| 1. |
- Blicharska, Malgorzata, 1979-, et al.
(author)
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Contribution of social science to large scale biodiversity conservation : a review of research about the Natura 2000 network
- 2016
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In: Biological Conservation. - : Elsevier BV. - 0006-3207 .- 1873-2917. ; 199, s. 110-122
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Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Successful conservation needs to be informed by social science because it is closely linked to socio-economic processes and human behaviour. Limited knowledge about ecosystems' interactions with these processes currently undermines conservation efforts. This review provides a comprehensive synthesis of social science concerning the world's largest multinationally-coordinated conservation infrastructure: the European Ecological Network - ‘Natura 2000’. Based on a review of 149 publications, we analyse and discuss the main findings and outline key social-science research gaps with regard to the Natura 2000 network. The review shows that human dimension of the Natura 2000 network is complex and varies among EU Member States. In general, low level and quality of public participation in implementation of the Natura 2000 network and its management, negative public perceptions of the network, lack of flexibility of responsible authorities and insufficient consideration of the local context pose the greatest challenges to the network's functioning. Important but hitherto little studied research topics include: evaluation of participation; effects of education on potential to raise public awareness; effects of potential financing mechanisms for compensating private land-owners; economic studies on cost-effectiveness; and benefits from conservation and ecosystem services. These knowledge gaps will need to be filled for the Natura 2000 network to reach its goals.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Blicharska, Malgorzata, 1979-, et al.
(author)
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“A Thousand flowers are flowering just now” – towards integration of ecosystem services concept into decision making
- 2018
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In: Ecosystem Services. - : Elsevier BV. - 2212-0416 .- 2212-0416. ; 30, s. 181-191
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We investigate the integration of the ecosystem services (ES) concept in decision making.We use the three dimensions of learning to investigate the use of the ES concept.ES concept seems to meet several positive expectations put forward in science and policy.A main contribution from the concept may potentially be its function as a “boundary object”.Implementing ES into practice is a complex process and a multifaceted task.
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| 5. |
- Blicharska, Malgorzata, 1979-, et al.
(author)
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Bialowieza Forest : Political stands
- 2018
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In: Science. - : AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE. - 0036-8075 .- 1095-9203. ; 359:6376, s. 646-646
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Journal article (other academic/artistic)
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| 6. |
- Blicharska, Malgorzata, 1979-, et al.
(author)
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Biodiversity’s contributions to sustainable development
- 2019
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In: Nature Sustainability. - : Nature Publishing Group. - 2398-9629. ; 2, s. 1083-1093
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Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- International concern to develop sustainably challenges us to act upon the inherent links between our economy, society and environment, and is leading to increasing acknowledgement of biodiversity's importance. This Review discusses the breadth of ways in which biodiversity can support sustainable development. It uses the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) as a basis for exploring scientific evidence of the benefits delivered by biodiversity. It focuses on papers that provide examples of how biodiversity components (that is, ecosystems, species and genes) directly deliver benefits that may contribute to the achievement of individual SDGs. It also considers how biodiversity's direct contributions to fulfilling some SDGs may indirectly support the achievement of other SDGs to which biodiversity does not contribute directly. How the attributes (for example, diversity, abundance or composition) of biodiversity components influence the benefits delivered is also presented, where described by the papers reviewed. While acknowledging potential negative impacts and trade-offs between different benefits, the study concludes that biodiversity may contribute to fulfilment of all SDGs.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Blicharska, Malgorzata, et al.
