| 1. |
- Kotta, Jonne, et al.
(författare)
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Cleaning up seas using blue growth initiatives: Mussel farming for eutrophication control in the Baltic Sea
- 2020
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Ingår i: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 709
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- © 2019 The Authors Eutrophication is a serious threat to aquatic ecosystems globally with pronounced negative effects in the Baltic and other semi-enclosed estuaries and regional seas, where algal growth associated with excess nutrients causes widespread oxygen free “dead zones” and other threats to sustainability. Decades of policy initiatives to reduce external (land-based and atmospheric) nutrient loads have so far failed to control Baltic Sea eutrophication, which is compounded by significant internal release of legacy phosphorus (P) and biological nitrogen (N) fixation. Farming and harvesting of the native mussel species (Mytilus edulis/trossulus) is a promising internal measure for eutrophication control in the brackish Baltic Sea. Mussels from the more saline outer Baltic had higher N and P content than those from either the inner or central Baltic. Despite their relatively low nutrient content, harvesting farmed mussels from the central Baltic can be a cost-effective complement to land-based measures needed to reach eutrophication status targets and is an important contributor to circularity. Cost effectiveness of nutrient removal is more dependent on farm type than mussel nutrient content, suggesting the need for additional development of farm technology. Furthermore, current regulations are not sufficiently conducive to implementation of internal measures, and may constitute a bottleneck for reaching eutrophication status targets in the Baltic Sea and elsewhere.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Nyström Sandman, Antonia, et al.
(författare)
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Grön infrastruktur i havet : landskapsperspektiv i förvaltningen av Sveriges marina områden
- 2020
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- En kartläggning av havets naturkvaliteter har påbörjats genom arbetet med grön infrastruktur. Rapporten undersöker olika scenarier för hur den marina gröna infrastrukturen påverkas av mänskliga aktiviteter i förhållande till olika strategier för förvaltning. Projektet har genomfört tre fallstudier med olika fokus: strandexploatering, trålfiske och klimatförändring. Genom scenariobaserade analyser visar forskarna vilken effekt olika beslut och åtgärder kan få på naturskydds- och miljömål.Det tvärvetenskapliga projektet är ett samarbete mellan experter inom ekologi och juridik. Forskarna beskriver hur lagstiftning, planering och förvaltningsstrategier bör utformas och fungera ihop, och presenterar förslag för att stärka skyddet av den gröna infrastrukturen i Sveriges havsområden.Forskningen har finansierats av Naturvårdsverkets miljöforskningsanslag till stöd för Naturvårdsverket och Havs- och vattenmyndighetens verksamhet.
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| 4. |
- Polovodova Asteman, Irina, 1980, et al.
(författare)
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Spreading of an alien benthic foraminifer in the North Sea: a reason to be worried?
- 2023
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Ingår i: International Congress FORAMS2023, Perugia, Italy, 25-30th June. - Perugia, Italy : Micropress Europe & The Grzybowski Foundation.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In the Skagerrak-Kattegat (eastern North Sea), the alien benthic foraminifer Nonionella sp. T1 (previously referred to as “Nonionella stella”) was reported for the first time in 2011 and 2012 in the Swedish and southern Norwegian fjords, respectively. Based on dated sediment cores its first occurrence can be traced back to the 1980s in the Gullmar Fjord, to the 2000s in the Öresund and to 2010 in the Oslofjord. Since then, Nonionella sp T1 has spread all over the Kattegat and coastal Skagerrak, according to sampling campaigns performed between 2016 and 2022. The species is now highly abundant in the entire Kattegat, including the Öresund, as well as in fjord mouths of the seasonally hypoxic Gullmar Fjord, the oxic Hakefjord and the long-term polluted Idefjord as demonstrated by molecular and morphospecies data. At the same time, Nonionella sp T1 is rare to absent in the Baltic Sea, Skagerrak deep basin and in deep fjords of western and northern Norway. This study shows some preliminary results on the species’ present distribution in the study area and raises questions about the driving factors and potential effects on the local biodiversity.
