| 1. |
- Andrés, E., et al.
(författare)
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Observation of high-energy neutrinos using Čerenkov detectors embedded deep in Antarctic ice
- 2001
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 410:6827, s. 441-443
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Neutrinos are elementary particles that carry no electric charge and have little mass. As they interact only weakly with other particles, they can penetrate enormous amounts of matter, and therefore have the potential to directly convey astrophysical information from the edge of the Universe and from deep inside the most cataclysmic high-energy regions. The neutrino's great penetrating power, however, also makes this particle difficult to detect. Underground detectors have observed low-energy neutrinos from the Sun and a nearby supernova2, as well as neutrinos generated in the Earth's atmosphere. But the very low fluxes of high-energy neutrinos from cosmic sources can be observed only by much larger, expandable detectors in, for example, deep water3,4 or ice5. Here we report the detection of upwardly propagating atmospheric neutrinos by the ice-based Antarctic muon and neutrino detector array (AMANDA). These results establish a technology with which to build a kilometre-scale neutrino observatory necessary for astrophysical observations1.
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| 2. |
- Andrés, E., et al.
(författare)
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Recent results from AMANDA
- 2001
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Ingår i: International Journal of Modern Physics A. - 0217-751X .- 1793-656X. ; 16:1C, s. 1013-1015
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present results based on data taken in 1997 with the 302-PMT Antarctic Muon and Neutrino Detector Array-B10 ("AMANDA-B10") array. Atmospheric neutrinos created in the northern hemisphere are observed indirectly through their charged current interactions which produce relativistic, Cherenkov-light-emitting upgoing muons in the South Pole ice cap. The reconstructed angular distribution of these events is in good agreement with expectation and demonstrates the viability of this ice-based device as a neutrino telescope.
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| 3. |
- Andres, E., et al.
(författare)
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Results from the AMANDA high energy neutrino detector
- 2000
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Ingår i: Nuclear physics B, Proceedings supplements. - : Elsevier. - 0920-5632 .- 1873-3832. ; 91:1-3, s. 423-430
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper briefly summarizes the search for astronomical sources of high-energy neutrinos using the AMANDA-B10 detector. The complete data set from 1997 was analyzed. For Eμ > 10 TeV, the detector exceeds 10,000 m2 in effective area between declinations of 25 and 90 degrees. Neutrinos generated in the atmosphere by cosmic ray interactions were used to verify the overall sensitivity of the detector. The absolute pointing accuracy and angular resolution has been confirmed by the analysis of coincident events between the SPASE air shower array and the AMANDA detector. Preliminary flux limits from point source candidates are presented. For declinations larger than +45 degrees, our results compare favorably to existing limits for sources in the Southern sky. We also present the current status of the searches for high energy neutrino emission from diffusely distributed sources, GRBs, and WIMPs from the center of the earth.
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| 4. |
- Bai, X., et al.
(författare)
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Status of the Neutrino Telescope AMANDA : Monopoles and WIMPS
- 2001
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Ingår i: Dark Matter in Astro- and Particle Physics. - Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer. - 9783642626081 ; , s. 699-706
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The neutrino telescope AMANDA has been set up at the geographical South Pole as first step to a neutrino telescope of the scale of one cubic kilometer, which is the canonical size for a detector sensitive to neutrinos from Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN), Gamma Ray Bursts (GRB) and Topological Defects (TD). The location and depth in which the detector is installed is given by the requirement to detect neutrinos by the Cherenkov light produced by their reaction products and to keep the background due to atmospheric muons as small as possible. However, a detector optimized for this purpose is also capable to detect the bright Cherenkov light from relativistic Monopoles and neutrino signals from regions with high gravitational potential, where WIMPS are accumulated and possibly annihilate. Both hypothetical particles might contribute to the amount of dark matter. Therefore here a report about the status of the experiment (autumn 2000) and about the status of the search for these particles with the AMANDA B10 sub-detector is given.
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| 5. |
- Edsjö, Joakim, et al.
(författare)
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WIMP searches with AMANDA-B10
- 2001
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Ingår i: The Identification Of Dark Matter. - : World Scientific. - 9789810246020 ; , s. 499-505
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 6. |
- Andres, E., et al.
