| 1. |
- Ahlbäck Widenfalk, Lina, et al.
(author)
-
Ekologisk kunskap för ekologisk kompensation : Syntes av forskningsprojekten Systematisera ekologisk kunskap för att effektivisera ekologisk kompensation och När kan ekologisk kompensation bidra till att bevara biologisk mångfald och ekosystemtjänster?
- 2021
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Den här rapporten sammanfattar två projekt inom Naturvårdsverkets forskningssatsning om ekologisk kompensation: Systematisera ekologisk kunskap för att effektivisera ekologisk kompensation och När kan ekologisk kompensation bevara biologisk mångfald och ekosystemtjänster?På en stor del av jordens yta har människan kraftigt försämrat förutsättningarna för biologisk mångfald och de ekosystemtjänster som den ger upphov till, vilket därför även påverkar samhällen negativt. Ekologisk kompensation har föreslagits som ett viktigt verktyg för att stoppa förlusten av biologisk mångfald. Det är dock ett relativt nytt sätt att arbeta med naturvård och det finns oklarheter kring hur det bör implementeras i praktiken. Noggranna utvärderingar av ekologisk kompensation har bara gjorts i enstaka fall. Därför finns stora kunskapsluckor kring dess tillämpning och effektivitet i stora delar av världen, samt för många naturtyper och typer av kompensationsåtgärder.Vi har genom intervjuer undersökt hur arbetet med ekologisk kompensation bedrivs och vilka utmaningar som finns i Sverige idag. Vi har även genomfört systematiska översikter och meta-analyser för att syntetisera den vetenskapliga kunskap som finns rörande ekologisk kompensation globalt, samt rörande naturvårdsrestaureringar i landsmiljöer i de delar av världen med ett klimat som liknar det som finns i Sverige.Intervjuerna med 17 tjänstemän och praktiker som arbetar med ekologisk kompensation visade att kompensationsåtgärder som reglerades av lagstiftning oftast var kopplade till art- och habitatskydd och mera sällan till naturreservat och Natura 2000-områden. Vanligast är att enskilda träd, skogar, våtmarker eller vattendrag och dammar kompenseras, och fåglar och groddjur var de artgrupper som nämndes oftast. De genomförda åtgärderna inkluderade främst olika typer av restaurering, men även anläggning av mindre dammar var vanligt. På grund av många praktiska hinder vid implementering av ekologisk kompensation (innefattande såväl lagverk och processer som rutiner hos myndigheterna kring hantering av kompensation) gjordes sällan ekologiska avvägningar kring vilken kompensation som var lämpligast. Osäkerhet kring vad som är ekologisk kompensation och om det är viktigast att prioritera närhetsprincipen (kompensationsåtgärd nära påverkan) eller likhetsprincipen (samma naturmiljö och arter kompenseras som påverkas) skapade otydlighet i tillämpningen. En avsaknad av helhetsperspektiv, som innebär att mer än det enskilda exploateringsprojektets effekt och fler aspekter av naturvärden inkluderas, och att bedömningar görs på landskapsnivå, identifierades också. Det finns en risk att nuvarande inriktning med fokus på enskilda arter, bedömningar som görs på liten skala och en inställning att allt är bättre än inget och att allt går att kompensera kan missgynna naturvården i stort. Sammantaget skapar det ett otydligt system där långsiktiga konsekvenser för biologisk mångfald är osäkra.I genomgången av vetenskaplig litteratur som har utvärderat ekologisk kompensation fann vi 40 studier, men endast en av dessa kunde utvärdera om det har skett någon nettoförlust av biologisk mångfald. Majoriteten av dessa kom från våtmarks- eller sötvatten-miljöer i Nordamerika. Generellt lyckades kompensationsprojekten inte kompensera ekosystemtjänster fullt ut. Det fanns dock en fördröjningseffekt, så att kompensationslokalerna blev mer lika referensen ju längre tid som förflutit sedan kompensationsåtgärden utfördes. För biologisk mångfald var mönstret inte lika tydligt som för ekosystemtjänster. Det var stor variation mellan olika studier och det fanns heller inte någon tydlig skillnad mellan olika organismgrupper, eller mellan olika naturtyper.När vi gick igenom utvärderingar av naturvårdsrestaureringar fann vi 93 studier som uppfyllde våra kriterier, som bland annat innebar en före-efter-kontroll-design (s.k. BACI design). Av dessa hade 36 utvärderat restaureringsåtgärder i skog, 35 i gräsmarker, 20 i våtmarker och 3 i sandmarker. Effekten av restaurering varierade stort mellan studier, och restaureringen ledde inte alltid till högre biologisk mångfald. Skillnaden i utfall mellan typerna av ekosystem var små, men det fanns något större skillnad i effekt av restaureringen mellan olika naturtyper (till exempel mellan lövskog kontra barrskog, eller öppen gräsmark kontra hedar). De flesta studier hade utvärderat effekter på växter, följt av leddjur (insekter och spindeldjur) och fåglar. Skillnaderna i effekt mellan olika artgrupper var också små. Endast för kärlväxter fanns så många utvärderingar av individuella arter (35 studier) att vi kunde analysera skillnader mellan olika grupper utifrån deras funktionella egenskaper, men