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Sökning: WFRF:(Bhattacharya Prosun) > (2020-2024)

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1.
  • Bhattacharya, Manojit, et al. (författare)
  • ChatGPT's scorecard after the performance in a series of tests conducted at the multi-country level : A pattern of responses of generative artificial intelligence or large language models
  • 2024
  • Ingår i: Current Research in Biotechnology. - : Elsevier BV. - 2590-2628. ; 7
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Recently, researchers have shown concern about the ChatGPT-derived answers. Here, we conducted a series of tests using ChatGPT by individual researcher at multi-country level to understand the pattern of its answer accuracy, reproducibility, answer length, plagiarism, and in-depth using two questionnaires (the first set with 15 MCQs and the second 15 KBQ). Among 15 MCQ-generated answers, 13 +/- 70 were correct (Median : 82.5; Coefficient variance : 4.85), 3 +/- 0.77 were incorrect (Median: 3, Coefficient variance: 25.81), and 1 to 10 were reproducible, and 11 to 15 were not. Among 15 KBQ, the length of each question (in words) is about 294.5 +/- 97.60 (mean range varies from 138.7 to 438.09), and the mean similarity index (in words) is about 29.53 +/- 11.40 (Coefficient variance: 38.62) for each question. The statistical models were also developed using analyzed parameters of answers. The study shows a pattern of ChatGPT-derive answers with correctness and incorrectness and urges for an error-free, next-generation LLM to avoid users' misguidance.
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2.
  • Bundschuh, J., et al. (författare)
  • Arsenic in Latin America : New findings on source, mobilization and mobility in human environments in 20 countries based on decadal research 2010-2020
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Critical reviews in environmental science and technology. - : Taylor and Francis Inc.. - 1064-3389 .- 1547-6537. ; , s. 1-119
  • Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Today (year 2020), the globally recognized problem of arsenic (As) contamination of water resources and other environments at toxic levels has been reported in all of the 20 Latin American countries. The present review indicates that As is prevalent in 200 areas across these countries. Arsenic is naturally released into the environment and mobilized from geogenic sources comprising: (i) volcanic rocks and emissions, the latter being transported over thousands of kilometers from the source, (ii) metallic mineral deposits, which get exposed to human beings and livestock through drinking water or food chain, and (iii) As-rich geothermal fluids ascending from deep geothermal reservoirs contaminate freshwater sources. The challenge for mitigation is increased manifold by mining and related activities, as As from mining sites is transported by rivers over long distances and even reaches and contaminates coastal environments. The recognition of the As problem by the authorities in several countries has led to various actions for remediation, but there is a lack of long-term strategies for such interventions. Often only total As concentration is reported, while data on As sources, mobilization, speciation, mobility and pathways are lacking which is imperative for assessing quality of any water source, i.e. public and private.
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6.
  • Kumar, Manish, et al. (författare)
  • Lead time of early warning by wastewater surveillance for COVID-19 : Geographical variations and impacting factors
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Chemical Engineering Journal. - : Elsevier BV. - 1385-8947 .- 1873-3212. ; 441
  • Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The global data on the temporal tracking of the COVID-19 through wastewater surveillance needs to be comparatively evaluated to generate a proper and precise understanding of the robustness, advantages, and sensitivity of the wastewater-based epidemiological (WBE) approach. We reviewed the current state of knowledge based on several scientific articles pertaining to temporal variations in COVID-19 cases captured via viral RNA predictions in wastewater. This paper primarily focuses on analyzing the WBE-based temporal variation reported globally to check if the reported early warning lead-time generated through environmental surveillance is pragmatic or latent. We have compiled the geographical variations reported as lead time in various WBE reports to strike a precise correlation between COVID-19 cases and genome copies detected through wastewater surveillance, with respect to the sampling dates, separately for WASH and non-WASH countries. We highlighted sampling methods, climatic and weather conditions that significantly affected the concentration of viral SARS-CoV-2 RNA detected in wastewater, and thus the lead time reported from the various climatic zones with diverse WASH situations were different. Our major findings are: i) WBE reports around the world are not comparable, especially in terms of gene copies detected, lag-time gained between monitored RNA peak and outbreak/peak of reported case, as well as per capita RNA concentrations; ii) Varying sanitation facility and climatic conditions that impact virus degradation rate are two major interfering features limiting the comparability of WBE results, and iii) WBE is better applicable to WASH countries having well-connected sewerage system.
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7.
  • Mukherjee, Abhijit, et al. (författare)
  • Occurrence, predictors and hazards of elevated groundwater arsenic across India through field observations and regional-scale AI-based modeling
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 759
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Existence of wide spread elevated concentrations of groundwater arsenic (As) across South Asia, including India, has endangered a huge groundwater-based drinking water dependent population. Here, using high-spatial resolution As field-observations (similar to 3 million groundwater sources) across India, we have delineated the regional-scale occurrence of elevated groundwater As (>= 10 mu g/L), along with the possible geologic-geomorphologic-hydrologic and human-sourced predictors that influence the spatial distribution of the contaminant. Using statistical and machine learning method, we also modeled the groundwater As concentrations probability at 1 Km resolution, along with probabilistic delineation of high As-hazard zones across India. The observed occurrence of groundwater As was found to be most strongly influenced by geology-tectonics, groundwater-fed irrigated area (%) and elevation. Pervasive As contamination is observed in major parts of the Himalayan mega-river Indus-Ganges-Brahmaputra basins, however it also occurs in several more-localized pockets, mostly related to ancient tectonic zones, igneous provinces, aquifers in modern delta and chalcophile mineralized regions. The model results suggest As-hazard potential in yet-undetected areas. Our model performed well in predicting groundwater arsenic, with accuracy: 82% and 84%; area under the curve (AUC): 0.89 and 0.88 for test data and validation datasets. An estimated similar to 90 million people across India are found to be exposed to high groundwater As from field-observed data, with the five states with highest hazard are West Bengal (28 million), Bihar (21 million), Uttar Pradesh (15 million), Assam(8.6 million) and Punjab (6 million). However it can be much more if the modeled hazard is considered (>250 million). Thus, our study provides a detailed, quantitative assessment of high groundwater As across India, with delineation of possible intrinsic influences and exogenous forcings. The predictive model is helpful in predicting As-hazard zones in the areas with limited measurements.
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9.
  • Ahmad, Arslan, et al. (författare)
  • Arsenic reduction to < 1 mu g/L in Dutch drinking water
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Environment International. - : Elsevier. - 0160-4120 .- 1873-6750. ; 134
  • Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Arsenic (As) is a highly toxic element which naturally occurs in drinking water. In spite of substantial evidence on the association between many illnesses and chronic consumption of As, there is still a considerable uncertainty about the health risks due to low As concentrations in drinking water. In the Netherlands, drinking water companies aim to supply water with As concentration of < 1 mu g/L - a water quality goal which is tenfold more stringent than the current WHO guideline. This paper provides (i) an account on the assessed lung cancer risk for the Dutch population due to pertinent low-level As in drinking water and cost-comparison between health care provision and As removal from water, (ii) an overview of As occurrence and mobility in drinking water sources and water treatment systems in the Netherlands and (iii) insights into As removal methods that have been employed or under investigation to achieve As reduction to < 1 mu g/L at Dutch water treatment plants. Lowering of the average As concentration to < 1 mu g/L in the Netherlands is shown to result in an annual benefit of 7.2-14 M(sic). This study has a global significance for setting drinking water As limits and provision of safe drinking water.
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11.
  • Ahmad, Arslan, et al. (författare)
  • Impact of phosphate, silicate and natural organic matter on the size of Fe(III) precipitates and arsenate co-precipitation efficiency in calcium containing water
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Separation and Purification Technology. - : ELSEVIER. - 1383-5866 .- 1873-3794. ; 235
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Removal of arsenic (As) from water by co-precipitation with Fe(III) (oxyhydr)oxides is a widely used technique in water treatment. Nevertheless, As removal efficiency appears to be sensitive to the composition of the water matrix. The aim of this study was to gain a deeper understanding of the independent and combined effects of silicate (Si), phosphate (P), natural organic matter (NOM) and calcium (Ca) on arsenate [As(V)] co-precipitation efficiency and the size of Fe(III) precipitates. We found that, in complex solutions, containing multiple solutes and high levels of Ca, (variations in) Si and P concentrations reduce As(V) removal to some extent, mainly due to a decreased adsorption of As(V) onto Fe(III) precipitates. On the other hand, NOM concentrations reduced As(V) removal to a much greater extent, due to possible formation of mobile Fe(III)-NOM complexes that were difficult to remove by filtration. These findings have a great significance for predicting As(V) removal as a function of seasonal and process-related water quality changes at water treatment plants.
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12.