(författare)
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The AMANDA neutrino telescope : Principle of operation and first results
- 2000
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Ingår i: Astroparticle physics. - : Elsevier. - 0927-6505 .- 1873-2852. ; 13:1, s. 1-20
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- AMANDA is a high-energy neutrino telescope presently under construction at the geographical South Pole. In the Antarctic summer 1995/96, an array of 80 optical modules (OMs) arranged on 4 strings (AMANDA-B4) was deployed at depths between 1.5 and 2 km. In this paper we describe the design and performance of the AMANDA-B4 prototype, based on data collected between February and November 1996. Monte Carlo simulations of the detector response to down-going atmospheric muon tracks show that the global behavior of the detector is understood. We describe the data analysis method and present first results on atmospheric muon reconstruction and separation of neutrino candidates. The AMANDA array was upgraded with 216 OMs on 6 new strings in 1996/97 (AMANDA-B10), and 122 additional OMs on 3 strings in 1997/98.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Wischnewski, R., et al.
(författare)
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The AMANDA neutrino detector : Status report
- 2000
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Ingår i: Nuclear physics B, Proceedings supplements. - 0920-5632 .- 1873-3832. ; 85:1-3, s. 141-145
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The first stage of the AMANDA High Energy Neutrino Detector at the South Pole, the 302 PMT array AMANDA-B10, is taking data since 1997. We describe results on atmospheric neutrinos, limits on indirect WIMP detection, seasonal muon flux variation, relativistic monopole flux limits, a search for gravitational collapse neutrinos, and a depth scan of the optical ice properties. The next stage 19-string detector AMANDA-II with ∼650 PMTs will be completed in spring 2000.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
- Andersson, T, et al.
(författare)
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Community-based prevention of perinatal deaths : lessons from nineteenth-century Sweden.
- 2000
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Ingår i: International Journal of Epidemiology. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0300-5771 .- 1464-3685. ; 29:3, s. 542-8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Poor reproductive history, particularly previously high perinatal mortality, is associated with high perinatal mortality. Midwifery-assisted at home deliveries successfully reduced perinatal mortality.
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| 14. |
- Andersson, T, et al.
(författare)
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Swedish maternal mortality in the 19th century by different definitions : previous stillbirths but not multiparity risk factor for maternal death.
- 2000
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Ingår i: Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. - : Wiley. - 0001-6349 .- 1600-0412. ; 79:8, s. 679-86
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In conclusion, this study shows that the mother's reproductive history was the most important risk factor measured for all definitions of maternal death. Grand multiparity did not increase the risk of maternal death. Maternal mortality ratio varied threefold in the study population, depending on the definition used. The high mortality ratios found in this study, only declining by the end of the century, should be interpreted as a general condition of the society since no significant differences could be perceived regarding social class, while unmarried women were more at risk.
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
- Arleth, L., et al.
(författare)
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Small-angle neutron scattering study of the growth behavior, flexibility, and intermicellar interactions of wormlike SDS micelles in NaBr aqueous solutions
- 2002
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Ingår i: Langmuir. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0743-7463 .- 1520-5827. ; 18:14, s. 5343-5353
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- SDS wormlike micelles in water with NaBr are studied using small-angle neutron scattering. SDS concentrations ranging from 0.08 to 8.6 % vol in NaBr aqueous solutions at salinities from 0.6 to 1.0 M are covered. The scattering data are analyzed using a novel approach based on polymer theory and the results of Monte Carlo simulations. The method makes it possible to give a full interpretation of the scattering data, even for the entangled micellar solutions occurring at high concentrations and high salinities. Analysis of the scattering data at zero scattering angle demonstrates that the length of the micelles increases according to a power law as a function of concentration in the studied interval. The analysis furthermore shows that the length of the micelles increases exponentially with increasing salinity. The scattering data in the full range of scattering angles are analyzed using a model for polydisperse wormlike micelles where excluded volume effects are taken into account via an expression based on the polymer reference interaction site model (PRISM). This part of the analysis show that the micelles become more flexible as the salinity increases, which is due to an increased screening of the ionic micelles.