(author)
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Effects of management intensity, function and vegetation on the biodiversity in urban ponds
- 2016
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In: Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. - : Elsevier BV. - 1618-8667 .- 1610-8167. ; 20, s. 103-112
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Ponds are important elements of green areas in cities that help counteract the negative consequences of urbanization, by providing important habitats for biodiversity in cities and being essential nodes in the overall landscape-scale habitat network. However, there is relatively little knowledge about the impacts of pond management intensity, function and environmental variables on urban pond biodiversity. In this study we addressed this gap by investigating which factors were correlated with the level of biodiversity in urban ponds, indicated by species richness of aquatic insects, in Stockholm, Sweden. Our study did not confirm any direct link between the perceived intensity of management or function of ponds and overall biodiversity. However, it seems that management can influence particular groups of species indirectly, since we found that Trichoptera richness (Caddisflies) was highest at intermediate management intensity. We suggest that this is caused by management of vegetation, as the amount of floating and emergent vegetation was significantly correlated with both the overall species richness and the richness of Trichoptera (Caddisflies). This relationship was non-linear, since ponds with an intermediate coverage of vegetation had the highest richness. Interestingly, the amount of vegetation in the pond was significantly affected by pond function and pond management. The overall species richness and richness of Trichoptera were also positively correlated with pond size. Since we found that the pattern of relations between species richness and environmental variables differed between the insect groups we suggest that it will be difficult to provide overall design and management recommendations for ponds in urban green areas. Therefore, it is recommended that to provide high aquatic diversity of species in urban areas one should aim at promoting high diversity of different types of ponds with differing management and environmental factors that shape them.
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| 10. |
- Blicharska, Malgorzata, 1979-, et al.
(author)
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Environmental Conservation Challenges in a multi-sector system
- 2018
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In: Biodiverse. - Uppsala : Centrum för biologisk mångfald. - 1401-5064 .- 2002-3820. ; 23:4, s. 16-17
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Journal article (pop. science, debate, etc.)abstract
- Many sectors in society are involved in nature conservation issues, like agriculture, forestry and land-use planning. Coherence on a political level between these sectors is getting more and more important, not only to avoid conflict, but also to discover and develop synergies between the sectors. In our study, we see that nature conservation could be a tool for strengthening other sectors.
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| 11. |
- Blicharska, Malgorzata, 1979-, et al.
(author)
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Is there a relationship between socio-economic factors and biodiversity in urban ponds? : A study in the city of Stockholm
- 2017
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In: Urban Ecosystems. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1083-8155 .- 1573-1642. ; 20:6, s. 1209-1220
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Urban small water bodies, such as ponds, are essential elements of human socio-economic landscapes. Ponds also provide important habitats for species that would otherwise not survive in the urban environment. Knowledge on the biodiversity of urban ponds and the relationship between their ecological value and factors linked to urbanization and socio-economic status is crucial for decisions on where and how to establish and manage ponds in cities to deliver maximum biodiversity benefits. Our study investigates if the pattern of urban-pond biodiversity can be related to different socio-economic factors, such as level of wealth, education or percentage of buildings of different types. Because of lack of previous studies investigating that, our study is of exploratory character and many different variables are used. We found that the biodiversity of aquatic insects was significantly negatively associated with urbanisation variables such as amount of buildings and number of residents living around ponds. This relationship did not differ depending on the spatial scale of our investigation. In contrast, we did not find a significant relationship with variables representing socio-economic status, such as education level and wealth of people. This latter result suggests that the socio-economic status of residents does not lead to any particular effect in terms of the management and function of ponds that would affect biodiversity. However, there is a need for a finer-scale investigation of the different potential mechanism in which residents in areas with differing socio-economic status could indirectly influence ponds.
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| 12. |
- Blicharska, Malgorzata, et al.
(author)
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Kulturella ekosystemtjänster : Vad är det egentligen och kan de användas i beslutfattande?
- 2016
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In: Biodiverse. - 1401-5064. ; 21, s. 16-17
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Journal article (pop. science, debate, etc.)abstract
- I en sammanställning av vetenskapliga artiklar har vi sett att det finns nästan trehundra olika företeelser som benämns kulturella ekosystemtjänster. Det gör begreppet svårhanterligt inte minst i politiska processer. Vi har identifierat några viktiga steg för att begreppet ska bli mer användbart i beslutsfattande.
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| 13. |
- Blicharska, Malgorzata, 1979-, et al.
(author)
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Recreational fishing for sea trout – Resource for whom and to what value?