  • Ahmad, Arslan, et al. (författare)
  • Mobility and redox transformation of arsenic during treatment of artificially recharged groundwater for drinking water production
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Water Research. - : Elsevier. - 0043-1354 .- 1879-2448. ; 178
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • In this study we investigate opportunities for reducing arsenic (As) to low levels, below 1 mu g/L in produced drinking water from artificially infiltrated groundwater. We observe that rapid sand filtration is the most important treatment step for the oxidation and removal of As at water treatment plants which use artificially recharged groundwater as source. Removal of As is mainly due to As co-precipitation with Fe(III)(oxyhydr)oxides, which shows higher efficiency in rapid sand filter beds compared to aeration and supernatant storage. This is due to an accelerated oxidation of As(III) to As(V) in the filter bed which may be caused by the manganese oxides and/or As(III) oxidizing bacteria, as both are found in the coating of rapid sand filter media grains by chemical analysis and taxonomic profiling of the bacterial communities. Arsenic removal does not take place in treatment steps such as granular activated carbon filtration, ultrafiltration or slow sand filtration, due to a lack of hydrolyzing iron in their influent and a lack of adsorption affinity between As and the filtration surfaces. Further, we found that As reduction to below 1 mu g/L can be effectively achieved at water treatment plants either by treating the influent of rapid sand filters by dosing potassium permanganate in combination with ferric chloride or by treating the effluent of rapid sand filters with ferric chloride dosing only. Finally, we observe that reducing the pH is an effective measure for increasing As co-precipitation with Fe(III)(oxyhydr)oxides, but only when the oxidized arsenic, As(V), is the predominant species in water.
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13.
  • Ahmed, Firoz, et al. (författare)
  • First detection of SARS-CoV-2 genetic material in the vicinity of COVID-19 isolation Centre in Bangladesh : Variation along the sewer network
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 776
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • We made the first and successful attempt to detect SARS-CoV-2 genetic material in the vicinity wastewaters of an isolation centre i.e. Shaheed Bhulu Stadium, situated at Noakhali, Southeastern Bangladesh. Owing to the fact that isolation centre, in general, always contained a constant number of 200 COVID-19 patients, the prime objective of the study was to check if several drains carrying RNA of coronavirus are actually getting diluted or accumulated along with the sewage network. Our finding suggested that while the temporal variation of the genetic load decreased in small drains over the span of 50 days, the main sewer exhibited accumulation of SARS-CoV-2 RNA. Other interesting finding displays that probably distance of sampling location in meters is not likely to have a significant impact on the detected gene concentration, although the quantity of the RNA extracted in the downstream of the drain was higher. These findings are of immense value from the perspective of wastewater surveillance of COVID-19, as they largely imply that we do not need to monitor every wastewater system, and probably major drains monitoring may illustrate the city health. Perhaps, we are reporting the accumulation of SARS-CoV-2 genetic material along with the sewer network i.e. from primary to tertiary drains. The study sought further data collection in this line to simulate conditions prevailed in most of the developing countries and to shed further light on decay/accumulation processes of the genetic load of the SARS-COV-2.
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14.
  • Alam, Mohammad Ayaz, et al. (författare)
  • An appraisal of the principal concerns and controlling factors for Arsenic contamination in Chile
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : Springer Nature. - 2045-2322. ; 13:1
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Although geogenic Arsenic (As) contamination is well-recognized in northern Chile, it is not restricted to this part of the country, as the geological conditions favoring As release to the human environment exist across the country as well, although not at the same level, based on comparatively fewer studies in central and southern Chile. The present work provides a critical evaluation of As sources, pathways, and controls with reports and case studies from across the country based on an exhaustive bibliographic review of its reported geogenic sources and processes that affect its occurrence, systematization, and critical revision of this information. Arc magmatism and associated geothermal activities, identified as the primary As sources, are present across the Chilean Andes, except for the Pampean Flat Slab and Patagonian Volcanic Gap. Metal sulfide ore zones, extending from the country's far north to the south-central part, are the second most important geogenic As source. While natural leaching of As-rich mineral deposits contaminates the water in contact, associated mining, and metallurgical activities result in additional As release into the human environment through mining waste and tailings. Moreover, crustal thickness has been suggested as a principal controlling factor for As release, whose southward decrease has been correlated with lower As values.
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  • Ali, S., et al. (författare)
  • Influence of the water–sediment interaction on the major ions chemistry and fluoride pollution in groundwater of the Older Alluvial Plains of Delhi, India
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Journal of Earth System Science. - : Springer Nature. - 2347-4327 .- 0973-774X. ; 130:2
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Fluoride (F–) pollution in groundwater of the Older Alluvial Plain (OAP) of Delhi has been reported as a major problem. About 34% of the groundwater samples collected for this study had F– level beyond the permissible limit; with F– concentration in the range of 0.14–3.15 mg/L (average 1.20 mg/L). In this context, this article for the first time attempts on the genesis of major ions chemistry and F– pollution in groundwater of OAP Delhi by going beyond the statistical analysis to sediment geochemistry, chemical weathering processes and understanding of the processes using stable environmental isotopes (2H and 18O). The XRD of the OAP sediments revealed the dominance of fluor-biotite, albite, calcite, quartz, and chlorite. Whereas, the separated clay revealed the dominance of chlorite, kaolinite, and illite minerals. The saturation index (SI) values indicated that the groundwater chemistry is in the process of further F– enrichment by way of sediment groundwater interaction. With the given mineralogy of the sediments, the dominance of major ions like Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl– and F– has been attributed to chemical weathering of biotites, phlogopites, albite, and calcite during sediment–water interaction. While the dominance of SO42– has been attributed to anthropogenic sources and confirmed by its association with heavier stable isotopes of hydrogen (δ2H: −50.44 to −40.02‰) and oxygen (δ18O: −7.19 to −5.62‰) indicating evaporative enrichment during isotopic fractionation.
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  • Amin, Nuhu, et al. (författare)
  • Dependency of sanitation infrastructure on the discharge of faecal coliform and SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA in wastewater from COVID and non-COVID hospitals in Dhaka, Bangladesh
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 867
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA in wastewater can be used as an indicator of the presence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in specific catchment areas. We conducted a hospital-based study to explore wastewater management in healthcare facilities and analyzed SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the hospital wastewater in Dhaka city during the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak between September 2020-January 2021. We selected three COVID-hospitals, two non-COVID-hospitals, and one non-COVID-hospital with COVID wards, conducted spot-checks of the sanitation systems (i.e., toilets, drainage, and septic-tank), and collected 90 untreated wastewater effluent samples (68 from COVID and 22 from non-COVID hospitals). E. coli was detected using a membrane filtration technique and reported as colony forming unit (CFU). SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected using the iTaq Universal Probes One-Step kit for RT-qPCR amplification of the SARS-CoV-2 ORF1ab and N gene targets and quantified for SARS-CoV-2 genome equivalent copies (GEC) per mL of sample. None of the six hospitals had a primary wastewater treatment facility; two COVID hospitals had functional septic tanks, and the rest of the hospitals had either broken onsite systems or no containment of wastewater. Overall, 100 % of wastewater samples were positive with a high concentration of E.coli (mean = 7.0 log10 CFU/100 mL). Overall, 67 % (60/90) samples were positive for SARS-CoV-2. The highest SARS-CoV-2 concentrations (median: 141 GEC/mL; range: 13-18,214) were detected in wastewater from COVID-hospitals, and in non-COVID-hospitals, the median SARS-CoV-2 concentration was 108 GEC/mL (range: 30-1829). Our results indicate that high concentrations of E. coli and SARS-CoV-2 were discharged through the hospital wastewa-ter (both COVID and non-COVID) without treatment into the ambient water bodies. Although there is no evidence for transmission of SARS-CoV-2 via wastewater, this study highlights the significant risk posed by wastewater from health care facilities in Dhaka for the many other diseases that are spread via faecal oral route. Hospitals in low-income settings could function as sentinel sites to monitor outbreaks through wastewater-based epidemiological surveillance systems. Hospitals should aim to adopt the appropriate wastewater treatment technologies to reduce the discharge of pathogens into the environment and mitigate environmental exposures.
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  • Amiri, V., et al. (författare)
  • Groundwater quality evaluation using Shannon information theory and human health risk assessment in Yazd province, central plateau of Iran
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Environmental Science and Pollution Research. - : Springer. - 0944-1344 .- 1614-7499.
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This study aims to evaluate the quality of groundwater in the most arid province of Iran, Yazd. It is highly dependent on groundwater resources to meet the domestic, industrial, and agricultural water demand. Position of water samples on the modified Gibbs diagram demonstrates that the interaction with silicates and the increase in direct cation exchange are responsible for the increased salinity of groundwater. Based on entropy theory, the decreasing order of importance of variables in controlling groundwater chemistry is Fe > As > Ba > Hg > NO2 > Pb > K > Cl > Na > Mg > SO4 > NO3 > HCO3 > Ca. The results of entropy weighted water quality index (EWWQI) calculation show that about 34 and 32% of 206 samples in the wet and dry seasons, respectively, are classified as extremely poor quality (ranks 4 and 5). Approximately 60 and 55% of 206 samples in wet and dry seasons, respectively, have excellent, good, and medium quality (ranks 1, 2, and 3). The non-carcinogenic human health risk (NHHR) from intake and dermal contact pathways using deterministic approach show that 36 and 17 samples in both seasons are not suitable for drinking by children. Furthermore, 9 and 2 samples are not suitable for drinking by adults. The results show that children are more vulnerable than adults to these health risks. The non-carcinogenic risks through dermal contact were negligible.