även här var variationen för stor för att dra generella slutsatser. För alla typer av ekosystem där antalet studier var tillräckligt stort (skog, gräsmarker och våtmarker) ökade effektstorleken med ökande tid sedan restaureringsåtgärderna utförts.Utifrån de identifierade bristerna i enhetlig implementering av ekologisk kompensation i Sverige rekommenderar vi en nationell standard och etablerade rutiner för tillsynsmyndigheter, som bland annat kan öka fokus på landskapsperspektiv och bredare inkludering av naturvärden. Genom att tillgängliggöra goda och sämre exempel på kompensationsåtgärder kan kvalitén på genomförd kompensation höjas. Vi rekommenderar även att framtida ekologiska kompensationsprojekt systematiskt utvärderar både de naturvärden som förloras vid exploatering och de som uppstår via kompensationsåtgärder. Myndigheter som ställer krav på ekologisk kompensation bör därför samtidigt ställa krav på systematisk och långsiktig uppföljning av kompensationsåtgärdernas effekter på naturvärdena. Eftersom det ofta är flera olika naturvärden som påverkas av en och samma exploatering, måste myndigheterna vara medvetna om vilka av dessa som kompensationsåtgärderna syftar till att kompensera, och exploateringens effekter av dessa behöver också följas upp.
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| 2. |
- Ahlbäck Widenfalk, Lina, et al.
(author)
-
Systematisera ekologisk kunskap för att effektivisera ekologisk kompensation : Slutrapport
- 2021
-
Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Ekologisk kompensation har föreslagits som ett viktigt verktyg för att stoppa förlusten av biologisk mångfald och naturmiljöer, en förlust som till stor del beror på människans utnyttjande av en allt större andel av jordens yta. Det finns oklarheter kring hur ekologisk kompensation implementeras och hur det bör utformas för att vara effektiv. Trots att ekologisk kompensation har funnits som en del i den svenska lagstiftningen sedan 1999 så har det än så länge inte använts i större omfattning i Sverige. Noggranna utvärderingar av ekologisk kompensation har bara gjorts i enstaka fall. Därför finns stora kunskapsluckor kring dess tillämpning och verkan i stora delar av världen, samt för många biotoper och typer av kompensationsåtgärder.Det övergripande syftet med projektet har varit att ta fram vägledning för att effektivisera tillämpningen av ekologisk kompensation i Sverige. Detta gjorde vi genom att dels syntetisera tillgänglig kunskap om effektiviteten i olika restaureringsåtgärder, dels utvärdera hur ekologisk kompensation tillämpas i Sverige idag för att identifiera hinder för optimal implementering. Vi har använt intervjuer och en workshop för att undersöka hur arbetet med ekologisk kompensation utförs och vilka utmaningar som är förknippade med detta. Vi har även genomfört systematiska översikter och meta-analyser för att utvärdera den vetenskapliga litteratur som utvärderar naturvårdsrestaureringar i landsmiljöer i de delar av världen med ett klimat som liknar det som råder i Sverige.Intervjuerna med 17 personer som arbetar med ekologisk kompensation visade att kompensationsåtgärder som reglerades av lagstiftning oftast var kopplade till art- och habitatskydd och mer sällan till naturreservat och Natura 2000-områden. Vanligast kompenseras enskilda träd, skog, våtmarker eller vattendrag och dammar, och vanligast nämnda artgrupper var fåglar och groddjur. De genomförda åtgärderna inkluderade främst olika typer av restaurering, men även anläggning av mindre dammar var vanligt. På grund av många praktiska hinder vid implementering av ekologisk kompensation i det svenska systemet – innefattande både lagverk och processer och rutiner hos myndigheterna kring hantering av kompensation – gjordes sällan ekologiska avvägningar kring vilken kompensation som var lämpligast. Osäkerhet kring vad som är ekologisk kompensation gjorde ibland tillämpningen otydlig. Osäkerhet fanns även kring vad som är viktigast att prioritera, närhetsprincipen (kompensationsåtgärd nära påverkan, d.v.s. ”on site” vs. ”off site”) eller likhetsprincipen (samma naturmiljö och arter kompenseras som påverkas, d.v.s. ”in-kind” vs. ”out-of kind”). En avsaknad av ett helhetsperspektiv identifierades också, d.v.s. avsaknad av ett perspektiv där mer än det enskilda exploaterings-projektets effekt och fler aspekter av naturvärden inkluderas, och bedömningar på landskapsnivå görs. Det finns en risk att nuvarande inriktning med fokus på enskilda arter, en inställning att allt är bättre än inget, att allt går att kompensera, och bedömningar på liten skala kan missgynna naturvården i stort. Sammantaget skapar det ett otydligt system där långsiktiga konsekvenser för biologisk mångfald blir osäkra.I genomgången av utvärderingar av naturvårdsrestaureringar i den vetenskapliga litteraturen fann vi 93 studier som uppfyllde våra kriterier, som bland annat krävde en före-efter-kontroll-design (s.k. BACI design). Av dessa hade 36 utvärderat restaureringsåtgärder i skog, 35 i gräsmarker, 20 i våtmarker och tre i sandmarker. Effekten av