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
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| 20. |
- Barthelmie, R., Larsen, G., Bergström, H., Magnusson, M., Schlez,W., Rados, K., Lange, B., Vølund, P., Neckelmann, S., Christensen, L., Schepers, G., Hegberg, T., Folkerts, L.
(författare)
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ENDOW:Efficient Development of Offshore Windfarms.
- 2002
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Ingår i: Wind Engineering. ; 25:5, s. 263-270
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 21. |
- Berggren, Vanja, 1972-, et al.
(författare)
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An explorative study of Sudanese midwives' motives, perceptions and experiences of re-infibulation after birth
- 2004
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Ingår i: Midwifery. - 0266-6138 .- 1532-3099. ; 20:4, s. 299-311
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: to explore Sudanese midwives' motives for and perceptions and experiences of re-infibulation after birth and to elucidate its context and determinants. DESIGN: triangulation of methods, using observational techniques and open-ended interviews. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: two government hospitals in Khartoum/Omdurman, Sudan, for the observations and in-depth interviews with 17 midwives. FINDINGS: midwives are among the major stakeholders in the performance of primary female genital cutting (FGC) as well as re-infibulation. Focusing on re-infibulation after birth, midwives were trying to satisfy differing, and sometimes contradictory, perspectives. The practice of re-infibulation (El Adel) represented a considerable source of income for the midwives. The midwives integrated the practice of re-infibulation into a greater whole of doing well for the woman, through an endeavour to increase her value by helping her to maintain her marriage as well as striving for beautification and completion. They were also trying to meet socio-cultural requests, dealing with pressure from the family while balancing on the edge of the law. KEY CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: the findings confirm that midwives are important stakeholders in perpetuating re-infibulation, and indicate that the motives are more complex than being only economic. The constant balancing between demands from others puts the midwives in a difficult position. Midwives' potential role to influence views in the preventative work against FGC and re-infibulation should be acknowledged in further abolition efforts.
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| 22. |
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| 23. |
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| 24. |
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| 25. |
- Bergström, Christel A S, et al.
(författare)
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Absorption classification of oral drugs based on molecular surface properties
- 2003
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Ingår i: Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0022-2623 .- 1520-4804. ; 46:4, s. 558-570
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this study was to investigate whether easily calculated and comprehended molecular surface properties can predict drug solubility and permeability with sufficient accuracy to allow theoretical absorption classification of drug molecules. For this purpose, structurally diverse, orally administered model drugs were selected from the World Health Organization (WHO)'s list of essential drugs. The solubility and permeability of the drugs were determined using well-established in vitro methods in highly accurate experimental settings. Descriptors for molecular surface area were generated from low-energy conformations obtained by conformational analysis using molecular mechanics calculations. Correlations between the calculated molecular surface area descriptors, on one hand, and solubility and permeability, on the other, were established with multivariate data analysis (partial least squares projection to latent structures (PLS)) using training and test sets. The obtained models were challenged with external test sets. Both solubility and permeability of the druglike molecules could be predicted with high accuracy from the calculated molecular surface properties alone. The established correlations were used to perform a theoretical biopharmaceutical classification of the WHO-listed drugs into six classes, resulting in a correct prediction for 87% of the essential drugs. An external test set consisting of Food and Drug Administration (FDA) standard compounds for biopharmaceutical classification was predicted with 77% accuracy. We conclude that PLS models of easily comprehended molecular surface properties can be used to rapidly provide absorption profiles of druglike molecules early on in drug discovery.
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| 26. |
- Bergström, Christel A S, et al.
(författare)
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Accuracy of calculated pH-dependent aqueous drug solubility.