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  • Amiri, Vahab, et al. (författare)
  • Mercury pollution in the coastal Urmia aquifer in northwestern Iran : potential sources, mobility, and toxicity
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Environmental Science and Pollution Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH. - 0944-1344 .- 1614-7499. ; 28:14, s. 17546-17562
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The concentration of total dissolved mercury (HgT) in surface and groundwater resources in the coastal parts of Urmia aquifer (NW of Iran) was investigated to identify the possible sources and sinks of mercury and the geochemical mechanisms controlling its mobilization. The distribution of water samples on the Piper diagram demonstrates that most samples have the Ca-Mg-HCO3 facies. From 62 water samples collected in this area, one sample contained HgT concentrations exceeding the maximum contaminant level recommended by the WHO (6 μg/L). The principal component analysis (PCA) produced five principal components. The positive moderate correlation of HgT with EC, Cl, K, Mg, and Na indicated that the weathering of geological formations was one of the main sources of mercury in groundwater samples. Position of water samples in Eh-pH regions where microorganisms involved in mercury methylation and mineralization were potentially active demonstrated that the aquifer had undergone sulfate reduction and had reached the final stage of the terminal electron accepting process (TEAP) sequence in the methane production processes which are limited to only 37% of the water samples that have anaerobic conditions. Some Hg-bearing species are in nonequilibrium geochemical conditions. The supersaturation of water samples with magnetite and goethite indicated that these Fe-bearing minerals could act as the strong reducing agents for the reduction of Hg(II) to Hg(0).
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  • Amiri, V., et al. (författare)
  • The hydrogeochemical evaluation of groundwater resources and their suitability for agricultural and industrial uses in an arid area of Iran
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Groundwater for Sustainable Development. - : Elsevier BV. - 2352-801X. ; 12
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The hydrogeochemical and quality status of groundwater resources in Yazd province, the central plateau of Iran, has been investigated. The most common water type, followed by chemical facies in this study area, is Cl type (with 50.46%) and Na–Cl facies (47.71%), respectively. Besides, the most samples with industrial and agricultural uses show the Cl type and Na–Cl hydrochemical facies. The position of samples on the Gibbs and van Wirdum diagrams indicate that the water-rock interaction and dissolution of evaporites are the main controlling process of water chemistry. Distribution of samples based on Na/Cl vs. EC, Ca + Mg vs. SO4 + HCO3, and Na–Cl vs. Ca + Mg–SO4–HCO3 highlight the significant role of direct ion exchange in water chemistry change. The water quality for agricultural use is assessed based on some indices including EC, Na%, sodium absorption ratio (SAR), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), magnesium absorption ratio (MAR), permeability index (PI), Kelly's ratio (KR), and Wilcox diagram. In general, the water quality for irrigation purposes is mainly excellent to permissible. The water quality assessment for industrial purposes is performed using some indices including Langelier Saturation Index (LSI), Ryznar Stability Index (RSI), Larson-Skold Index (L-SI), Puckorious scaling index (PSI), and total hardness (TH). Based on these indices, most groundwater samples have mild to high potential to corrode the equipment and pipelines.
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  • Aullón Alcaine, Anna, et al. (författare)
  • Hydrogeochemical controls on the mobility of arsenic, fluoride and other geogenic co-contaminants in the shallow aquifers of northeastern La Pampa Province in Argentina
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 715
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Elevated Arsenic (As) and Fluoride (F) concentrations in groundwater have been studied in the shallow aquifers of northeastern of La Pampa province, in the Chaco-Pampean plain, Argentina. The source of As and co-contaminants is mainly geogenic, from the weathering of volcanic ash and loess (rhyolitic glass) that erupted from the Andean volcanic range. In this study we have assessed the groundwater quality in two semi-arid areas of La Pampa. We have also identified the spatial distribution of As and co-contaminants in groundwater and determined the major factors controlling the mobilization of As in the shallow aquifers. The groundwater samples were circum-neutral to alkaline (7.4 to 92), oxidizing (Eh similar to 0.24 V) and characterized by high salinity (EC = 456-11,400 mu S/cm) and Na+-HCO3- water types in recharge areas. Carbonate concretions ("tosca") were abundant in the upper layers of the shallow aquifer. The concentration of total As (5.6 to 535 mu g/L) and F (0.5 to 14.2 mg/L) were heterogeneous and exceeded the recommended WHO Guidelines and the Argentine Standards for drinking water. The predominant As species were arsenate As(V) oxyanions, determined by thermodynamic calculations. Arsenic was positively correlated with bicarbonate (HCO3-), fluoride (F), boron (B) and vanadium (V), but negatively correlated with iron (Fe), aluminium (Al), and manganese (Mn), which were present in low concentrations. The highest amount of As in sediments was from the surface of the dry lake. The mechanisms for As mobilization are associated with multiple factors: geochemical reactions, hydrogeological characteristics of the local aquifer and climatic factors. Desorption of As(V) at high pH, and ion competition for adsorption sites are considered the principal mechanisms for As mobilization in the shallow aquifers. In addition, the long-term consumption of the groundwater could pose a threat for the health of the local community and low cost remediation techniques are required to improve the drinking water quality.
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22.
  • Bhatnagar, Shailesh, et al. (författare)
  • Delineation of aquifers favorable for groundwater development using Schlumberger configuration resistivity survey techniques in Rajouri district of Jammu and Kashmir, India
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: GROUNDWATER FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT. - : Elsevier BV. - 2352-801X. ; 17
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The primary goal of this research is to demarcate aquifers favorable for groundwater development in the border district of Rajouri, in the Union Territory of Jammu, and Kashmir, in order to secure a long-term water supply. The Schlumberger configuration resistivity survey technique Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) is used to investigate the characteristics of the subsurface layer and the potential of groundwater by using 30 VES sites in order to establish the optimum sites for digging a successful borehole for the qualitative and quantitative in-terpretations in the study area. It is determined that real resistivity values of subsurface geoelectric layers less than 35 Ohm m indicate the existence of finer sediments, whilst moderate resistivity values ranging from 35 to 100 Ohm m suggest the presence of coarser sediments favorable for groundwater development. The resistivity value between 100 and 200 Ohm m indicates weathered formation, 200-400 Ohm m, indicates fractured rock and more than 400 Ohm m represents hard formation which is devoid of any kind of groundwater development. The bedrock resistivity, nature of the curve, and overburden thickness are the parameters utilized to choose a good site for drilling tests. Based on the criteria, it was determined that nine VES sites (VES-2, VES-3, VES-4, VES -6, VES-17, VES-18, VES-19, VES-28, and VES-30) are appropriate for the installation of a tube well for irrigation and domestic purposes. The 8 sites (VES-14, VES-15, VES-20, VES-21, VES-22, VES-23, VES-24, and VES-27) were not suitable because of compact formation and harder rocks whereas the 13 VES sites (VES-1, VES-5, VES-7, VES-8, VES-9, VES-10, VES-11, VES-12, VES-13, VES-16, VES-25, VES-26, VES-29) are partially suitable for groundwater development and only suitable for personal uses such as hand pump of shallow depth.
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23.
  • Bhattacharya, Prosun, 1962-, et al. (författare)
  • Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in Communities Through Wastewater Surveillance—a Potential Approach for Estimation of Disease Burden
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Current Pollution Reports. - : Springer Nature. - 2198-6592. ; 7:2, s. 160-166
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The episodic outbreak of COVID-19 due to SARS-CoV-2 is severely affecting the economy, and the global count of infected patients is increasing. The actual number of patients had been underestimated due to limited facilities for testing as well as asymptomatic nature of the expression of COVID-19 on individual basis. Tragically, for emerging economies with high population density, the situation has been more complex due to insufficient testing facilities for diagnosis of the disease. However, the recent reports about persistent shedding of viral RNA of SARS-CoV-2 in the human feces have created a possibility to track the prevalence and trends of the disease in communities, known as wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE). In this article, we highlight the current limitations and future prospects for WBE to manage pandemics.