- 2018
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In: Fisheries Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0165-7836 .- 1872-6763. ; 204, s. 380-389
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Recreational fishing is an important activity that delivers substantial social and economic values. Proper management of recreational fisheries relies on information about resource use and associated values by different fishers, but such information is rare, particularly for open access fisheries. In this study a survey of 471 fishers on the Swedish island of Gotland in the Baltic Sea, assessed catches, proportion of catch-and-release (C&R), and economic value (expenditures and willingness to pay, WTP) of sea trout fishing in 2015-2016. Data was analysed in relation to gear used (fly and spin angling, nets and mixed fishery) and fisher connection to fishing site (permanent and temporary residents, Swedish and international tourists). There were marginal differences in daily catch rates, but significant differences in effort and annual catches between different fishers, with resident fishers having the highest catches. Anglers had 86% C&R rates, and fly fishers (> 95%) differed significantly from other anglers. Anglers, particularly fly fishers and fishing tourists, had much higher expenditures per year, fish caught and fish kept compared to net fishers. WTP before refraining from fishing, for doubling of fish supply and for potential fishing license was also highest among anglers. Our findings are discussed in terms of distinguishing characteristics for different types of recreational fishers. Fishing efforts, economic values and the need for further studies are also outlined in the context of fisheries and tourism management.
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| 14. |
- Blicharska, Malgorzata, 1979-, et al.
(author)
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Shades of grey challenge practical application of the Cultural Ecosystem Services concept
- 2017
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In: Ecosystem Services. - : Elsevier BV. - 2212-0416 .- 2212-0416. ; 23, s. 55-70
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Despite rapid advances in development of the ecosystem services (ES) concept, challenges remain for its use in decision making. Cultural ES (CES) have proven particularly difficult to pin down and resultant “shades of grey” impede their consideration by decision-makers. This study undertakes a literature review of CES to highlight the shades of grey, briefly illustrates findings by reference to the Swedish mountain landscape, then addresses potential implications for practical decision making. The concept of CES is complex and difficult to operationalize. The root of confusion appears to be a lack of rigour in identifying CES, hindering identification of proper methods for determining: the ecosystem elements that underpin CES; the beneficiaries of CES and how they value benefits delivered; and how CES may vary in space and time. We conclude by proposing a framework of questions, which we relate to the ES cascade model, that is intended to help researchers and decision-makers to reflect when considering CES. Answers to the questions should enable decision-makers to prioritise policy development or implementation in relation to the differing needs of potentially competing beneficiaries and what needs to be done or not done to the ecosystem, where, when and by whom.
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| 15. |
- Blicharska, Malgorzata, et al.
(author)
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Steps to overcome the North-South divide in research relevant to climate change policy and practice
- 2017
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In: Nature Climate Change. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1758-678X .- 1758-6798. ; 7, s. 21-27
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A global North-South divide in research, and its negative consequences, has been highlighted in various scientific disciplines. Northern domination of science relevant to climate change policy and practice, and limited research led by Southern researchers in Southern countries, may hinder further development and implementation of global climate change agreements and nationally appropriate actions. Despite efforts to address the North-South divide, progress has been slow. In this Perspective, we illustrate the extent of the divide, review underlying issues and analyse their consequences for climate change policy development and implementation. We propose a set of practical steps in both Northern and Southern countries that a wide range of actors should take at global, regional and national scales to span the North-South divide, with examples of some actions already being implemented.
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| 16. |
- Blicharska, Malgorzata, 1979-, et al.
(author)
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Steps to overcome the North-South divide in research relevant to climate-change policy and practice
- 2017
-
In: Nature Climate Change. - 1758-678X .- 1758-6798. ; 7, s. 21-27
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A global North-South divide in research, and its negative consequences, has been highlighted in various scientific disciplines. Northern domination of science relevant to climate change policy and practice, and limited research led by Southern researchers in Southern countries, may hinder further development and implementation of global climate change agreements and nationally appropriate actions. Despite efforts to address the North-South divide, progress has been slow. In this Perspective, we illustrate the extent of the divide, review underlying issues and analyse their consequences for climate change policy development and implementation. We propose a set of practical steps in both Northern and Southern countries that a wide range of actors should take at global, regional and national scales to span the North-South divide, with examples of some actions already being implemented.
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| 17. |
- Blicharska, Malgorzata, et al.