- 2004
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Ingår i: European journal of pharmaceutical sciences : official journal of the European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences. - : Elsevier BV. - 0928-0987. ; 22:5, s. 387-98
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of the present study was to investigate the extent to which the Henderson-Hasselbalch (HH) relationship can be used to predict the pH-dependent aqueous solubility of cationic drugs. The pH-dependent solubility for 25 amines, carrying a single positive charge, was determined with a small-scale shake flask method. Each sample was prepared as a suspension in 150 mM phosphate buffer. The pH-dependent solubility curves were obtained using at least 10 different pH values. The intrinsic solubility, the solubility at the pKa and the solubility at pH values reflecting the pH of the bulk and acid microclimate in the human small intestine (pH 7.4 and 6.5, respectively) were determined for all compounds. The experimental study revealed a large diversity in slope, from -0.5 (celiprolol) to -8.6 (hydralazine) in the linear pH-dependent solubility interval, which is in sharp contrast to the slope of -1 assumed by the HH equation. In addition, a large variation in the range of solubility between the completely uncharged and completely charged drug species was observed. The range for disopyramide was only 1.1 log units, whereas that for amiodarone was greater than 6.3 log units, pointing at the compound specific response to counter-ion effects. In conclusion, the investigated cationic drugs displayed compound specific pH-dependent solubility profiles, indicating that that the HH equation in many cases will only give rough estimations of the pH-dependent solubility of drugs in divalent buffer systems.
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| 27. |
- Bergström, Christel A. S., 1973-
(författare)
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Computational and Experimental Models for the Prediction of Intestinal Drug Solubility and Absorption
- 2003
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- New effective experimental techniques in medicinal chemistry and pharmacology have resulted in a vast increase in the number of pharmacologically interesting compounds. However, the number of new drugs undergoing clinical trial has not augmented at the same pace, which in part has been attributed to poor absorption of the compounds.The main objective of this thesis was to investigate whether computer-based models devised from calculated molecular descriptors can be used to predict aqueous drug solubility, an important property influencing the absorption process. For this purpose, both experimental and computational studies were performed. A new small-scale shake flask method for experimental solubility determination of crystalline compounds was devised. This method was used to experimentally determine solubility values used for the computational model development and to investigate the pH-dependent solubility of drugs. In the computer-based studies, rapidly calculated molecular descriptors were used to predict aqueous solubility and the melting point, a solid state characteristic of importance for the solubility. To predict the absorption process, drug permeability across the intestinal epithelium was also modeled.The results show that high quality solubility data of crystalline compounds can be obtained by the small-scale shake flask method in a microtiter plate format. The experimentally determined pH-dependent solubility profiles deviated largely from the profiles predicted by a traditionally used relationship, highlighting the risk of data extrapolation. The in silico solubility models identified the non-polar surface area and partitioned total surface areas as potential new molecular descriptors for solubility. General solubility models of high accuracy were obtained when combining the surface area descriptors with descriptors for electron distribution, connectivity, flexibility and polarity. The used descriptors proved to be related to the solvation of the molecule rather than to solid state properties. The surface area descriptors were also valid for permeability predictions, and the use of the solubility and permeability models in concert resulted in an excellent theoretical absorption classification. To summarize, the experimental and computational models devised in this thesis are improved absorption screening tools applicable to the lead optimization in the drug discovery process.
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| 28. |
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| 29. |
- Bergström, Christel A S, et al.
(författare)
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Global and local computational models for aqueous solubility prediction of drug-like molecules.
- 2004
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Ingår i: Journal of chemical information and computer sciences. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0095-2338 .- 1520-5142. ; 44:4, s. 1477-88
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this study was to develop in silico protocols for the prediction of aqueous drug solubility. For this purpose, high quality solubility data of 85 drug-like compounds covering the total drug-like space as identified with the ChemGPS methodology were used. Two-dimensional molecular descriptors describing electron distribution, lipophilicity, flexibility, and size were calculated by Molconn-Z and Selma. Global minimum energy conformers were obtained by Monte Carlo simulations in MacroModel and three-dimensional descriptors of molecular surface area properties were calculated by Marea. PLS models were obtained by use of training and test sets. Both a global drug solubility model (R(2) = 0.80, RMSE(te) = 0.83) and subset specific models (after dividing the 85 compounds into acids, bases, ampholytes, and nonproteolytes) were generated. Furthermore, the final models were successful in predicting the solubility values of external test sets taken from the literature. The results showed that homologous series and subsets can be predicted with high accuracy from easily comprehensible models, whereas consensus modeling might be needed to predict the aqueous drug solubility of datasets with large structural diversity.