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| 5. |
- Anton, Victor, et al.
(författare)
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An open-source, citizen science and machine learning approach to analyse subsea movies
- 2021
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Ingår i: Biodiversity Data Journal. - 1314-2828. ; 9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background The increasing access to autonomously-operated technologies offer vast opportunities to sample large volumes of biological data. However, these technologies also impose novel demands on ecologists who need to apply tools for data management and processing that= are efficient, publicly available and easy to use. Such tools are starting to be developed for wider community and here we present an approach to combine essential analytical functions for analysing large volumes of image data in marine ecological research. New information This paper describes the Koster Seafloor Observatory, an open-source approach to analysing large amounts of subsea movie data for marine ecological research. The approach incorporates three distinct modules to: manage and archive the subsea movies, involve citizen scientists to accurately classify the footage and, finally, train and test machine learning algorithms for detection of biological objects. This modular approach is based on open-source code and allows researchers to customise and further develop the presented functionalities to various types of data and questions related to analysis of marine imagery. We tested our approach for monitoring cold water corals in a Marine Protected Area in Sweden using videos from remotely-operated vehicles (ROVs). Our study resulted in a machine learning model with an adequate performance, which was entirely trained with classifications provided by citizen scientists. We illustrate the application of machine learning models for automated inventories and monitoring of cold water corals. Our approach shows how citizen science can be used to effectively extract occurrence and abundance data for key ecological species and habitats from underwater footage. We conclude that the combination of open-source tools, citizen science systems, machine learning and high performance computational resources are key to successfully analyse large amounts of underwater imagery in the future.
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| 6. |
- Bergström, Per, 1980, et al.
(författare)
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Deposition of shells modify nutrient fluxes in marine sediments: effects of nutrient enrichment and mitigation by bioturbation below mussel farms
- 2020
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Ingår i: Aquaculture Environment Interactions. - : Inter-Research Science Center. - 1869-215X .- 1869-7534. ; 12, s. 315-325
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Farming of extractive species such as filter feeding bivalves has been proposed as a potential method to mitigate impacts of eutrophication in marine environments. For such efforts to be sustainable, potential negative effects from mussel farms, such as accumulation of biodeposits in sediment below them, need to be considered and addressed. Benthic burrowing macrofauna strongly influence biogeochemical processes in soft bottom marine habitats by sediment reworking and irrigation and, thus, have the potential to mitigate some of the negative impacts. However, not all biodeposits are organic matter; shells that accumulate on and in the sediment below mussel farms also have the potential to influence processes in the sediment, the activity of bioturbators and the fluxes across the sediment-water interface. In this study, we evaluated the mitigation potential of the bioturbating polychaete Hediste diversicolor in sediments enriched with mussel waste material and the relative impact of mussel shells within the sediment matrix. The polychaetes generally increased fluxes and sediment oxygen uptake. With an observed tendency of increased fluxes of nutrients in sediments containing shells compared to sediments without, the results indicate that the accumulation of shell has a potential to further increase the mitigative effect of the polychaetes by influencing the solute fluxes across the sediment-water interface.
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| 7. |
- Bergström, Per, 1980, et al.
(författare)
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Differences in growth patterns among three bivalve species and in relation to exposure and implications for aquaculture and ecological functions
- 2024
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Ingår i: Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. - 0272-7714. ; 303
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper, similarities and differences in growth patterns, measured as changes in soft tissue weight and shell length, among three bivalve species in Sweden (blue mussels, Pacific oysters and European flat oysters) were studied with the aim to achieve information on spatial and temporal variability among these commercially important species. The study showed that there are significant differences in spatial growth pattern between blue mussels and both of the oyster species, where oysters grew faster in more protected locations compared to mussels, which had a generally faster growth in the exposed localities. The weight: length ratio also differed among species, where mussels had a lower ratio compared to oysters. Potential causes of the observed patterns and consequences for bivalve farming as well as implications for ecological functions are discussed. The results are valuable in site-selection processes at both local (individual farmers) and regional/national scales (planning processes etc), and indicates that spatial planning of bivalve aquaculture need inclusion of species specific growth parameters.