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  • Chowdhury, Nilanjana Roy, et al. (författare)
  • Current opinion on the role of post-harvesting and cooking on arsenic mobility in rice grain, its surmounting risk towards human and domestic livestock with sustained management
  • 2024
  • Ingår i: Current Opinion in Environmental Science and Health. - : Elsevier BV. - 2468-5844. ; 38
  • Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Arsenic (As) contamination in paddy and consequently the dietary system is an emerging global threat to human health. The harvesting, post-harvesting and cooking procedures of rice in Bengal delta further involves the use of As tainted groundwater which results in a concomitant increase of As levels in sunned, parboiled, and cooked grains, respectively. Inorganic arsenic (iAs) causing potential health risks is therefore high (appx. 90 %) due to the daily rice consumption. This study sheds light on higher As accumulation, distribution and assimilation during parboiling (24 %) and cooking processes (34 %) using As-tainted water, culminating additional As burden in cooked rice. Rice grain mediated health risk has displayed a concern level of 5 according to “Severity Adjusted Margin of Exposure” value. This study also takes heed of the domestic livestock exposed to As toxicity through contaminated fodder, resulting in contaminated animal by-products which initiates further longer lasting deleterious impacts on the society.
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26.
  • Dhama, Kuldeep, et al. (författare)
  • SARS-CoV-2 emerging Omicron subvariants with a special focus on BF.7 and XBB.1.5 recently posing fears of rising cases amid ongoing COVID-19 pandemic
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences. - : JEBAS. - 2320-8694. ; 10:6, s. 1215-1221
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Omicron versions have been the sole one circulating for quite some time. Subvariants BA.1, BA.2, BA.3, BA.4, and BA.5 of the Omicron emerged over time and through mutation, with BA.1 responsible for the most severe global pandemic between December 2021 and January 2022. Other Omicron subvariants such as BQ.1, BQ.1.1, BA.4.6, BF.7, BA.2.75.2, XBB.1 appeared recently and could cause a new wave of increased cases amid the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. There is evidence that certain Omicron subvariants have increased transmissibility, extra spike mutations, and ability to overcome protective effects of COVID-19 neutralizing antibodies through immunological evasion. In recent months, the Omicron BF.7 subvariant has been in the news due to its spread in China and a small number of other countries, raising concerns about a possible rebound in COVID-19 cases. More recently, the Omicron XBB.1.5 subvariant has captured international attention due to an increase in cases in the United States. As a highly transmissible sublineage of Omicron BA.5, as well as having a shorter incubation time and the potential to reinfect or infect immune population, BF.7 has stronger infection ability. It appears that the regional immunological landscape is affected by the amount and timing of previous Omicron waves, as well as the COVID-19 vaccination coverage, which in turn determines whether the increased immune escape of BF.7 and XBB.1.5 subvariants is sufficient to drive new infection waves. Expanding our understanding of the transmission and efficacy of vaccines, immunotherapeutics, and antiviral drugs against newly emerging Omicron subvariants and lineages, as well as bolstering genomic facilities for tracking their spread and maintaining a constant vigilance, and shedding more light on their evolution and mutational events, would help in the development of effective mitigation strategies. Importantly, reducing the occurrence of mutations and recombination in the virus can be aided by bolstering One health approach and emphasizing its significance in combating zoonosis and reversal zoonosis linked with COVID-19. This article provides a brief overview on Omicron variant, its recently emerging lineages and subvairants with a special focus on BF.7 and XBB.1.5 as much more infectious and highly transmissible variations that may once again threaten a sharp increase in COVID-19 cases globally amid the currently ongoing pandemic, along with presenting salient mitigation measures.
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27.
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28.
  • Habib, Md. Ahasan, et al. (författare)
  • How to clean a tubewell : the effectiveness of three approaches in reducing coliform bacteria
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 872, s. 161932-161932
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Access to safe drinking water in rural Bangladesh remains a perpetual challenge. Most households are exposed to either arsenic or faecal bacteria in their primary source of drinking water, usually a tubewell. Improving tubewell cleaning and maintenance practices might reduce exposure to faecal contamination at a potentially low cost, but whether current cleaning and maintenance practices are effective remains uncertain, as does the extent to which best practice approaches might improve water quality. We used a randomized experiment to evaluate how effectively three approaches to cleaning a tubewell improved water quality, measured by total coliforms and E. coli. The three approaches comprise the caretaker's usual standard of care and two best-practice approaches. One best-practice approach, disinfecting the well with a weak chlorine solution, consistently improved water quality. However, when caretakers cleaned the wells themselves, they followed few of the steps involved in the best-practice approaches, and water quality declined rather than improved, although the estimated declines are not consistently statistically significant. The results suggest that, while improvements to cleaning and maintenance practices might help reduce exposure to faecal contamination in drinking water in rural Bangladesh, achieving widespread adoption of more effective practices would require significant behavioural change.
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29.
  • Habib, Md. Ahasan, 1978- (författare)
  • Increasing the impact and sustainability of safe drinking water supply systems in rural Bangladesh : Randomized experiments with interventions in project life cycle
  • 2023
  • Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Tillgång till rent dricksvatten är en global utmaning, vilket återspeglas i hållbar utvecklingsmål 6. I Bangladesh är det en brådskande fråga att överbrygga klyftan mellan de som har säkert hanterat dricksvatten och de med förbättrade källor. Denna studie uppskattar orsakssamband mellan ingrepp i projektets livscykel och deras inverkan på hållbar tillgång till rent dricksvatten på landsbygden.  En  serie  randomiserade  kontrollförsök  (RCT)  genomfördes  i  olika  regioner  i Bangladesh  under  15  år  av  rörbrunnskonstruktionsprogram  för  att  tillhandahålla  arsenikfritt dricksvatten.  RCT:erna  utvärderade  förändringar  av  beslutsprocesser,  bidragskrav  och underhållspraxis. Gemenskapens deltagande i beslutsprocesser kan öka effekten och hållbarheten hos program för säkert dricksvatten. Att kräva att samhällen bidrar ekonomiskt eller genom arbetskraft ökar inte nödvändigtvis programmets genomslagskraft, och det kan leda till minskat utnyttjande och minskad kostnadseffektivitet, även om det kan öka hållbarheten. Gemenskapens vattenkällor är mindre effektiva än förväntat på grund av föroreningar som införts under kollektiv användning och problem som rör transport och lagring: de bidrar till att minska exponeringen för arsenik men tar inte upp avföringskontamination effektivt. Desinficering av brunnar med en svag klorlösning  minskade  fekal  kontaminering.  Vaktmästares  standardrengöringsmetoder  följer  i allmänhet inte bästa praxis och kan försämra vattenkvaliteten. Utbildning av vaktmästare i bästa praxis visade sig dock vara mycket effektiv för att minska. Escherichia coli-kontamination, vilket avsevärt  förbättrar vattenkvaliteten.  Trots  vissa  brister  i  vaktmästarens  återkallande  och efterlevnad,  belyser  dessa  resultat  den  avgörande  roll  som  korrekta  rengörings- och underhållsmetoder spelar för att minska exponeringen för fekal kontaminering på landsbygden i Bangladesh, för att säkerställa tillgång till rent dricksvatten. Studien belyser kraften hos RCT:er för att ta itu med komplexa orsaksfrågor relaterade till säker tillgång till dricksvatten. Även om värdefulla insikter har uppnåtts, understryker studien att många obesvarade frågor kvarstår, vilket understryker det pågående behovet av forskning inom detta kritiska område. Sammanfattningsvis ger denna studie viktiga bevis om hur man kan förbättra projektdesign och därmed öka tillgången till säkert dricksvatten på landsbygden i Bangladesh.
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30.
  • Haque, Rehnuma, et al. (författare)
  • Wastewater surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in Bangladesh : Opportunities and challenges
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: CURRENT OPINION IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & HEALTH. - : Elsevier BV. - 2468-5844. ; 27, s. 100334-
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The ongoing pandemic of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a public health crisis of global concern. The progression of the COVID-19 pandemic has been monitored in the first place by testing symptomatic individuals for SARS-CoV-2 virus in the respiratory samples. Concurrently, wastewater carries feces, urine, and sputum that potentially contains SARS-CoV-2 intact virus or partially damaged viral genetic materials excreted by infected individuals. This brings significant opportunities for understanding the infection dynamics by environmental surveillance. It has advantages for the country, especially in densely populated areas where individual clinical testing is difficult. However, there are several challenges including: 1) establishing a sampling plan and schedule that is representative of the various catchment populations 2) development and validation of standardized protocols for the laboratory analysis 3) understanding hydraulic flows and virus transport in complex wastewater drainage systems and 4) collaborative efforts from government agencies, NGOs, public health units and academia.
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31.