(author)
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Urban ponds for people and by people
- 2016
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In: Urban Landscape Ecology. - : Routledge. - 9781317497806 - 9781138888517 ; , s. 164-180
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)
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| 18. |
- Blicharska, Malgorzata
(author)
-
What a forest? Whose forest? Struggles over concepts and meanings in the debate about the conservation of the Bialowieza Forest in Poland
- 2015
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In: Forest Policy and Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 1389-9341 .- 1872-7050. ; 57, s. 22-30
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper addresses the long-standing debate over the conservation and management of the Bialowieza Forest in North-eastern Poland, frequently referred to as the last, large, close-to-natural, temperate, lowland forest in Europe. With the present research we aim to document how particular conceptualisations of "forest" shaped the debate and the fate of the Bialowieza Forest. Based on our reconstruction and analysis of argumentation, three dominant discourses could be distinguished, each offering different concepts of forest and people-forest relationships: 1. 'managerial' - with foresters presented as stewards of the forest, actively managing it for sustainable outcomes; 2. 'livelihood' - considering the forest as local heritage and underlining its role in fulfilling people's needs; and 3. 'primaeval' - highlighting the forest's intrinsic value and natural processes, being an international concern. The three discourses remained remarkably stable over the past two decades, but their status of institutionalisation evolved, which in turn influenced their hegemony and power. Importantly, our study demonstrates the active role of parties involved in the debate as they used particular concepts (their own, those of others or new ones) for strategic purposes. We conclude that both the achieved hegemony of a discourse and the particular ways by which its concepts are mobilised by actors may play a decisive role in shaping debate and its policy outcomes. We suggest that future research should focus more on the role of actors in strategically using particular forest-related concepts in concrete situations and to what effects. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 19. |
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| 20. |
- Blicharska, Malgorzata, 1979-, et al.
(author)
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What factors enable or hinder engagement of civil society in ecosystem management? : The case of "pike factories' and wetland restoration in Sweden
- 2018
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In: Journal of Environmental Planning and Management. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0964-0568 .- 1360-0559. ; 61:5-6, s. 950-969
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Engaging civil society in conservation activities is an important complementary strategy to counteract ongoing biodiversity decline and loss of ecosystem services. Since 2011, the Swedish Anglers Association (SAA) has cooperated with landowners to restore wetlands nationwide. We investigated factors that enabled or hindered civil society-led wetland restoration in Sweden through interviews and surveys with the SAA's project leaders and landowners. Principal internal and external factors contributing to the project's implementation included: flexibility and adaptive management of its leadership; support from authorities and policies; the good reputation of the SAA team; and landowners' willingness to cooperate. The latter was linked to their feelings of environmental responsibility, the low investment required by them, and expectations of some benefits. We discuss the need to enable adaptive management in environmental management projects, adjust existing policies to their needs, and re-think funding strategies to consider the long-term nature of such projects.
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| 21. |
- Blicharska, Malgorzata, et al.
(author)
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Why protect biodiversity? Perspectives of conservation professionals in Poland
- 2015
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In: International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services and Management. - : Informa UK Limited. - 2151-3732 .- 2151-3740. ; 11, s. 349-362
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- There are numerous strategies to reverse biodiversity decline, ranging from economic, through ecological, to ethical ones. Which arguments are used in the conservation may have bearing on the actual implementation of biodiversity policies. To understand conservation professionals' perceptions of biodiversity is particularly important in the countries in transition, where the new environmental policies are being implemented, the approaches to governance are changing and new biodiversity discourses are emerging. This study investigates what the biodiversity conservation professionals in Poland believe the rationale behind conservation is. We reveal two main perspectives - one focused on intrinsic value of biodiversity and one underlining its utilitarian value. Even if the intrinsic value perspective prevails, the economic framing of biodiversity value is emerging. This framing is important in the face of the ongoing changes in Poland with focus on economic development and relatively little attention paid to biodiversity. The utilitarian approach to conservation, reinforced by the concept of ecosystem services, can be used to supplement the emerging biodiversity discourse strengthening the conservation case. The richness of perspectives among the conservation professionals can facilitate deliberate construction of the new conservation discourse in Poland combining the notion of intrinsic value of nature with the utilitarian approach.
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| 22. |
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| 23. |
- Eriksson, Björn, et al.