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| 8. |
- Bergström, Per, 1980, et al.
(författare)
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Identifying high‐density areas of oysters using species distribution modeling: Lessons for conservation of the native Ostrea edulis and management of the invasive Magallana ( Crassostrea ) gigas in Sweden
- 2021
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Ingår i: Ecology and Evolution. - : Wiley. - 2045-7758. ; 11:10, s. 5522-5532
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- AimUnderstanding spatial patterns of the distribution of adult native oyster, Ostrea edulis, and the invasive Magallana (Crassostrea) gigas is important for management of these populations. The aim of this study was to use ensemble SDM’s to (a) identify and predict conservation hotspots, (b) assess the current level of protection for O. edulis, and (c) quantify the amount of overlap between the two species where interactions with M. gigas are most likely.LocationSkagerrak, Sweden.MethodsWe used data collected by video at depths from 0.5 to 10 m in 436 sites. Models of occurrence and densities >1 m−2 were fitted and assessed using ensemble methods (“biomod2” package). Models of high-density hotspots were used to predict, map, and quantify areal extent of the species in order to assess the degree of overlap with protected areas and the potential for interactions between the two species.ResultsBoth species were widely distributed in the region. Observations of high-density habitats, mainly occurring at depths of ≈3 and 0.5 m for O. edulis and M. gigas, respectively, were found in 4% and 2% of the sites. Models provided useful predictions for both species (AUC = 0.85–0.99; sensitivity = 0.74–1.0; specificity = 0.72–0.97). High-density areas occupy roughly 15 km2 each with substantial overlap between species. 50% of these are protected only by fisheries regulations, 44% are found in Natura 2000 reserves and 6% of the predicted O. edulis enjoys protection in a national park.Main conclusionsData collection by video in combination with SDM’s provides a realistic approach for large-scale quantification of spatial patterns of marine population and habitats. O. edulis and M. gigas are common in the area, but a large proportion of the most valuable O. edulis habitats are not found in protected areas. The overlap between species suggests that efforts to manage the invasive M. gigas need to be integrated with management actions to conserve the native O. edulis.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
- Bergström, Per, 1980, et al.
(författare)
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Vägledning för marint vattenbruk i Västra Götaland
- 2020
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Vattenbruk har en potential att bli en viktig tillväxtnäring i framtiden. Haven är en viktig resurs och det är viktigt att våra hav nyttjas,men inte överutnyttjas. För att nå framgång krävs att utvecklingen sker på ett hållbart sätt utan negativ påverkan på vattenmiljön.Ett viktigt led i utvecklandet av ett hållbart och livskraftigt vattenbruk är att områden möjliga för vattenbruket identifieras och integreras i planeringen av havsresursernas utnyttjande samt att processen från vattenbruksidé till verklig-het underlättas. Den här vägledningenför vattenbruk i de marina delarna av Västra Götalands län är ett led i det främjande arbetetoch ettverktyg i den fortsatta utvecklingen av vattenbruket i länets marina delar. Vägledningen un-derlättar identifiering av möjliga områden och samlar nödvändig information som tex vilka tillstånd som behövs,i vilken ordningde söksoch var man ansö-ker om dessa. Vägledningenvisar områden som generellt sett är möjliga för vattenbruk. Enprövning av lämpligheten av odling på en specifik plats måste dock alltid göras i varje enskilt fall.Att en yta i denna vägledning harutpekatssom ettmöjligt område innebär således inte per automatik att ett tillstånd gesochej heller att en tillståndsansökan alltid avslås i ejutpekade områden.Vägledningen baserastill stor del på de områden för norra Bohuslän som iden-tifierats som möjliga för vattenbruk inom projektet ”Vattenbruk på Västkusten” och områden som i ett senare skede identifierats på motsvarande vis för 8-fjordarområdet. Rapporten har tagits fram och bearbetats av Per Bergströmvid Göteborgs universitetoch Fredrik Larson vid Vattenavdelningenmed värde-fullt bidrag från Anita Tullrot vid Kosterhavets nationalpark, samt uppdatering av kartmaterial av Emelie Müller vid Vattenmyndigheten.