  • Hasan, Mohammad Nayeem, et al. (författare)
  • Insight into vaccination and meteorological factors on daily COVID-19 cases and mortality in Bangladesh
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: GROUNDWATER FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT. - : Elsevier BV. - 2352-801X. ; 21, s. 100932-
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The ongoing COVID-19 contagious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 has disrupted global public health, businesses, and economies due to widespread infection, with 676.41 million confirmed cases and 6.77 million deaths in 231 countries as of February 07, 2023. To control the rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2, it is crucial to determine the potential determinants such as meteorological factors and their roles. This study examines how COVID-19 cases and deaths changed over time while assessing meteorological characteristics that could impact these disparities from the onset of the pandemic. We used data spanning two years across all eight administrative divisions, this is the first of its kind--showing a connection between meteorological conditions, vaccination, and COVID-19 in-cidences in Bangladesh. We further employed several techniques including Simple Exponential Smoothing (SES), Auto-Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA), Auto-Regressive Integrated Moving Average with explanatory variables (ARIMAX), and Automatic forecasting time-series model (Prophet). We further analyzed the effects of COVID-19 vaccination on daily cases and deaths. Data on COVID-19 cases collected include eight administrative divisions of Bangladesh spanning March 8, 2020, to January 31, 2023, from available online servers. The meteorological data include rainfall (mm), relative humidity (%), average temperature (degrees C), surface pressure (kPa), dew point (degrees C), and maximum wind speed (m/s). The observed wind speed and surface pressure show a significant negative impact on COVID-19 cases (-0.89, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.62 to-0.21) and (-1.31, 95%CI: 2.32 to-0.29), respectively. Similarly, the observed wind speed and surface pressure show a significant negative impact on COVID-19 deaths (-0.87, 95% CI: 1.54 to-0.21) and (-3.11, 95%CI: 4.44 to-1.25), respectively. The impact of meteorological factors is almost similar when vaccination information is included in the model. However, the impact of vaccination in both cases and deaths model is significantly negative (for cases: 1.19, 95%CI: 2.35 to-0.38 and for deaths: 1.55, 95%CI: 2.88 to-0.43). Accordingly, vaccination effectively reduces the number of new COVID-19 cases and fatalities in Bangladesh. Thus, these results could assist future researchers and policymakers in the assessment of pandemics, by making thorough efforts that account for COVID-19 vaccinations and meteorological conditions.
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32.
  • Hossain, Mohammed, 1960-, et al. (författare)
  • A potential source of low-manganese, arsenic-safe drinking water from Intermediate Deep Aquifers (IDA), Bangladesh
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: GROUNDWATER FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT. - : Elsevier BV. - 2352-801X. ; 21
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Elevated manganese (Mn) concentration in many drinking water tubewells in Bangladesh has made access to safe drinking water more critical despite providing arsenic (As) safe water to millions of people after decades of efforts to achieve latter. This study evaluates the potential of the Intermediate Deep Aquifer (IDA) in the Matlab area of Bangladesh as a source of As-safe and low-Mn groundwater. Based on observations from depth-specific piezometer nests, drinking water tubewells were installed at a targeted depth of 120 m in the Matlab region, an As-hot spot in the country. Water chemistry analysis of 243 Intermediate Deep Tubewells (IDTW) provided promising results which support the strategy of exploiting the IDA as a safe source for drinking water tubewells. Arsenic, manganese and other trace elements, along with the major ions, were analyzed by high-precision ICP-OES and ion chromatography. The Bangladesh drinking water standard for As (50 mu g/L) was exceeded only in 3 wells (1%) while 99% (n = 240) of the wells were found to be safe. More than 91% (n = 222) were within the WHO guideline value of 10 mu g/L. For Mn, 89% (n = 217) of the wells showed the concentration within or below the former WHO guideline value of 0.4 mg/L with a mean and median value of 0.18 and 0.07 mg/L respectively. Similar high permeability sand units at this depth range, if available could be targeted by the local tubewell drillers for tapping water at half the cost of deep tubewell installation, which will be quite encouraging for the local community, considering their affordability for installation of As-safe and low-Mn drinking water tubewells. This study's results could also be important for other relevant stakeholders, including the policy makers, implementing agencies and the water sector development partners, as well as water supply projects elsewhere in the world with similar hydrogeological settings.
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33.
  • Hu, Kelsey, et al. (författare)
  • Chronic exposure of arsenic among children in Asia: A current opinion based on epidemiological evidence
  • 2024
  • Ingår i: Current Opinion in Environmental Science and Health. - : Elsevier BV. - 2468-5844. ; 39
  • Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The health effects of arsenic (As) exposure are a major global environmental issue affecting millions of people around the globe. Although adult epidemiological studies on As-induced health consequences have been extensively reviewed, but not much comprehensive review has been done targeting children. In this epidemiological review, 64 human subject studies on children were identified after applying exclusion criteria, which addressed an array of health effects of As exposure in early life stages in South and Southeast (S–SE) Asian countries, where a great variability in As exposures has been reported. The present review identified neurocognitive impairment linked to As exposure in early life stages. In utero and childhood As exposures were also associated with genetic and metabolic alteration, elevated pneumonia risk, and skin lesions in several populations in S–SE Asia. Significant associations of As with epigenetic changes, DNA damages, abnormal birth outcomes, and elevated mortality were also reported in epidemiological studies. The findings of this review article may help public health policymakers and clinicians develop early-life intervention strategies to reduce the burden of diseases in As-exposed populations.
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34.
  • Hussain, Muhammad Mahroz, et al. (författare)
  • Arsenic biogeochemical cycling in paddy soil-rice system : Interaction with various factors, amendments and mineral nutrients
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 773
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Arsenic (As) contamination is a well-recognized environmental and health issue, threatening over 200 million people worldwide with the prime cases in South and Southeast Asian and Latin American countries. Rice is mostly cultivated under flooded paddy soil conditions, where As speciation and accumulation by rice plants is controlled by various geo-environmental (biotic and abiotic) factors. In contrast to other food crops, As uptake in rice has been found to be substantially higher due to the prevalence of highly mobile and toxic As species, arsenile (As(Ill)), under paddy soil conditions. In this review, we discussed the biogeochemical cycling of As in paddy soil-rice system, described the influence of critical factors such as pH, iron oxides, organic matter, microbial species, and pathways affecting As transformation and accumulation by rice. Moreover, we elucidated As interaction with organic and inorganic amendments and mineral nutrients. The review also elaborates on As (im) mobilization processes and As uptake by rice under the influence of different mineral nutrients and amendments in paddy soil conditions, as well as their role in mitigating As transfer to rice grain. This review article provides critical information on As contamination in paddy soil-rice system, which is important to develop suitable strategies and mitigation programs for limiting As exposure via rice crop, and meet the UN's key Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs: 2 (zero hunger), 3 (good health and well-being), 12 (responsible consumption and production), and 13 (climate action)).
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35.
  • Ijumulana, Julian, et al. (författare)
  • Spatial analysis and GIS mapping of regional hotspots and potential health risk of fluoride concentrations in groundwater of northern Tanzania
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 735
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Safe drinking water supply systems in naturally contaminated hydrogeological environments require precise geoinformation on contamination hotspots. Spatial statistical methods and GIS were used to study fluoride occurrence in groundwater and identify significant spatial patterns using fluoride concentrations. The global and local Morans I indices were used. While the significant positive global Morans I index indicated spatial structure in fluoride occurrence, the significant spatial clusters were identified using local Morans I index and mapped at p-value of 0.05. The spatial clusters demonstrated patterns of drinking water sources with fluoride concentrations below or above WHO guideline and Tanzania standard for drinking water and were considered as ‘regional fluoride cool spots’ and ‘regional fluoride contamination hotspots’, respectively. Two regional fluoride contamination hotspots were identified and mapped around the Stratovolcano Mountains in the north-east and south-west of the study area; and along the Neogene Quaternary volcanic formations and Palaeo-Neoproterozoic East African Orogen (Mozambique Belt). The two largest regional fluoride cool spots dominated the major and minor rift escarpments in the west and east of the study area respectively while the small ones emerged around the volcanic mountains in the north and south. Furthermore, significant spatial outliers emerged at the boundary of regional fluoride hotspots and cool spots as an indication of the spatial processes controlling the mobilization of fluoride in groundwater. While all water sources in the cool spots had fluoride concentrations below 1.5 mg/L, some had extremely low concentrations below 0.5 mg/L which is not safe for human consumption. For hotspots, 96% of water sources had fluoride concentrations above 1.5 mg/L. The probability of having safe source of drinking water varied from one geological unit to another with sources in the Neogene Quaternary volcanic formations having least probabilities.
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36.
