final waste treatment step must be included, thereby applying a cradle-to-grave perspective. Recommendations and perspectives The introduction of biocatalysts as a key strategy in reducing the environmental impact from the chemical industry is supported by the results in this study. On the other hand, it is not obvious that the key strategy of using renewable feedstock in chemical production per se leads to benefits concerning all environmental impact categories. Thus, much more attention needs to be paid to the choice of potential renewable feedstock options, the minimization of energy inputs, and the biological emissions from the soil in the cultivation of feedstock crops, improved gas cleaning in nitrogen fertilizer production plants, and the alternative use of the arable land, in optimizing the overall environmental benefits of an increased use of renewable feedstock in the chemical industry.
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| 39. |
- Törnvall, Ulrika, et al.
(författare)
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Biocatalytic production of fatty epoxides from rapeseed and tall oil derivatives: Process and environmental evaluation
- 2009
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Ingår i: Industrial Biotechnology. - 1550-9087. ; 5:3, s. 184-192
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Rapeseed and tall oil are important renewable feedstocks for chemicals and energy — the former, an agricultural crop, and the latter, is a by-product of the pulp and paper industry. This report presents a study on the production of fatty epoxides from rapeseed methyl ester, tall oil methyl ester, and tall oil fatty acids by a solvent-free lipase-mediated process. Fatty epoxides are useful reactive building blocks for production of lubricants, plasticizers, and surfactants. Epoxidation of the different raw materials exhibited similar reaction speeds, energy requirements, and final conversions, and the epoxide products were biodegradable and nontoxic up to high concentrations. From environmental and economic perspectives, however, the use of tall oil as raw material is preferable to rapeseed. For the chemo-enzymatic process of epoxidation to be economically feasible, improvements in biocatalyst cost and/or stability are still needed.
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