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| 12. |
- Buer, A. L., et al.
(författare)
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Nitrogen and Phosphorous Content in Blue Mussels (Mytilus spp.) Across the Baltic Sea
- 2020
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Marine Science. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 2296-7745. ; 7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To support the ongoing discussion about mussel farming and the potential to extract nutrients from the sea, this study investigated the phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) content of blue mussels (Mytilus spp.) under different abiotic and biotic parameters. The focus of this survey was on the highly eutrophied Baltic Sea, where salinity ranges from 4 to 27 psu, and is a major contributing factor to differential mussel growth. We observed that nutrient content was not linearly correlated to salinity, but if categorized, decreased at higher salinities. Chlorophyll-a and temperature did not significantly correlate with nutrient content, but season of harvest and mussel size did. Furthermore, habitat was a strong driver of nutrient content, indicating higher nutrient density if mussels are grown in mussel farms (i.e., in the water column) instead of on mussel culture beds or harvested from wild beds (on the sea bed). Values of N and P averaged 5.85% N and 0.83% P of tissue dry weight in mussels at the sea bed and 9.43% N and 0.96% P of tissue dry weight in mussels from longline cultivation. These results will be useful in refining estimations about mussel farming as a nutrient mitigation measure and the extraction potential, as well as related costs.
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| 13. |
- Greeve, Youk, et al.
(författare)
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Estimating and scaling-up biomass and abundance of epi- and infaunal bivalves in a Swedish archipelago region: Implications for ecological functions and ecosystem services.
- 2023
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Marine Science. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 2296-7745. ; 10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction As suspension-feeders, bivalves play a key role in maintaining regulatory functions of coastal ecosystems, which are linked to important ecosystem services. The functions attributed to bivalves depend on the life habits of a species (epi- or infauna) and their abundance and biomass. To properly quantify and assess these functions, detailed information the distribution, abundance and biomass at the ecosystem scale is critical. Amongst others, this requires an understanding on how environmental conditions shape special patterns in distribution. In this study we investigate this fundamental information on the Swedish west coast, an area where this information is lacking. Methods A survey which was designed to representatively sample both epi- and infaunal bivalves from randomized locations in various habitat types was conducted. Specifically, abundance and biomass of all species were recorded in the intertidal (0-0.5 m) and the shallow subtidal zone (0.5-2 m). The sites were distributed over an offshore gradient and at two exposure levels. This sampling structure allowed to extrapolate the results to an ecosystem level though information on the areal extent of these habitats using GIS layers. Results It was found that even though there exist a great variability among sites, in general epifaunal bivalves outweigh infaunal bivalves approximately 3 to 1. In terms of abundance, the ratio is more or less reversed and infaunal species occur in greater numbers. Most bivalves were found at an intermediate level of exposure, but due to the areal extend of the sheltered inner-archipelago this was the most important habitat for bivalve abundance and biomass. It was also found that invasive epifaunal oyster Magallana gigas and the invasive infaunal clam Ensis leei both dominated their respective groups in terms of biomass. Discussion Though the survey was relatively small, these results serve as a valuable insight of the relative importance of epi- and infaunal bivalves in this region. This gives understanding on which species and habitats are particularly important for ecosystem functions and services related to bivalves. This also provide a starting baseline for attempts to quantify ecosystem services provided by certain species or groups of bivalves in the future.
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| 14. |
- Hylén, Astrid, 1991, et al.