  • Ijumulana, Julian, et al. (författare)
  • Spatial modeling of the occurrences of geogenic fluoride in groundwater systems in Tanzania : Implications for the provision of safe drinking water
  • 2024
  • Ingår i: Groundwater for Sustainable Development. - : Elsevier BV. - 2352-801X. ; 26
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Inadequate data and spatial dependence in the observations during geochemical studies are among the disturbing conditions when estimating environmental factors contributing to the local variability in the pollutants of interest. Usually, spatial dependence occurs due to the researcher 's imperfection on the natural scale of occurrence which affects the sampling strategy. As a consequence, observations on the study variable are significantly correlated in space. In this study, the machine learning approach was developed and used to study the environmental factors controlling the local variability in fluoride concentrations in drinking water sources of northern Tanzania within the East African Rift Valley. The approach constituted the use of geographical information systems (GIS) technology, exploratory spatial data analysis (ESDA) methods, and spatial regression modeling at a local level. The environmental variables used to study the local variation in fluoride concentration include topography, tectonic processes, water exchanges between hydrogeological layers during lateral movement, mineralization processes (EC), and water pH. The study was based on 20 local spatial regimes determined using GIS based on water sources density in the four hydrogeological environments. Specifically, the nonparametric (one-way Kruskal-Wallis sum ranks test and Multiple Comparisons Dunn Test), spatial statistics (Global Moran 's I statistic), ordinary least squares (OLS) regression, and spatial lag models were used to quantify the effects of topography, tectonic processes, water exchange between hydrogeological environments and water physiochemical parameters (pH and EC) on the spatial variability of fluoride concentrations in drinking water sources at a local scale. In order of significance, the local spatial variation in fluoride concentration is influenced by the EC, topography, tectonic processes, pH, and water exchange between hydrogeological layers during water movement. The results presented in this paper are crucial for safe water access planning in naturally contaminated aquifer systems.
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37.
  • Ijumulana, Julian, et al. (författare)
  • Spatial uncertainties in fluoride levels and health risks in endemic fluorotic regions of northern Tanzania
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Groundwater for Sustainable Development. - : Elsevier BV. - 2352-801X. ; 14
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Spatial uncertainty caused by large-scale variation in fluoride (F-) occurrence remains a setback for water supply authorities in the F- belts of the world. It is estimated that approximately 80 million people in the East African Rift Valley (EARV) regions and volcanic areas exhibit a wide variety of fluorosis symptoms due to drinking water with F- concentrations higher than 1.5 mg/L (WHO guideline limit). In this study, we combined geostatistical techniques, spatial statistical methods, and geographical information systems (GIS) to (i) map the probable places with F- < 0.5 mg/L and F- > 1.5, 4.0 and 10.0 mg/L using probability kriging (PK) method, (ii) estimate the probable total population at high or low F- risk levels using univariate local Moran's I statistic, and (iii) map the spatial distribution of population at high and low F- risk levels in Manyara, Arusha and Kilimanjaro regions using GIS. It was predicted that places along the major and minor EARV mountain ranges and around the flanks of major stratovolcanoes were dominated by groundwater sources with extremely low F-(<<0.5 mg/L). In contrast, places within EARV graben were dominated by groundwater sources with F- > 1.5 mg/L. About 1 million people (similar to 20% of the total population) living around Mt. Kilimanjaro in Rombo, Moshi, and Mwanga districts are at high dental caries risk. Furthermore, it was estimated that about 2 million people (similar to 41% of the total population) in Siha, Hai, Arusha City, Hanang', Arusha, Simanjiro, and Meru districts are at high risk of dental, skeletal, and crippling fluorosis. Fluorosis, especially dental and crippling fluorosis, is an increasing disease burden at the community level due to prolonged consumption of F- contaminated water within EARV graben. The major findings of the present study are very crucial for authority to minimize the uncertainty caused by high spatial variability in geogenic F- occurrence.
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38.
  • Ijumulana, J. (författare)
  • Spatial variability of geogenic contaminants in drinking water sources : Insights into hydrogeological controls, geospatial data for safe water supply and groundwater resource management
  • 2022
  • Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • The presence of geogenic contaminants in drinking water is a major health concern in many parts of the world. The interaction of groundwater with different rock types and sediments in the natural geochemical environment play an important role in controlling their mobility. Due to limited resource allocations, water quality investigations are mostly limited only to the drinking water sources serving the communities. As a consequence, most aquifer systems remain unexplored in terms of groundwater quality through conventional methods. The present study aims to investigate the status of groundwater quality in the nine drainage basins of Tanzania focusing on the occurrence of fluoride (F¯) and other potentially toxic elements especially in the northern development zone (NDZ). The specific objectives were to model the spatial distribution of geogenic F¯- in groundwater systems and the health risk among the population as well as to evaluate the key influencing hydrogeological factors for the observed variability in F¯ concentrations in water sources using modern geospatial methods and technologies. Both literature and community perspectives indicate a serious problem in terms of F¯ in the Internal, Pangani, and Lake Victoria basins in the NDZ where the prevalence of mild to severe fluorosis is a health risk among the communities dependent on groundwater for drinking. In order to understand the spatial variability, machine learning methods were developed during this research by applying a combination of the concepts of spatial statistics, geostatistics, different Geographical Information Systems (GIS) tools as well as non-parametric methods to study the occurrence of geogenic contaminants in groundwater systems. Spatial statistical methods such as Moran’s I statistics and GIS tools revealed two positive significant high-high spatial patterns along the Pliocene-recent volcanic and the Mozambique belt as well as around Meru and Hanang’ stratovolcanoes in the northeast and southwestern part of the study regions, respectively. The positive low-low spatial patterns were determined around the major and minor rift valley escarpments both in the west and east of the East African Rift Valley (EARV) graben and around the stratovolcanoes within the graben. Other potentially toxic elements were found in elevated concentration around the Meru stratovolcano creating another risk of health concern to the communities which depend on such sources of drinking water. Factors controlling the spatial variability of fluoride in groundwater included, in the descending order, the mineralization, topography, tectonic processes, pH and water exchange between hydrogeological units during water movement. Other factors included depth to groundwater, well depth, screen depth and irrigation practices in the Sanya alluvial plain. The spatial heterogeneity of geological characteristics may lead to the spatial variability of various geogenic contaminants at spatial scales besides several other factors like topography, soil type, surface water-groundwater interaction, climate, volcanic activities, tectonic processes.The results of this study are important to the water safety planning implementation in the naturally contaminated aquifer systems especially in the EARV regions and volcanic areas.
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39.
  • Ijumulana, Julian, et al. (författare)
  • Spatial variability of the sources and distribution of fluoride in groundwater of the Sanya alluvial plain aquifers in northern Tanzania
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 810
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Groundwater contamination from geogenic sources paces challenges to many countries, especially in the developing world. In Tanzania, the elevated fluoride (F-) concentration and related chronic fluorosis associated with drinking F- rich water arc common in the Fast African Rift Valley regions. In these regions, F- concentration is space dependence which poses much uncertainty when targeting safe source for drinking water. To account for the spatial effects, integrated exploratory spatial data analysis, regression analysis, and geographical information systems tools were used to associate the distribution of F- in groundwater with spatial variability in terrain slopes, volcanic deposits, recharge water/vadose materials contact time, groundwater resource development for irrigated agriculture in the Sanya alluvial plain (SAP) of northern Tanzania. The F- concentration increased with distance from steep slopes where the high scale of variation was recorded in the gentle sloping and flat grounds within the SAP. The areas covered with debris avalanche deposits in the gentle sloping and flat grounds correlated with the high spatial variability in F- concentration. Furthermore, the high spatial variability in F- correlated positively with depth to groundwater in the Sanya flood plain. In contrast, a negative correlation between F- and borehole depth was observed. The current irrigation practices in the Sanya alluvial plain contribute to the high spatial variability in F- concentration, particularly within the perched shallow aquifers in the volcanic river valleys. The findings of this study arc important to the overall chain of safe water supply process in historically fluorotic regions. They provide new insights into the well-known F- contamination through the use of modern geospatial methods and technologies. In Tanzania's context, the findings can improve the current process of drilling permits issuance by the authority and guide the local borehole drillers to be precise in siting safe source for drinking water.
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40.
  • Irunde, Regina, et al. (författare)
  • Arsenic in Africa : Potential sources, spatial variability, and the state of the art for arsenic removal using locally available materials
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: GROUNDWATER FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT. - : Elsevier BV. - 2352-801X. ; 18, s. 100746-
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • In the past two decades, several studies on arsenic (As) occurrence in the environment, particularly in surface and groundwater systems have reported high levels of As in some African countries. Arsenic concentrations up to 10,000 mu g/L have been reported in surface water systems, caused by human activities such as mining, industrial effluents, and municipal solid waste disposals. Similarly, concentrations up to 1760 mu g/L have been reported in many groundwater systems which account for approximately 60% of drinking water demand in rural Africa. Naturally, As is mobilized in groundwater systems through weathering processes and dissolution of As bearing minerals such as sulfides (pyrite, arsenopyrite, and chalcopyrite), iron oxides, other mineralized granitic and gneissic rocks, and climate change factors triggering As release in groundwater. Recently, public health studies in some African countries such as Tanzania and Ethiopia have reported high levels of As in human tissues such as toenails as well as in urine among pregnant women exposed to As contaminated groundwater, respectively. In urine, concentrations up to 150 mu g/L were reported among pregnant women depending on As contaminated drinking water within Geita gold mining areas in the north-western part of Tanzania. However, the studies on As occurrence, and mobilization in African water systems, as well as related health effects are limited, due to the lack of awareness. The current study aims to gather information on the occurrence of As in different environmental compartments, its spatial variability, public health problems and the potential remediation options of As in water sources. The study also aims at creating awareness of As contamination in Africa and its removal using locally available materials.