(author)
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Socio-economic impacts of marine conservation efforts in three Indonesian fishing communities
- 2019
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In: Marine Policy. - : ELSEVIER SCI LTD. - 0308-597X .- 1872-9460. ; 103, s. 59-67
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Numerous conservation initiatives have been undertaken to protect large marine animals by legal protection and implementing marine protected areas (MPAs). Despite these efforts, many marine animals are still threatened, partly due to lack of compliance with conservation regulations. Meanwhile, research suggests that conservation efforts which also take socio-economic factors such as fishermen's livelihoods into account during planning and implementation are more likely to succeed. This study examined the compliance and socio-economic situation of local fishing communities at three sites in Indonesia (Nusa Penida, Tanjung Luar and Komodo National Park) where shark and manta ray conservation efforts have been implemented. 59 local residents were interviewed. The results showed that 49% of those residents had experienced a deterioration and 37% an improvement in their economic situation since conservation efforts in the form of species protection or MPAs were implemented in their area. The economic situation of the residents was associated with their access to alternative livelihoods, access to information on conservation rules, and relationship with conservation authorities. Particularly, interviewees with easier access to alternative income and a positive relationship with conservation authorities also experienced an increase in their economy. In addition, compliance with conservation efforts was positively related to improved economic situation, access to alternative livelihoods and information on conservation rules. These factors all differed among the three study sites, leading to different compliance levels between sites. The results of this study indicate the importance of considering socio-economic factors and of involving local communities when planning and implementing conservation efforts.
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| 24. |
- Gustafson, Daniel, et al.
(author)
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When development and amphibians meet – a case study of a translocation of great crested newts (Triturus cristatus) in Sweden
- 2016
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In: Herpetological Conservation and Biology. - 2151-0733 .- 1931-7603. ; 11:3, s. 552-562
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- AbstractThe Great Crested Newt (Triturus cristatus) is considered threatened throughout Europe; consequently, the species and its breeding habitat are protected in many countries. Translocation of a population is a conservation tool used when habitat occupied by a species is scheduled to be destroyed by human development. The outcome of these translocations is rarely monitored. This study describes and discusses a translocation of T. cristatus in south-central Sweden (Orebro), which occurred because of planned destruction of breeding habitat associated with development of a shopping and industrial area. We provide quantitative data concerning numbers of relocated amphibians and subsequent monitoring in both the pond being destroyed, which is serving as the source of newts to be translocated, and the pond that received the translocated newts. The translocation exemplifies how difficult it is to determine size and conservation value of a population without thorough initial investigations. A large part of the translocated population seemed to disappear at the receiving area, which initially indicated that the translocation was ineffective. Nevertheless, longer term monitoring indicated that a population was established and reproduced in the new habitat. We argue that translocation should never be a first choice to make human development possible but one should always strive for preservation of an existing habitat. However, if a translocation is unavoidable, an appriopriate assessment of the affected population should be performed and a detailed analysis of habitats in the potential receiving areas should be carried out to select an area best fitted for the species in question.
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| 25. |
- Henningsson, Marianne, 1950-, et al.
(author)
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Perceived landscape values and public participation in a road-planning process - a case study in Sweden
- 2015
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In: Journal of Environmental Planning and Management. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0964-0568 .- 1360-0559. ; 58:4, s. 631-653
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The European Landscape Convention indicates that assessment of different dimensions that exist in landscapes should be taken into account in planning. In this study, we first investigated ecological, cultural and social values as perceived by the local people in a highway-planning process in Sweden. Next, we explored which factors influenced the local people's participation in the road-planning process. We used questionnaires, planning documents and the Theory of Planned Behavior to investigate the relations between different factors and local people's participation in the planning process. The results showed that people presumed the ecological values in the landscape to be adversely affected by the new road, while the social values would remain the same. Landowners had heard of the participatory-process, but few participated. Those who lived within 300m of the road were more active in the planning process than people living further away. The findings suggest that people living within a few hundred metres of the road should be treated as key stakeholders in the planning process. The involvement of other stakeholders, and when in the public participation process stakeholders should be involved, is also discussed.
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| 26. |
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| 27. |
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| 28. |
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| 29. |
- Iwinska, Katarzyna, et al.