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| 30. |
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| 31. |
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| 32. |
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| 33. |
- Bergström, Lars Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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A small-angle neutron scattering study of surfactant aggregates formed in aqueous mixtures of sodium dodecyl sulfate and didodecyldimethylammonium bromide
- 2000
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Ingår i: Journal of Physical Chemistry B. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1089-5647 .- 1520-6106 .- 1520-5207. ; 104:17, s. 4155-4163
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The structure of aggregates formed in aqueous mixtures of a single-chain anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and a double-chain cationic surfactant, didodecyldimethylammonium bromide (DDAB), has been investigated at 38 degrees C using small-angle neutron scattering (SANS). Several overall surfactant concentrations [SDS] + [DDAB] between 0.1 and 5 wt % were measured at the two SDS-rich compositions [SDS]:[DDAB] = 90:10 and 95:5. Samples with a concentration above about [SDS] + [DDAB] = 1 wt % at [SDS]:[DDAB] = 95:5 contained only somewhat elongated tablet-shaped micelles (triaxial ellipsoids) with typical values of the half-axes a (related to the thickness) = 14 Angstrom, b (related to the width) = 23 Angstrom, and c (related to the length) = 27 Angstrom. When a sample at [SDS]:[DDAB] = 95:5 is diluted below about [SDS] + [DDAB] = 1 wt %, an increasing amount of small unilamellar vesicles forms, and in the samples below about 0.2 wt %, only vesicles are observed. The average radius of the vesicles [R] increases from about 90 Angstrom at 0.3 wt % to 110 Angstrom at 0.1 wt %. The transition from micelles to vesicles with decreasing surfactant concentration was also observed in the samples at [SDS]:[DDAB] = 90:10 in which, however, an additional amount of bilayer sheets was seen to be always present. Compared with the micelles at [SDS]:[DDAB] = 95:5, the micelles formed at [SDS]:[DDAB] = 90:10 were considerably longer (c approximate to 40 Angstrom), but with similar cross section dimensions, and the vesicles formed were seen to be somewhat larger than the corresponding aggregates at 95:5. The relative standard deviation sigma(R)/[R] of the (number-weighted) vesicle size distributions was in the range 0.2 < sigma(R)/[R] < 0.3.
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| 34. |
- Bergström, Lars Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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A small-angle X-ray scattering study of complexes formed in mixtures of a cationic polyelectrolyte and an anionic surfactant
- 2002
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Ingår i: Journal of Physical Chemistry B. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1520-6106 .- 1520-5207. ; 106:44, s. 11412-11419
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The internal structure of the solid phase formed in mixtures of the anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and a range of oppositely charged polyelectrolytes with different side chains and charge density has been investigated using small-angle X-ray scattering. Polyelectrolytes with short side chains ([3-(2-methylpropionamido)propyl]trimethylammonium chloride, MAPTAC, and poly{[(2-propionyloxy)ethyl]-trimethylammonium chloride}, PCMA) form a 2-dimensional hexagonal structure with SDS, whereas a polyelectrolyte without side chains (poly(vinlyamine), PVAm) forms a lamellar structure. The hexagonal structure of MAPTAC is retained either when a neutral monomer (acrylamide, AM) is included in the polymer backbone to reduce the charge density or when a nonionic surfactant is admixed to the SDS/polyelctrolyte complex.. The unit cell length of AM-MAPTAC increases with decreasing charge density from a=47.7 Angstrom (MAPTAC, 100% charge density) to 58.5 Angstrom (AM-MAPTAC, 30% charge density). The unit cell length in the lamellar SDS/PVAm complex (a=36.1 Angstrom) is significantly smaller than for the different hexagonal structures. It is conjectured that the cylinders in the hexagonal structure and the bilayers in the lamellar structure are based on self-assembled surfactant aggregates with the polyelectrolyte mainly located in the aqueous region adjacent to the charged surfactant headgroups.
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| 35. |
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| 36. |
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| 37. |
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| 38. |
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| 39. |
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| 40. |
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| 41. |
- Broman, T., et al.