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41.
  • Irunde, Regina, et al. (författare)
  • Bauxite : a prospective mineral for arsenic elicitation from water and acidity influence
  • 2023
  • Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • The study evaluates the performance of bauxite for arsenic (As) elucidation from water. The raw, calcined, and alkaline ferric-bauxite composite was applied in batch experiments to evaluate the influence of dosage, initial As concentrations, contact time, and pH. The X-ray diffraction studies revealed significant content of gibbsite (Al(OH)3 in the bauxite. Visual MINTEQ simulation indicated As removal increases with an increase in dosage, the pH range between acidic and near neutral favors maximum removal. The 100 g/L calcined bauxite at pH 7.4 removed 99.9% As to below 0.001 mg/L after 20 minutes from an initial concentration of 1 mg/L. The raw 100 g/L bauxite at pH 6 removed 99.86% As to below 0.003 mg/L after 1 hour from an initial As concentration of 1 mg/L. The alkaline ferric-bauxite composite used for treatment of 2 mg/L As raised pH from pH 4 to 12, and removal efficiency declined to 31% after 4 hours. Aluminium (Al) was sensitive to pH, and about 435 mg/L was released in water at pH 12. Despite the decrease in specific surface area during calcination at 500 °C, the As removal was more improved for the calcined bauxite. The removal capacity was high, up to 6 mg/g, when less dosage of 0.5 g/L bauxite was used. The kinetic reaction process using 5 g/L reaction obeys pseudo-secondorder with R2 of 0.99 while its removal isotherm obeys Langmuir with R2 of 0.98 and is confirmed favorable.
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42.
  • Irunde, Regina Filemon (författare)
  • Treatment of arsenic contaminated drinking water from the sources around the gold mining areas of Geita and Mara, Tanzania : Removal efficiency of locally available materials, bauxite, gypsum and magnesite
  • 2023
  • Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • In recent years, high arsenic (As) levels of about 300 µg/L have been reported around the gold mining areas of Geita and Mara regions within the Lake Victoria basin (LVB) in Tanzania. During a sampling campaign at Geita and Mara, the groundwater and surface water samples revealed the presence of high As concentrations as well as Fe and sulfide. Several wells are abandoned because of odor due to high content of sulfide, as well as red color, due to high iron content. About 53% of the analyzed As water samples exceeded the WHO guideline for drinking water. The release of As is primarily attributed to the weathering of sulfide minerals like arsenopyrite related to gold mining activities. In some parts of the LVB, an increasing number of cancer cases are being reported, and clinical investigations are now on the national agenda to identify the possible causes. Water treatment using bauxite, gypsum, and magnesite shows promising results, especially bauxite and magnesite, which could lower As concentrations to below 0.1 µg/L. Both bauxite and magnesite worked efficiently on As removal even at higher concentrations above 5 mg/L, while gypsum is preferable for treatment of low As concentrations. Furthermore, magnesite has a unique chemical character of influencing other materials to have high efficiency of As removal; however, it raises the pH of the water up to 10. Addition of 5 g/L magnesite to water containing 5 mg/L As, could lower the As concentration to below 10 µg/L within 30 min. The As removal increased with dosage and contact time up to 98 % in 4 hours, which is in agreement with Visual MINTEQ simulation. The performance of calcined magnesite, and gypsum fitted well with Freundlich adsorption isotherm, which indicates the presence of chemical reaction as controlling factor for As removal, while bauxite fitted Langmuir isotherm indicates monolayer surface coverage. The kinetic reactions were observed to follow pseudo-second-order. The statistic obeys linear regression with R2 ranging between 0.7 and 0.9. The artificial neural network revealed pH as a most influencing parameter for As removal from water. The mini-scale column revealed that a flow rate of 0.5 – 1 mL/min for 30 min gave an adsorption capacity ranging between 0.07 and 0.14 µg/g, which follows Thomas linear model with rate constant of kTH of 29.48 to 211.25 mL/min µg. The release of elements from spent magnesite, gypsum, and bauxite, such as magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), iron (Fe), and calcium (Ca) were found to be below WHO standards after water treatment. However, the desorption process of As from spent magnesite and gypsum was a challenge, which means there was formation of strong bond between Mg-O-As and Ca-O-As. This study is based on 5 papers that provide significant insights to the scientific community, policymakers, and the community living around As contaminated areas to learn about the occurrences of As and simple remediation techniques evaluated in this study.
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43.
  • Irunde, Regina, et al. (författare)
  • Gypsum application for arsenic uptake from water
  • 2023
  • Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • This study evaluates gypsum behavior for arsenic (As) reduction from water. The parameters, such as initial As concentration, contact time, gypsum dosage, and pH, were evaluated in batch experimentsfor natural water and As solution. VisualMINTEQ simulations reveal that the removal of As increases with the increase in pH and dosage.Application of calcined gypsum at pH 10 adsorbed Asto below 10 µg/L after 3 hours from initial As concentration of 1 mg/L. Application of calcined gypsum for treatment of natural water shows As(V) reduction to 0.019mg/L (84% removal) and As(III) to below 0.1 µg/L (98% removal). Theexperimental data fitted pseudo-second-order with a correlation coefficient R2 of 0.99. The Freundlich isotherm explained the experimental result better with R20.99 and 1/n of 0.73. Intraparticle diffusion was better explained with the dosage of 50 g/L calcined gypsum applied to removeAs concentration of 5.3 mg/L.The linear regression modelshows pH as a significant parameter for As removal when100 g/L calcined gypsum was applied. Gypsum is a locally available resource in Tanzania that stabilizes As contamination below 1 mg/L from drinking water sources around gold mining areas.
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44.
  • Irunde, Regina, et al. (författare)
  • The natural magnesite efficacy on arsenic extraction from water and alkaline influence on metal release in water
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Applied Geochemistry. - : Elsevier BV. - 0883-2927 .- 1872-9134. ; 155, s. 105705-105705
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Arsenic (As) removal studies were carried out through batch experiments to investigate the performance of the locally available calcined magnesite mineral rocks from Tanzania. Natural water from a stream source in Tanzania and the prepared synthetic water at the laboratory were used for the studies. Parameters such as initial As concentration, calcined magnesite dosage, contact time and pH were evaluated for As removal using an overhead rea×2 shaker. Arsenic concentration was reduced from 5.3 to 1.1 mg/L As(V) at 180 min when 0.5 g/L calcined magnesite was applied to a synthetic water sample, whereas the concentration of 117 μg/L As(V) and 5.2 μg/L As(III) was reduced to below 0.1 μg/L in natural water. An increase in calcined magnesite dosage resulted in increased As removal up to below 0.01 mg/L. The calcined magnesite raised the pH of the water sample from 6.8 to 10 when the applied dosage increased between 0.002 g/L and 0.05 g/L. The pH was constant at around 10 even when the amount of 0.05 g/L was added 2000 times. Despite the high pH, the amount of magnesium released in water was low. The calcination of magnesite at 500 ◦C increased surface area by 4 times as compared to the natural magnesite and X-ray diffraction showed presence of MgCO3 phase as the dominant phase at this temperature. The reaction kinetics of As removal on 0.5 g/L calcined magnesite fitted with the pseudo-second-order (R2 = 0.96). Reaction isotherm was strongly fitted with Freundlich isotherm (R2 = 0.98). Linear regression and artificial intelligence neural network showed the As removal was influenced by both contact time and pH. Arsenic can be removed from As water using calcined magnesite and will be suitable for water treatment around gold mining areas. 
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45.
  • Islam, Md. Aminul, et al. (författare)
  • A 30-day follow-up study on the prevalence of SARS-COV-2 genetic markers in wastewater from the residence of COVID-19 patient and comparison with clinical positivity
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 858, s. 159350-
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Wastewater based epidemiology (WBE) is an important tool to fight against COVID-19 as it provides insights into the health status of the targeted population from a small single house to a large municipality in a cost-effective, rapid, and non-invasive way. The implementation of wastewater based surveillance (WBS) could reduce the burden on the public health system, management of pandemics, help to make informed decisions, and protect public health. In this study, a house with COVID-19 patients was targeted for monitoring the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 genetic markers in wastewa-ter samples (WS) with clinical specimens (CS) for a period of 30 days. RT-qPCR technique was employed to target non-structural (ORF1ab) and structural-nucleocapsid (N) protein genes of SARS-CoV-2, according to a validated experimental protocol. Physiological, environmental, and biological parameters were also measured following the American Public Health Association (APHA) standard protocols. SARS-CoV-2 viral shedding in wastewater peaked when the highest number of COVID-19 cases were clinically diagnosed. Throughout the study period, 7450 to 23,000 gene copies/1000 mL were detected, where we identified 47 % (57/120) positive samples from WS and 35 % (128/360) from CS. When the COVID-19 patient number was the lowest (2), the highest CT value (39.4; i.e., lowest copy number) was identified from WS. On the other hand, when the COVID-19 patients were the highest (6), the lowest CT value (25.2 i.e., highest copy numbers) was obtained from WS. An advance signal of increased SARS-CoV-2 viral load from the COVID-19 patient was found in WS earlier than in the CS. Using customized primer sets in a traditional PCR approach, we confirmed that all SARS-CoV-2 variants identified in both CS and WS were Delta variants (B.1.617.2). To our knowledge, this is the first follow-up study to determine a temporal relationship be-tween COVID-19 patients and their discharge of SARS-CoV-2 RNA genetic markers in wastewater from a single house including all family members for clinical sampling from a developing country (Bangladesh), where a proper sewage system is lacking. The salient findings of the study indicate that monitoring the genetic markers of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in wastewater could identify COVID-19 cases, which reduces the burden on the public health system during COVID-19 pandemics.