(author)
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Cycling in Warsaw, Poland - Perceived enablers and barriers according to cyclists and non-cyclists
- 2018
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In: Transportation Research Part A. - : Elsevier BV. - 0965-8564 .- 1879-2375. ; 113, s. 291-301
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Cycling in urban environments provides many benefits to people. However, planning of cycling infrastructures in large cities faces numerous challenges and requires better understanding of both the factors enabling cycling as well as barriers to it, determined by particular local context. While there is a growing body of research that tackle the bike transport related questions in Western Europe and the USA, there is relatively little research on that in Central Eastern Europe (CEE), in post-communist countries. In this study we used qualitative and quantitative methods to explore urban cyclists and non-cyclists opinions about the cycling, the perceived problems and obstacles, and perception of the on-going changes in bicycle transportation system in Warsaw, Poland. Although many people see potential advantages of cycling, it is mostly perceived as a leisure time activity. Those who do utilitarian cycling are more acutely aware of the benefits, such as rapidity and flexibility of this mean of transport. The main perceived barriers are linked to lack of good cycling infrastructure in the city, the feeling of insecurity linked to the behaviour of drivers, and to maintenance during winter. In conclusion, our research highlights both the opportunities and challenges linked to the development of improved cycle transportation system, suggesting the need for a range of policies, from the infrastructure improvements and comprehensive planning of the whole transportation system, to improving the driving culture that would support feeling of security of the cyclists.
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| 30. |
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| 31. |
- Mikusinski, Grzegorz, et al.
(author)
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Use mentoring to fix science inequality
- 2015
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In: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 517, s. 271-271
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Journal article (other academic/artistic)
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| 32. |
- Orlikowska, Ewa, et al.
(author)
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Gaps in ecological research on the world's largest internationally coordinated network of protected areas: A review of Natura 2000
- 2016
-
In: Biological Conservation. - : Elsevier BV. - 0006-3207 .- 1873-2917. ; 200, s. 216-227
-
Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Natura 2000 (N2k) is a multinational and" coordinated conservation network designated to support the long-term survival of Europe's most valuable species and habitats. It is the key conservation tool in the European Union. We reviewed 510 peer-reviewed publications (period 1998-2014) focusing on ecological aspects of N2k, with the aims of identifying key research gaps and proposing future research priorities for improved conservation success. We categorized the articles by spatial scale, biogeographical regions, taxonomic groups, habitat types, and the analytical methods used. The majority of studies were performed in single N2k sites or at the regional level within countries. The Mediterranean region had the greatest number of publications and the terrestrial Black Sea, Macaronesia, Pannonian and Steppic regions were overrepresented in relation to their total area and to the area of N2k sites that they comprised. Grasslands, freshwater and wetland habitats were overrepresented in comparison to their area within N2k. Plants were the most commonly studied taxonomic group and quantitative empirical studies dominated. Future N2k research should address knowledge gaps by directing more efforts towards: 1) the Boreal region, 2) alpine, agricultural, forest and marine habitats, and 3) under represented taxonomic groups such as reptiles, amphibians, lichens and fungi. For enhanced evaluation and realization of the conservation potential of N2k, more studies will need to encompass large spatial scales and utilize modelling approaches to effectively address future climate and land-use changes. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 33. |
- Primmer, Eeva, et al.
(author)
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Caught between personal and collective values : biodiversity conservation in European decision-making
- 2017
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In: Environmental Policy and Governance. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 1756-932X .- 1756-9338. ; 27:6, s. 588-604
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Individual decision-makers at different governance levels operate in social contexts, which means that they sometimes need to compromise their personal values. Yet, this dissonance is rarely the direct target of empirical analyses of environmental decision-making. We undertake a Q-analysis of decision-makers' personal perspectives and the perspectives they perceive to dominate in their decision-making contexts. Our empirical analysis addresses biodiversity conservation, which has traditionally been justified with intrinsic value- and science-based arguments. The arguments have recently been broadened with the concept of ecosystem services, highlighting human benefits and values. This evolving context is interesting because of the new rise of anthropocentric values, which can lead to decision-makers experiencing dissonance. Our analysis of interviews with 43 biodiversity conservation decision-makers from nine European countries reveals four personally held perspectives that highlight different, yet partly overlapping, values – intrinsic, human benefit, conservation and connection – as well as three perspectives perceived to dominate in decision-making – utilitarian, insurance and knowledge values. The comparison of personally held and perceived dominant perspectives points to one major conflict: those decision-makers who personally associate with intrinsic values and perceive utilitarian values to dominate in decision-making experience dissonance. By contrast, personally held human benefit values are accommodated well in decision-making contexts and decision-makers who perceive insurance values to dominate experience the least conflict with personally held values. These findings demonstrate the potential of arguments stressing long-term benefits for easing tension and conflicts in conservation decision-making, and the usefulness of empirically testing of the coincidence of individual and social values.