(författare)
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In situ characterization of benthic fluxes and denitrification efficiency in a newly re-established mussel farm
- 2021
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Ingår i: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 782
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Mussel farming has been proposed as a mechanism to mitigate eutrophication in coastal waters. However, localizing the intensive filtration of organic matter by mussels can cause a concomitant enrichment of organic matter in sediments below farms, which may influence biogeochemical processes and fates of nutrients in the system. In the context of mitigating eutrophication, it is important to quantify sedimentary changes induced at early life stages of mussel farms. Accordingly, this study investigated how a newly re-established mussel farm affected sedimentation rates, sediment characteristics, sediment-water solute fluxes and nitrate (NO3−) reduction rates (measured in situ) during the first year of production. Sedimentation rates were enhanced at the farm relative to a reference station, and both organic and inorganic carbon accumulated in the sediment with time. Increased organic matter input likely drove the slightly elevated sedimentary effluxes of ammonium (NH4+) and dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) in the farm. Denitrification was the main NO3− reduction process, however, there was a relative increase in the remobilization of bioavailable nitrogen underneath the farm as dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) rates were enhanced by >200% and the denitrification efficiency was 49% lower compared to the reference station. The sedimentary methane (CH4) release tended to be higher at the farm, but fluxes were not significantly different from reference conditions. Low sedimentary pigment concentrations indicated a reduced presence of benthic microalgae at the farm, which likely influenced sediment-water solute fluxes. Over the production cycle, the release of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and DIP underneath the farm were respectively 426% and 510% relative to reference conditions. Impacts of the mussel farm were thus measurable already during the first year of establishment. These immediate changes to the sediment biogeochemistry, as well as long-term effects, should be considered when estimating the environmental impact of mussel aquaculture.
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| 15. |
- Kotta, Jonne, et al.
(författare)
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Assessing the potential for sea-based macroalgae cultivation and its application for nutrient removal in the Baltic Sea
- 2022
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Ingår i: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 839
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Marine eutrophication is a pervasive and growing threat to global sustainability. Macroalgal cultivation is a promising circular economy solution to achieve nutrient reduction and food security. However, the location of production hotspots is not well known. In this paper the production potential of macroalgae of high commercial value was predicted across the Baltic Sea region. In addition, the nutrient limitation within and adjacent to macroalgal farms was investigated to suggest optimal site-specific configuration of farms. The production potential of Saccharina latissima was largely driven by salinity and the highest production yields are expected in the westernmost Baltic Sea areas where salinity is >23. The direct and interactive effects of light availability, temperature, salinity and nutrient concentrations regulated the predicted changes in the production of Ulva intestinalis and Fucus vesiculosus. The western and southern Baltic Sea exhibited the highest farming potential for these species, with promising areas also in the eastern Baltic Sea. Macroalgal farming did not induce significant nutrient limitation. The expected spatial propagation of nutrient limitation caused by macroalgal farming was less than 100–250 m. Higher propagation distances were found in areas of low nutrient and low water exchange (e.g. offshore areas in the Baltic Proper) and smaller distances in areas of high nutrient and high water exchange (e.g. western Baltic Sea and Gulf of Riga). The generated maps provide the most sought-after input to support blue growth initiatives that foster the sustainable development of macroalgal cultivation and reduction of in situ nutrient loads in the Baltic Sea.
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
- Visch, Wouter, et al.
(författare)
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Spatial differences in growth rate and nutrient mitigation of two co-cultivated, extractive species: The blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) and the kelp (Saccharina latissima)
- 2020
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Ingår i: Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. - : Elsevier BV. - 0272-7714. ; 246
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- © 2020 Cultivation of extractive species, such as bivalves and seaweeds, provides opportunities for food production while removing excess nutrients in eutrophic coastal waters. However, to optimize these ecosystem services, selecting aquaculture sites that affect growth and nutrient uptake is important. In a transplant experiment we assessed spatial growth patterns of the blue mussel Mytilus edulis and the kelp Saccharina latissima, which were used to estimate nutrient removal. Optimal locations for growth and nutrient extraction differed, mussels grew better in relatively sheltered inner coastal areas, whereas seaweed growth increased in outer more exposed coastal areas. Estimates of mitigatory capacity indicated that under the best available conditions, mussels remove approximately 700 kg N and 6600 kg C ha−1yr−1, whereas seaweed removes approximately 100 kg N and 1000 kg C ha−1yr−1. We identified the importance of site selection for the overall capacity of two extractive species (bivalves and seaweeds) in order to synergistically maximise their growth and nutrient mitigation.
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