restaurering varierade stort mellan studier men var generellt svagt positiv eller gav ingen säkerställd effekt. Utfallet var likartat mellan de fyra biotopkategorierna. Det fanns något större skillnad i generell effekt mellan smalare biotopkategorier, där även negativa effekter uppvisades i vissa fall medan några biotoper hade en tydligare positiv effekt av restaurering. Flest utvärderingar var gjorda på växter, följt av leddjur (insekter och spindeldjur) och fåglar, med liknande resultat för de olika artgrupperna. Endast för kärlväxter fanns tillräckligt med utvärderingar av enskilda arter (35 studier) så att vi kunde analysera skillnader mellan olika grupper utifrån deras funktionella egenskaper, men även här var variationen för stor för att dra generella slutsatser. Det är därför svårt att dra slutsatser kring vilka restaureringsåtgärder som lämpar sig bättre som kompensationsåtgärder än andra för majoriteten av biotoper, åtgärdskategorier och artgrupper vi undersökt. Fortsatt uppbyggnad av väl designade uppföljningsstudier borde därför prioriteras.De identifierade bristerna i enhetlig implementering av ekologisk kompensation i Sverige, tillsammans med bristen på välgrundad kunskap om effekten av olika restaureringsåtgärder, gör att vi föreslår att:En nationell standard tas fram, rutiner utarbetas för tillsynsmyndigheter, och ekologisk kompensation integreras bättre i hela beslutsprocessen. • Ett bredare helhetstänkande kring bevarandet av biologisk mångfald och ekosystemtjänster möjliggörs, genom att öka fokus på landskapsperspektiv och ta hänsyn till fördröjningseffekter för både konsekvenser av exploatering och nyttan av kompensationsåtgärder.Goda exempel på kompensationsåtgärder sammanställs och tillgängliggörs för att höja kvalitén på genomförd kompensation.Framtida kompensationsprojekt gör en systematisk uppföljning av naturvärden som förloras vid exploatering och av de som skapas via kompensationsåtgärder. Myndigheter som ställer krav på ekologisk kompensation bör samtidigt ställa krav på systematisk och långsiktig uppföljning av kompensationsåtgärdernas effekter på naturvärdena.En geografisk databas för dokumentation av alla kompensationsområden utvecklas och i den kopplas dessa till motsvarande områden som exploaterats. För att följa upp de naturvärden som förloras och de som avsätts, förstärks och restaureras för att kompensera för dessa. En sådan databas möjliggör att långsiktigt kunna följa i vilken mån kompensationsområden utgör en motvikt till de värden som förloras.
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| 3. |
- Arnqvist, Goran, et al.
(author)
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Falsk marknadsföring om hållbart skogsbruk
- 2022
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In: Svenska Dagbladet Debatt. - 1101-2412.
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Journal article (pop. science, debate, etc.)abstract
- Dagens svenska skogsbruk är inte ekologiskt hållbart. Att saluföra det som hållbart är därför – för att tala klarspråk – falsk marknadsföring, skriver forskare.
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| 4. |
- Axelsson, Robert, et al.
(author)
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The Challenge of Transdisciplinary Research : A Case Study of Learning by Evaluation for Sustainable Transport Infrastructures
- 2020
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In: Sustainability. - : MDPI. - 2071-1050. ; 12:17, s. 1-24
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- While transdisciplinary (TD) research is desired in order to solve real world sustainability issues, this may be challenging for both academic and non-academic participants. Supporting learning through evaluation, we analyzed a project aiming at sustainable transport infrastructures. After developing a TD research framework as a benchmark, two external independent evaluators interviewed all project researchers, representatives for end-users, and donors. The evaluators compared results with the framework, and evaluators and participants critically reflected on the results together. There were three inconsistencies relative to the framework: (1) limited understanding of TD research among project management, end-users, and most of the researchers; (2) no structured learning process among end-users; instead, they expressed very diverse opinions about what they expected from the project; (3) project leaders had limited understanding of the special challenges of TD research, did not fully understand the status of the project's social system, and thus did not act as facilitators of the required collaborative learning process. Non-academic participants saw themselves as customers and not as partners in the knowledge production process. We conclude that TD problem-solving research requires much time and needs facilitation and training. A preparatory phase with a lower level of funding would be helpful in preparing for TD processes.
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| 5. |
- Björkvik, Emma, 1987-, et al.