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| 34. |
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| 35. |
- Smith, A.C., et al.
(author)
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How natural capital delivers ecosystem services: a typology derived from a systematic review
- 2017
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In: Ecosystem Services. - : Elsevier BV. - 2212-0416 .- 2212-0416. ; 26, s. 111-126
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Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- There is no unified evidence base to help decision-makers understand how the multiple components of natural capital interact to deliver ecosystem services. We systematically reviewed 780 papers, recording how natural capital attributes (29 biotic attributes and 11 abiotic factors) affect the delivery of 13 ecosystem services. We develop a simple typology based on the observation that five main attribute groups influence the capacity of natural capital to provide ecosystem services, related to: A) the physical amount of vegetation cover; B) presence of suitable habitat to support species or functional groups that provide a service; C) characteristics of particular species or functional groups; D) physical and biological diversity; and E) abiotic factors that interact with the biotic factors in groups A-D. ' Bundles' of services can be identified that are governed by different attribute groups. Management aimed at maximising only one service often has negative impacts on other services and on biological and physical diversity. Sustainable ecosystem management should aim to maintain healthy, diverse and resilient ecosystems that can deliver a wide range of ecosystem services in the long term. This can maximise the synergies and minimise the trade-offs between ecosystem services and is also compatible with the aim of conserving biodiversity.
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| 36. |
- Smithers, Richard J., et al.
(author)
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Biodiversity Boundaries
- 2016
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In: Science. ; 353:6304, s. 1108-
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Journal article (pop. science, debate, etc.)
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| 37. |
- Smithers, Richard J., et al.
(author)
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Comparing the relative abilities of tree species to cool the urban environment
- 2018
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In: Urban Ecosystems. - : SPRINGER. - 1083-8155 .- 1573-1642. ; 21:5, s. 851-862
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Increasing urbanisation poses numerous challenges to human quality of life. Cities are particularly vulnerable to the urban heat-island effect, which will be amplified by climate change. Increasing tree cover may be one of the most cost-effective ways of moderating urban temperatures. Trees cool their surroundings by casting shade, reflecting solar radiation, transpiring, and intercepting rainfall that subsequently evaporates. However, the potential of trees to reduce the urban heat-island effect is underutilised. The aim of this study was to synthesise understanding of the relative abilities of different tree species to provide urban cooling in temperate regions of the world and thereby develop a pragmatic approach for choosing those trees that have greatest potential in that regard. Based on a literature review and semi-structured interviews with leading experts, we developed a series of scenarios to illustrate the impacts of a tree's cooling mechanisms and tree species' attributes on components of the surface-energy balance equation. This enabled us to select parameters and propose simple equations that can be used to compare the relative abilities of tree species in relation to each of the cooling mechanisms. The parameters selected were for: transpiration - crown diameter, Leaf Area Index (LAI), canopy aspect ratio, and stomatal conductance or growth rate; reflection - albedo, crown diameter and LAI; shading - canopy aspect ratio, crown diameter, LAI and tree height. The approach is intended for use by urban planners and managers who wish to make informed decisions about which tree species to select for planting to counter the urban heat-island effect.
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| 38. |
- Smithers, Richard J., et al.
(author)
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Indirect impacts of climate change
- 2016
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In: Science. - : American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). - 0036-8075 .- 1095-9203. ; 354:6318, s. 1386-1386
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Journal article (other academic/artistic)
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| 39. |
- Smithers, Richard J., et al.
(author)
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Inequality : span the global divide
- 2016
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In: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 539, s. 31-31
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Journal article (other academic/artistic)
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| 40. |
- SVENSSON, JOHAN, et al.