(författare)
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Campylobacter jejuni in black-headed gulls (Larus ridibundus) : prevalence, genotypes, and influence on C. jejuni epidemiology
- 2002
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Ingår i: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. - 0095-1137 .- 1098-660X. ; 40:12, s. 4594-4602
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Campylobacteriosis is a zoonotic disease in which birds have been suggested to play an important role as a reservoir. We investigated the prevalence of Campylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni in black-headed gulls (Larus ridibundus) in southern Sweden with the aim of examining the nature of C. jejuni infection in this bird species. Birds were sampled in four sampling series each year during 1999 (n = 419) and 2000 (n = 365). Longitudinally sampled C. jejuni isolates from individual gulls were subjected to macrorestriction profiling (MRP) by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis to investigate the genotypical stability during the natural course of infection. Furthermore, a subset (n = 76) of black-headed gull isolates was compared to isolates from broiler chickens (n = 38) and humans (n = 56) originating from the same geographic area. We found a pronounced seasonal variation in C. jejuni carriage, with the highest rates found in late autumn. MRP similarities were higher between isolates of human and broiler chicken origin, than between those of wild bird origin and either of the other two hosts. However, identical MRPs were found in two gull isolates and one human isolate after digestion with two restriction enzymes, strongly indicating that they may have been colonized by the same clone of C. jejuni. The MRPs most prevalent in gull isolates did not occur among isolates from humans and broiler chickens, suggesting the existence of a subpopulation of C. jejuni adapted to species-specific colonization or environmental survival.
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| 42. |
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| 43. |
- Challis, K, et al.
(författare)
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Gestational diabetes mellitus and fetal death in Mozambique: an incident case-referent study
- 2002
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Ingår i: Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. - : Wiley. - 1600-0412 .- 0001-6349. ; 81:6, s. 560-563
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background. Third trimester fetal death is a common problem in Mozambique, occurring in approximately 5% of parturient women. Objective. To elucidate the magnitude of the gestational diabetes mellitus problem, and to estimate its prevalence in a group of women with unexplained late fetal deaths and in women with live fetuses (referents). Methods. An incident case-referent study of 109 pregnant Mozambican women with fetal deaths and 110 women delivering liveborns, regarding fasting B-glucose, oral glucose tolerance test and glycosylated hemoglobin. Result. The difference in gestational diabetes mellitus prevalence in the two groups is not significant. The prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus was high in both groups: 11% and 7%, respectively.
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| 44. |
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| 45. |
- Ekerfelt, Christina, 1957-, et al.
(författare)
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Phenotypes indicating cytolytic properties of Borrelia-specific interferon-? secreting cells in chronic Lyme neuroborreliosis
- 2003
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Ingår i: Journal of Neuroimmunology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0165-5728 .- 1872-8421. ; 145:1-2, s. 115-126
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The immuno-pathogenetic mechanisms underlying chronic Lyme neuroborreliosis are mainly unknown. Human Borrelia burgdorferi (Bb) infection is associated with Bb-specific secretion of interferon-? (IFN-?), which may be important for the elimination of Bb, but this may also cause tissue injury. In order to increase the understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms in chronic neuroborreliosis, we investigated which cell types that secrete IFN-?. Blood mononuclear cells from 13 patients with neuroborreliosis and/or acrodermatitis chronicum atrophicans were stimulated with Bb antigen and the phenotypes of the induced IFN-?-secreting cells were analyzed with three different approaches. Cells expressing CD8 or TCR?d, which both have cytolytic properties, were the main phenotypes of IFN-?-secreting cells, indicating that tissue injury in chronic neuroborreliosis may be mediated by cytotoxic cells.
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| 46. |
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| 47. |
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| 48. |
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| 49. |
- Hansen, PHF, et al.
(författare)
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Structural characterization of dense colloidal films using a modified pair distribution function and Delaunay triangulation
- 2001
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Ingår i: Langmuir. - 0743-7463 .- 1520-5827. ; 17, s. 4867-4875
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Methods for structural characterization of particle films have been developed. Monodisperse silica particles with alkoxy chains grafted on the surface formed dense colloidal films at the air-liquid interface. The positions of the partly immersed particles were determined by light microscopy and image analysis. The average size of the ordered domains could be estimated from the pair distribution function. We were also able to determine the distribution of pores and defects in the colloidal film using Delaunay triangulation. The two methods were used to study the effect of interparticle bond strength on the film structure. We found that the size of the ordered domains decreased exponentially when the bond strength increased, while the pore density increased. The effect of drying on structural changes of the colloidal film was also discussed.
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| 50. |
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