(author)
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Informing obligations : Best practice information for catch‐and‐release in Swedish local recreational fisheries management
- 2023
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In: Fisheries Management and Ecology. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0969-997X .- 1365-2400. ; 30:3, s. 310-322
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Catch-and-release (C&R) is a popular management tool that can support sustainable development of recreational fisheries, if anglers adopt scientifically informed “best practices.” However, although the role of best practices is widely established in the academic literature, this knowledge is not always disseminated to anglers. In this paper, we investigated if and to what extent local management organizations provided best practice information to anglers. Based on a sample of 331 Swedish organizations, we reviewed the websites through which these organizations sold fishing licenses. Our review demonstrated widespread use of C&R as a management tool yet a general lack of best practice information. Among the small fraction of organizations that mentioned best practices, most mentioned only a single practice, with little consistency among practices that received attention. In addition, best practice information was particularly lacking for pike (Esox Lucius) and perch (Perca fluviatilis), which are by far the most landed and released species nationally. We discovered major knowledge deficiencies that provide insights about where and how to focus efforts for improving best practice information, in the context of local recreational fisheries management.
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| 6. |
- Blicharska, Malgorzata, 1979-, et al.
(author)
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Between biodiversity conservation and sustainable forest management - A multidisciplinary assessment of the emblematic Bialowieza Forest case
- 2020
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In: Biological Conservation. - : Elsevier BV. - 0006-3207 .- 1873-2917. ; 248
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The tension between biodiversity conservation and multipurpose forest management may lead to conflicts. An internationally prominent example is the Bialowieza Forest Massif (BFM), an extensive forest complex with high levels of naturalness. We apply a systematic, multidisciplinary assessment process to review empirical evidence on different dimensions of the BFM conflict. While there is broad consensus that this forest massif is an exceptional place worth conserving and that a way forward is a zonation system combining conservation with management, exactly how this should be done has yet to be agreed upon. Our assessment shows that the key reasons for the BFM controversy go beyond the availability of knowledge on the ecological status of the BFM and include: 1) evidence stemming from different sources, which is often contradictory and prone to different interpretations; 2) knowledge gaps, particularly with regard to socio-economic drivers and beneficiaries as well as uncertainties about future trends; 3) fundamentally different values and priorities among stakeholder groups, resulting in power struggles, and an overall lack of trust. We conclude that evidence-based knowledge alone is insufficient to cope with complex conservation conflicts. While more evidence may help assess the consequences of decisions, the actual management decisions depend on different actors' worldviews, which are rooted in their professional identities and power, and their political and legal realities. This calls for conflict management through a well-organized participatory process organized and supervised by a body deemed legitimate by the groups involved.
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| 7. |
- Blicharska, Malgorzata, 1979-, et al.
(author)
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Operationalisation of ecological compensation : Obstacles and ways forward
- 2022
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In: Journal of Environmental Management. - : Elsevier. - 0301-4797 .- 1095-8630. ; 304
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Ecological compensation (EC) has been proposed as an important tool for stopping the loss of biodiversity and natural values. However, there are few studies on its actual operationalisation and there is high uncertainty about how it should be designed and implemented to be an effective way of performing nature conservation. In this study we focus on ecological compensation in Sweden, a country where it is in the process of being implemented more broadly. Using interviews and a workshop we investigate how the work with the implementation is carried out and what challenges exist. The results show that implementation of EC is at an early stage of development and there are many practical obstacles, linked to both legislation and routines in the planning processes. There is a lack of holistic perspective and large-scale thinking, a quite strong focus on a small number of individual species, and an overall attitude that anything is better than nothing, all of which can have negative consequences for biodiversity conservation overall. Based on the results we discuss the need for better integration of EC into the entire decision-making process and for a holistic approach to preservation of biodiversity and ecosystem services, by increasing the focus on landscape perspective and considering delays in compensation outcomes. There is also a need for a national level standard for EC, making good and worse examples of compensation measures available and systematic monitoring of EC projects. Finally, a spatially explicit database to document all EC areas should be introduced both to ensure consistency in protection from future development plans and to enable long-term monitoring of EC outcomes.
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| 8. |
- Blicharska, Malgorzata, 1979-, et al.
(author)
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SDG partnerships may perpetuate the global North–South divide
- 2021
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In: Scientific Reports. - : Springer Nature. - 2045-2322. ; 11:1
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development gives equal emphasis to developed (“Northern”) countries and developing (“Southern”) countries. Thus, implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) demands coherent collaboration to transform society across all countries. Yet, there has been little research published on SDG partnerships and this is the first study to explore the extent to which partners from Northern and Southern countries are involved in them and their focus. It identifies that involvement is unequally distributed and may perpetuate the North–South divide in countries’ resources, including access to data and scientific capacities. Most notably, partners from low-income countries are involved in far fewer partnerships than partners from countries in all other World Bank income categories, although the former are least able to develop sustainably. As such, all those promoting sustainable development from governmental, private and third-sector organisations need to address global inequalities in establishing and implementing SDG partnerships if, collectively, they are to facilitate delivery of Agenda 2030.
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| 9. |
- Blicharska, Malgorzata, 1979-, et al.