(author)
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Nationell miljöövervakning och utvärdering av ekosystemtjänster i fjäll och skog
- 2017
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Ekosystemtjänster kan bidra till att synliggöra värden i naturen som människor är beroende av för sin överlevnad och sin välfärd. För att kunna planera för uthållig markanvändning och förvaltning av naturresurser behöver beslutsfattare på olika nivåer ha tillgång till bra information om landskapens, ekosystemens och ekosystemtjänsternas tillstånd.Projektets ambition har varit att utforska konceptet ekosystemtjänster och konkretisera hur ekosystemtjänster kan tillämpas, skattas, kartläggas och användas som underlag för beslut i strategisk och operativ markanvändning, landskapsplanering och uppföljning av tillstånd och förändringar i ekosystem och landskap.Fokus har varit norra Sveriges fjäll- och boreala skogslandskap med de landskaps- och naturresurser samt markanvändningar och ekosystem som förekommer där. Projektets mål har varit att den kunskap som utvecklats och de erfarenheter som gjorts ska göras tillgängliga och användbara för beslutsfattare och praktiker. Studien visar på ett konkret sätt hur begreppet ekosystemtjänster kan komma till praktisk nytta.Den här rapporten är ett resultat från ett av sju projekt inom forskningssatsningen Värdet av ekosystemtjänster och har författats av forskare vid SLU (Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet) och Man & Nature. Projektet finansierades av Naturvårdsverkets miljöforskningsanslag.
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| 41. |
- Svensson, Johan, et al.
(author)
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Nationell miljöövervakning och utvärdering av ekosystemtjänster i fjäll och skog. Rapport 6754 Februari 2017. Naturvårdsverket
- 2017
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Reports (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Ekosystemtjänster kan bidra till att synliggöra värden i naturen som människor är beroende av för sin överlevnad och sin välfärd. För att kunna planera för uthållig markanvändning och förvaltning av naturresurser behöver beslutsfattare på olika nivåer ha tillgång till bra information om landskapens, ekosystemens och ekosystemtjänsternas tillstånd. Projektets ambition har varit att utforska konceptet ekosystemtjänster och konkretisera hur ekosystemtjänster kan tillämpas, skattas, kartläggas och användas som underlag för beslut i strategisk och operativ markanvändning, landskapsplanering och uppföljning av tillstånd och förändringar i ekosystem och landskap. Fokus har varit norra Sveriges fjäll- och boreala skogslandskap med de landskaps- och naturresurser samt markanvändningar och ekosystem som förekommer där. Projektets mål har varit att den kunskap som utvecklats och de erfarenheter som gjorts ska göras tillgängliga och användbara för beslutsfattare och praktiker. Studien visar på ett konkret sätt hur begreppet ekosystemtjänster kan komma till praktisk nytta. Den här rapporten är ett resultat från ett av sju projekt inom forskningssatsningen Värdet av ekosystemtjänster och har författats av forskare vid SLU (Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet) och Man & Nature. Projektet finansierades av Naturvårdsverkets miljöforskningsanslag.
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| 42. |
- Tinch, Rob, et al.
(author)
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Arguments for biodiversity conservation : factors influencing their observed effectiveness in European case studies
- 2018
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In: Biodiversity and Conservation. - : SPRINGER. - 0960-3115 .- 1572-9710. ; 27:7, s. 1763-1788
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Making a strong case for biodiversity protection is central to meeting the biodiversity targets in international agreements such as the CBD and achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Effective arguments are needed to convince diverse actors that protection is worthwhile, and can play a crucial role in closing the implementation gap between biodiversity policy targets and outcomes. Drawing on a database of arguments from 11 European case studies, along with additional interview and case study material from all 13 case studies of the BESAFE project, we analysed relationships between potential and observed effectiveness of arguments. Our results show that strong logic, robustness, and timing of arguments are necessary but not sufficient conditions for arguments to be effective. We find that use of multiple and diverse arguments can enhance effectiveness by broadening the appeal to wider audiences, especially when arguments are repeated and refined through constructive dialogue. We discuss the role of framing, bundling and tailoring arguments to audiences in increasing effectiveness. Our results provide further support for the current shift towards recognition of value pluralism in biodiversity science and decision-making. We hope our results will help to demonstrate more convincingly the value of biodiversity to stakeholders in decision processes and thus build better cases for its conservation.
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