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46.
  • Islam, Md Aminul, et al. (författare)
  • A bibliometric study on Marburg virus research with prevention and control strategies
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Frontiers in Tropical Diseases. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 2673-7515. ; 3
  • Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Marburg virus (MARV) is a pathogenic zoonotic RNA virus etiologic for Marburg virus disease (MVD), a severe hemorrhagic fever. This is a rare disease, with a high fatality rate, that spreads via infected blood or body fluids or indirectly via fomites (contaminated objects and substances such as clothed, beds, personal protective equipment, or medical equipments). A few vaccines to protect against MARV are undergoing clinical trials, but there is not yet an approved vaccine against this disease. Eventually, prevention and control guidelines should be adhered to rigorously to alleviate this infection. This bibliometric analysis aimed to harness narrative evaluation, emphasizing the significance of quantitative approaches and delineating the most thought-provoking concerns for researchers using VOSviewer software (Centre for Science and Technology Studies, Leiden University, the Netherlands). “Marburg Virus” OR “MARV” AND “Diseases” search criteria were used for the analysis of articles published between 1962 and 2022. Co-occurrence analysis was carried out, which characterized different thematic clusters. From this analysis, we found that 1688 published articles, and the number of publications increased across that period annually, with a growth rate of 8.78%. It is also conspicuous that the number of publications in the United States reached its acme during this period (i.e., 714 publications, accounting for 42.29% of the total), and the United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases published the most literature (i.e., 146 papers). Our study found that the three pre-eminent authors of Marburg virus papers were “FELDMANN, HEINZ“ of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, United States, “BECKER, STEPHAN” of the Philipps University of Marburg, Germany, and “GEISBERT, THOMAS W” of the University of Texas Medical Branch, United States. In this study we found that “JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY” has published the most pertinent literature, totaling 88 articles, followed by “The journal of Infectious Diseases”, which published 76 relevant papers, and “VIRUSES”, which published 52 corresponding papers. The most cited paper on the Marburg virus was published in Nature Medicine, with 522 total citations and 29 citations/year. Studies of the changing epidemiology and evolving nature of the virus and its ecological niche are required; breakthrough and implementation of the efficacious vaccine candidate(s), prophylaxis and therapeutic alternatives and supervision strategies, unveiling awareness-raising programs, and developing apposite and timely preparedness, prevention, and proactive control strategies are of utmost importance.
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47.
  • Islam, Md. Aminul, et al. (författare)
  • A Review on Measures to Rejuvenate Immune System : Natural Mode of Protection Against Coronavirus Infection
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Frontiers in Immunology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1664-3224. ; 13
  • Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
    • SARS-CoV-2, a novel Corona virus strain, was first detected in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. As of December 16, 2021, almost 4,822,472 people had died and over 236,132,082 were infected with this lethal viral infection. It is believed that the human immune system is thought to play a critical role in the initial phase of infection when the viruses invade the host cells. Although some effective vaccines have already been on the market, researchers and many bio-pharmaceuticals are still working hard to develop a fully functional vaccine or more effective therapeutic agent against the COVID-19. Other efforts, in addition to functional vaccines, can help strengthen the immune system to defeat the corona virus infection. Herein, we have reviewed some of those proven measures, following which a more efficient immune system can be better prepared to fight viral infection. Among these, dietary supplements like- fresh vegetables and fruits offer a plentiful of vitamins and antioxidants, enabling to build of a healthy immune system. While the pharmacologically active components of medicinal plants directly aid in fighting against viral infection, supplementary supplements combined with a healthy diet will assist to regulate the immune system and will prevent viral infection. In addition, some personal habits, like- regular physical exercise, intermittent fasting, and adequate sleep, had also been proven to aid the immune system in becoming an efficient one. Maintaining each of these will strengthen the immune system, allowing innate immunity to become a more defensive and active antagonistic mechanism against corona-virus infection. However, because dietary treatments take longer to produce beneficial effects in adaptive maturation, personalized nutrition cannot be expected to have an immediate impact on the global outbreak.
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48.
  • Islam, Md. Aminul, et al. (författare)
  • A short communication of 2022 dengue outbreak in Bangladesh : a continuous public health threat
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Annals of Medicine and Surgery. - : Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). - 2049-0801. ; 85:6, s. 3213-3217
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Dengue virus infection, a highly prominent health concern, has caused many health complications, positive cases, and deaths in Bangladesh in previous years. However, the prevalence of this infection and fatality rates in 2022 has shattered all prior records. The dengue virus vector, mosquitoes, found a high prevalence of infection due to the weather's favorable conditions for breeding in the months of June and July. While there is presently no particular vaccination for dengue infection, awareness of its epidemiology, pathogenesis, signs, and symptoms may aid in the development of improved diagnostic and treatment strategies. The government should also improve the infrastructure of cities to make prevent mosquito breeding and the spread of dengue infection.
  •  
49.
  • Islam, Md Aminul, et al. (författare)
  • An Estimation of Five-decade Long Monkeypox Case Fatality Rate : Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY. - : DR M N KHAN. - 0973-7510. ; 16, s. 3036-3047
  • Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
    • On July 23, 2022 the World Health Organization (WHO) has announced the Monkeypox disease (MPXD) as a worldwide public health issue. This study conducts a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the overall case fatality rate (CFR) of MPXD worldwide during 1970-2022. The tenure-tracked MPXD outbreaks associated with CFR were calculated based on available published data from six different periods (i.e., 1970-79, 1980-89, 1990-99, 2000-09, 2010-19, and 2000-2022). A total of 229 peer-reviewed accessible articles were investigated, of which, 17 articles met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Most of the studies on MPXD CFR were published in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) providing 47% of data for the current meta-analysis. The overall pooled CFR of MPXD was 4.14% (range: 0.62% - 9.51%) during 1970-2022. In this study, total of 379 death cases were found from published MPXV based research articles where the pooled estimate CFR was 1.87%. The pooled CFR was higher during the earlier outbreak of the MPXD such as 10.71% in 1970-1979. With the progress of time, the CFR from MPXD followed a decreasing trend and reached 5.38% in 1980-1999 and 4.45% in 2000-2022. Young male children aged< 10 years were found to experience the worst outcome with a CFR of >73.0%. This is the first meta-analysis using 52 years of data which indicates that the CFR of MPXV is decreasing from previous years. The findings of this meta-analysis might be paramount for the policymakers to tackle MPXD and minimize the overall CFR of MPXD through strategic actions.
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50.
  • Islam, Md. Aminul, et al. (författare)
  • An opinion on Wastewater-Based Epidemiological Monitoring (WBEM) with Clinical Diagnostic Test (CDT) for detecting high-prevalence areas of community COVID-19 infections
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: CURRENT OPINION IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & HEALTH. - : Elsevier BV. - 2468-5844. ; 31
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Wastewater-Based Epidemiological Monitoring (WBEM) is an efficient surveillance tool during the COVID-19 pandemic as it meets all requirements of a complete monitoring system including early warning, tracking the current trend, prevalence of the disease, detection of genetic diversity as well as the upsurging SARS-CoV-2 new variants with mutations from the wastewater samples. Subsequently, Clinical Diagnostic Test (CDT) is widely acknowledged as the global gold standard method for disease monitoring, despite several drawbacks such as high diagnosis cost, reporting bias, and the difficulty of tracking asymptomatic patients (silent spreaders of the COVID-19 infection who manifest no symptoms of the disease). In this current review and opinion-based study, we first propose a combined approach for detecting COVID-19 infection in communities using wastewater and clinical sample testing, which may be feasible and effective as an emerging public health tool for the long-term nationwide surveillance system. The viral concentrations in wastewater samples can be used as indicators to monitor ongoing SARS-CoV-2 trends, predict asymptomatic carriers, and detect COVID-19 hotspot areas, while clinical samples help in detecting mostly symptomatic individuals for isolating positive cases in communities and validate WBEM protocol for mass vaccination including booster doses for COVID-19.
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