(author)
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The water–energy–food–land–climate nexus : Policy coherence for sustainable resource management in Sweden
- 2023
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In: Environmental Policy and Governance. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 1756-932X .- 1756-9338.
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The concept of a ‘nexus’ across issues regarding the management of natural resources has gained increasing academic attention in recent years, but there is still relatively limited research on the application of the nexus approach for evaluating policies. This study analyses coherence among the main goals of five policy areas (water, energy, food, land, and climate) in Sweden, drawing upon a desk review, expert assessment, and interaction with stakeholders. The main objective is to enhance understanding of opportunities and challenges posed by such a nexus, understand policy interactions in Sweden, and provide insights into the use of policy coherence analysis as an integral part of resource nexus assessments. The analysis reveals synergies and conflicts between policy goals. For example, Sweden's environmental quality objectives (EQOs) regarding land and all the goals regarding water are either synergistic or neutral. Likewise, climate policy goals are well aligned with the goals regarding energy and ground water quality. On the other hand, the key goal for agriculture, which is food production, is the least coherent with those of the other policy areas. There are conflicts between the EQOs and goals regarding agricultural and forestry production. Stakeholders also indicate that climate goals are treated with higher priority than the goals of other policy areas. Notably, some interactions between policy goals are synergistic or conflicting depending on the context or their interpretation. Implementation of existing goals depends on relevant stakeholders' interests, priorities and interpretations, and on existing prevailing discourses in society, often supported by higher level policies.
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| 10. |
- Blyth, Samuel, 1988-
(author)
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Casting for Knowledge and Landing Understanding : Exploring the management of Swedish recreational fisheries as social-ecological systems
- 2024
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The successful management of recreational fisheries must balance ecological, and social goals; select from and implement a range of management tools; operate under often complex governance structures; and contend with diverse human stakeholders’ expectations, desires, and actual behaviour in response to management activities. This complexity also means that there are many knowledge and research gaps regarding the information needed to meet the requirements of specific fisheries. This thesis explores Swedish recreational fisheries as social-ecological systems to help close these gaps, and improve their future management.The sea trout (Salmo trutta) fishery around the island of Gotland provides context for investigating the human and ecological dimensions of catch-and-release (C&R), and stock level connections between angler expectations, catches, and spawning returns. This case study first identifies key motivations to retain or release sea trout of legal size, and factors anglers think are important for successful C&R. Then determines which angler-related, fish-related, or environmental factors impact stress levels and injuries for sea trout. Further, it identifies the potential for small changes in anglers harvest preferences to significantly impact mortality rates for an important segment of the spawning population. Taken together these outcomes identify knowledge and behavioural gaps that influence the successful application of C&R in this fishery, and that could affect the achievement of fishery management goals.Several opportunities to improve the transfer of information between stakeholder groups in Swedish recreational fisheries are illuminated through an assessment of how best practices for C&R are communicated to anglers, and an evaluation of potential biases generated when collecting data through angler surveys. Communication from freshwater fishery managers to fishing license buyers is deficient in the quality and quantity of information on best practices for C&R. In addition, this is notably poorer for certain fisheries and target species that have very high rates of C&R. In the opposite direction, the collection of information from anglers is also challenging, as common sampling techniques and the grouping of survey responses in recreational fisheries can introduce significant biases that impact how data can be interpreted. These include psychological dimensions of fishing experiences that connect angler motivations and behaviours to fishery management structures.This thesis contributes to the knowledge and discussion about sustainably managing recreational fisheries, but the methods to apply this information to existing governance structures and induce positive behavioural change in diverse populations of anglers require further development.
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| 11. |
- Cuenca-Cambronero, M., et al.
(author)
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Challenges and opportunities in the use of ponds and pondscapes as Nature-based Solutions
- 2023
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In: Hydrobiologia. - : Springer Nature. - 0018-8158 .- 1573-5117. ; 850:15, s. 3257-3271
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Ponds and "pondscapes" (networks of ponds) are crucial habitats for biodiversity and for delivering multiple benefits to humans, so-called "Nature's Contribution to People", such as climate mitigation and adaptation to climate change, creation, and maintenance of habitat for biodiversity, water purification, flood mitigation and cultural benefits (e.g., recreational possibilities). However, ponds are not often considered as Nature-based Solutions to provide all these benefits. In addition, there is insufficient knowledge on how to manage and restore ponds to maximise their role to increase the resilience of ecosystems and society to climate change. To facilitate improved implementation of ponds as Nature-based Solutions for the delivery of a wide range of Nature Contributions to People, it is important to generate and integrate biodiversity, ecosystems, societal, economic and policy knowledge. Hence, there is a need for evidence-based guidance to support the broader use of ponds. Here, we review the role of ponds and pondscapes in delivering Nature's Contributions to People and provide an overview of the challenges and opportunities for their broader implementation as Nature-based Solutions. Finally, we propose a conceptual framework that can help the implementation of pond Nature-based Solutions, and that outlines future research needs.
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| 12. |
- Filho, Walter Leal, et al.
(author)
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International Trends and Practices on Sustainability Reporting in Higher Education Institutions
- 2022
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In: Sustainability. - : MDPI. - 2071-1050. ; 14:19
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Sustainability reports are regarded as important tools in offering information about the environmental, social, economic, and institutional performance of an institution, and in demonstrating a commitment to matters related to sustainable development. But even though sustainability reporting has been used by a variety of higher education institutions to date, it is not as widely practiced as it should be. To further investigate this topic, a twofold approach was used: a study focusing on sustainability reporting approaches deployed in a sample of 30 universities across a set of countries; and a survey with a sample of 72 universities from different global regions to assess the extent to which they are deploying sustainability reporting as part of their activities. The scientific value of the paper resides in the fact that it offers a comprehensive overview of the subject matter of sustainability reporting, and how higher education institutions handle it. It also outlines the efforts in developing these documents which may catalyse further progress in this key area.
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| 13. |
- Hambäck, P.A., et al.
(author)
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Trade-offs and synergies in the design of multifunctional wetlands : A scaling issue
- 2023
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In: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 862
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Wetland area in agricultural landscapes has been heavily reduced to gain land for crop production, but in recent years there is increased societal recognition of the negative consequences from wetland loss on nutrient retention, biodiversity and a range of other benefits to humans. The current trend is therefore to re-establish wetlands, often with an aim to achieve the simultaneous delivery of multiple ecosystem services, i.e., multifunctionality. Here we review the literature on key objectives used to motivate wetland re-establishment in temperate agricultural landscapes (provision of flow regulation, nutrient retention, climate mitigation, biodiversity conservation and cultural ecosystem services), and their relationships to environmental properties, in order to identify potential for tradeoffs and synergies concerning the development of multifunctional wetlands. Through this process, we find that there is a need for a change in scale from a focus on single wetlands to wetlandscapes (multiple neighboring wetlands including their catchments and surrounding landscape features) if multiple societal and environmental goals are to be achieved. Finally, we discuss the key factors to be considered when planning for re-establishment of wetlands that can support achievement of a wide range of objectives at the landscape scale.
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| 14. |
- Hedblom, Marcus, et al.
(author)
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Landscape perception : linking physical monitoring data to perceived landscape properties
- 2020
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In: Landscape research. - : Routledge. - 0142-6397 .- 1469-9710. ; 45:2, s. 179-192
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Changes in the landscape affect not only people’s well-being but also how people perceive and use the landscape. An increasing number of policies have highlighted the importance of conserving a landscape’s recreational and aesthetical values. This study develops and evaluates a model that links people’s perceptions of a mountain landscape to physical monitoring data. Using a questionnaire, we revealed how respondents working with the Swedish mountains characterise the Magnificent Mountain landscape (as defined by Swedish policy objectives) and translated these characteristics into data from the National Inventory of Landscapes in Sweden (NILS). We found 14 potential indicators that could be derived from the existing NILS physical monitoring data and which could be used to monitor changes in the landscape values as perceived by people. Based on the results, we suggest how to simultaneously utilise field sampling of physical data and field photos to provide temporal information about landscape perception.
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| 15. |
- Josefsson, Jonas, et al.
(author)
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Compensating for lost nature values through biodiversity offsetting-Where is the evidence?
- 2021
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In: Biological Conservation. - : Elsevier. - 0006-3207 .- 1873-2917. ; 257
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Biodiversity offsetting is becoming a principal instrument for managing biodiversity and ecosystem services in society. Still, it is unclear whether biodiversity offsetting can fully mitigate losses to natural values. When reviewing published studies on offsetting, we found only 40 evaluations with primary outcome data on biodiversity or ecosystem services. Among these, we found no evidence that biodiversity gains from offsets actually compensate for development-associated losses, because losses were never estimated. The failure to quantify losses is troubling from a conservation perspective, as applying offsets that do not match up losses and gains will result in continued net loss of biodiversity. Instead, most studies (76%) included only reference habitats as comparator and evaluated singular taxa of biodiversity (66%), and rarely ecosystem services (ES). The overall meta-analysed effect size from reference habitat comparisons suggests that offsets perform poorly when contrasted to these habitats. There was a strong bias towards North American freshwater biomes, with only six published evaluations from terrestrial habitats. The bias and small number of studies precluded any detailed meta-analytical enquiries, such as identification of main drivers of outcomes. For biodiversity offsetting to be an important instrument for halting biodiversity losses, all actions must build on solid scientific evidence, and our review show that this evidence base is yet not in place. We conclude that there is a strong need for rigorous evaluation of offsetting projects, and to this end governments could request long-term monitoring programmes as an integral part of offsetting actions and make data openly available for assessment.
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| 16. |
- Orlikowska, Ewa, et al.
(author)
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Hit or miss? : Evaluating the effectiveness of Natura 2000 for conservation of forest bird habitat in Sweden
- 2020
-
In: Global Ecology and Conservation. - : ELSEVIER. - 2351-9894. ; 22
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Biodiversity conservation often requires a landscape perspective. When establishing the Natura 2000 (N2k) network, the effectiveness of the sites and the influence of the surrounding landscapes for species of interest was often disregarded. We analyzed the effectiveness of N2k sites in Sweden for three forest bird species of conservation interest in the European boreal landscapes: lesser spotted woodpecker (LSW), Siberian jay (SJ) and hazel grouse (HG). Our objectives were to: 1) quantify effective suitable habitat area in N2k sites with and without consideration of the adjoining landscapes; 2) examine effective habitat area within N2k sites along the north-south vegetation gradient 3) analyze functionality of N2k sites and assess how forests outside the sites affect habitat suitability inside N2k. GISbased habitat suitability index models were applied to calculate the amount of effective habitat within and outside N2k sites. N2k sites contributed with 10% (HG), 13% (SJ) and 51% (LSW) suitable habitat identified in Sweden. Functionality of forest environments as habitat was higher inside N2k sites for LSW within all vegetation zones, and for SJ in the Alpine and Middle Boreal zones; for HG habitat outside the sites was more functional in all zones accept Alpine and Middle Boreal. The majority of N2k sites were of quite small size (<500 ha) and the size influenced their functionality for LSW and HG, with larger N2k sites being more functional. For SJ, however, average functionality of N2k sites was not influenced by their size. The largest average habitat increase linked to considering the contribution of areas outside N2k sites for their functionality as habitat was for the N2k sites of smaller size (1-500 ha). Therefore, the presence and quality of forests outside of N2k sites are of a greater importance for smaller sites, and as such these should be carefully managed. To improve conservation efficiency of the N2k sites in Sweden, we call for incorporating them into the development and implementation of the regional Green Infrastructure plans. (C) 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
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| 17. |
- Prytz, Kjell, 1961-, et al.
(author)
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Myt om skogsbränsle leder klimatarbetet fel
- 2020
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In: Svenska Dagbladet. - Stockholm. - 1101-2412. ; :2020-06-11
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Journal article (pop. science, debate, etc.)abstract
- Medan svenska myndigheter utgår ifrån att förbränning av biomassa är klimatneutralt visar forskare världen över att denna syn är felaktig. Sveriges klimatpolitik måste därför revideras.
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| 18. |
- Ryfisch, Simon, et al.
(author)
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Opportunities and limitations for Nature-Based Solutions in EU policies - Assessed with a focus on ponds and pondscapes
- 2023
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In: Land use policy. - : Elsevier. - 0264-8377 .- 1873-5754. ; 135
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Nature-Based Solutions (NBS) are growing in popularity to mitigate and adapt to climate change, enhance biodiversity, and secure human well-being. However, the emergence of NBS has not generated equal attention for all ecosystems. One such neglected ecosystem are ponds and pondscapes (i.e. groups of ponds in a landscape), which are deteriorating in quality and diminishing in quantity. As the European Union (EU) is regarded as influential in the conceptualisation and operationalisation of NBS, we conducted a qualitative content analysis of 38 EU policies to identify opportunities and limitations for the implementation of ponds and pondscapes as NBS. We focus our analysis on ponds and pondscapes, but their prevalence in different landscapes and their multitude of benefits allows us to also make some inferences about the implications of the EU policy context for NBS at large. We find that EU policies strengthen NBS linked to existing and potential Natura 2000 sites, as well as to ecosystems protected through the EU's Birds and Habitats Directives and Water Framework Directive. However, if ecosystems fall outside of these already established policies - as is the case with the vast majority of ponds and pondscapes - their implementation as NBS may be hampered. We also find that the EU emphasises natural water retention measures and carbon-rich ecosystems for climate change adaptation and mitigation, but mostly does not explicitly include ponds and pondscapes despite their potential contributions. Other findings are that the EU's Horizon Europe research policy will likely influence which ecosystems will be used and financed as NBS, while the exact ambition and selection of NBS rests with lower-level authorities or individuals. Therefore, further studies tracing the impact of the supra-national EU policy framework at lower governance levels are vital.
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| 19. |
- Stenfors, Elin, et al.
(author)
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Droughts in forested ecoregions in cold and continental climates : A review of vulnerability concepts and factors in socio-hydrological systems
- 2023
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In: WIREs Water. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 2049-1948.
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In a changing climate, drought risk and vulnerability assessments are becoming increasingly important. Following the global call for proactive drought risk management, drought vulnerability assessments are progressively taking their stage in the drought research community. As the manifestation of drought vulnerability is dependent on the social, ecological, and hydroclimatic context in which it occurs, identifying vulnerability factors relevant for specific climatological and ecological regions may improve the quality of vulnerability assessments. Meanwhile, a holistic overview of factors affecting vulnerability in polar and cold climates is currently lacking. These regions are home to large socio-hydrological systems including urban areas, energy systems, agricultural practices, and the boreal forest. By conducting an interdisciplinary systematic literature review, the manifestation and conceptualization of drought vulnerability were identified for forested ecoregions in the Köppen–Geiger D and E climates. Vulnerability factors, as described by several scientific disciplines, were identified and combined into a conceptual framework for drought vulnerability in the study region. The results demonstrate the wide range of conceptualizations that exist for assessing drought vulnerability, and the thematic differences between sectors such as forestry, water supply, and agriculture. The conceptual framework presented herein adopts a novel approach, categorizing vulnerability factors by their location in a socio-hydrological system, and their relation to blue or green water sources. This allowed for identification of systemic vulnerability patterns, providing new insights into regional differences in drought vulnerability and a base for stakeholders performing proactive drought risk assessments in the study region.
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| 20. |
- Stiepani, Johann
(author)
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Changing Coastlines of the Indo-Pacific : Local livelihoods and use of ecosystem resources from a social-ecological systems perspective
- 2024
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This thesis analyzes the impacts of global environmental change upon the interactions and connections between coastal ecosystems and small-scale fishers. The analysis builds on social and ecological data, obtained in four locations including: Unguja Ukuu, Zanzibar (Paper I); Malalison island, the Philippines (Paper II); Batan, the Philippines (Paper III); and Penang, Malaysia (Paper IV). Each of these locations is currently impacted by processes of global environmental change that challenge the sustainability of local livelihoods based on natural capital. These processes of global environmental change include environmental degradation (Papers I-III), and mangrove degradation due to land use change (Papers III-IV). Papers I-II focus on gleaning as a specific example of a coastal livelihood and found that gleaners over time struggle with local declines of the species they target. In Paper II gleaning was found to be important as a supplemental livelihood activity when local people were unable to perform regular SSF livelihood activities due to disturbances caused by e.g. typhoons. Environmental degradation was also present within the multi gear SSF at Batan (Paper III) within the mangrove estuary. Within the context of both Papers III-IV land use change fragmented the coastal ecosystems which likely impacted the biodiversity and structure of a mangrove forests. In conclusion, this thesis highlights an array of stressors that threaten these social-ecological system of small-scale fishing villages, in particular their coastal ecosystems found at their fringe. This work confirms the importance for local coastal management to understand different components of a SES to strengthen local livelihood security. Future work and management of these coastlines and livelihoods that are based on their environments need both ecological and social data to enable sound management. Alternative livelihoods could be one strategy to reduce dependency of livelihoods on SSF.
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| 21. |
- Stiepani, Johann, et al.
(author)
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The Where, the How, and the Why of the gleaning fishery : Livelihoods, food security, threats and management on the island of Malalison, Philippines
- 2023
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In: Ocean and Coastal Management. - : Elsevier. - 0964-5691 .- 1873-524X. ; 244
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Intertidal gleaning is a small-scale fishery (SSF) that is relatively little known, but contributes to the food security and income of many people. Yet, this SSF is not commonly considered in management planning, or policy development. This study investigates gleaning and its importance to food security and livelihoods of local people on the island of Malalison, Philippines, as well as the perceived threats to the coastal ecosystems where the gleaning occurs. In the study, 36 gleaners were interviewed and a participatory mapping session with 24 participants was held. The results reveal three distinct forms of gleaning in three different ecosystems around the island. The most common was walking gleaning within the rocky shorelines, followed by swimming or diving for invertebrates in shallow coral reef systems, and the collection of algae in a seagrass and algae meadows. While gleaning on average contributed to 9.57% of the monthly income of interviewees households, it was a primary source of income for 29% of women. For 81% of women and 33% of men gleaning was very important for the household food security. For men intertidal gleaning was considered a supplemental fishery when unable to perform regular SSF activities. The most commonly mentioned threat to coastal ecosystems was the increased impacts of typhoons (69.4% respondents), followed by an increase in gleaners (58.3%). Majority of the respondents stated gleaning should be regulated together with co-occurring SSF. Based on these results we discuss the importance of the gleaning for livelihoods and security, the implications of the existing threats, and the need to formally include gleaning in monitoring and management. We also suggest a need for both biological and social studies to provide science-based management guidelines. Understanding the gleaning practice is a prerequisite to address the obstacles and better plan for the management of this SSF.
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| 22. |
- Teutschbein, Claudia, 1985-, et al.
(author)
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Drought hazards and stakeholder perception : Unraveling the interlinkages between drought severity, perceived impacts, preparedness, and management
- 2023
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In: Ambio. - : Springer Nature. - 0044-7447 .- 1654-7209. ; 52:7, s. 1262-1281
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The future risk for droughts and water shortages calls for substantial efforts by authorities to adapt at local levels. Understanding their perception of drought hazards, risk and vulnerability can help to identify drivers of and barriers to drought risk planning and management in a changing climate at the local level. This paper presents a novel interdisciplinary drought case study in Sweden that integrates soft data from a nationwide survey among more than 100 local practitioners and hard data based on hydrological measurements to provide a holistic assessment of the links between drought severity and the perceived levels of drought severity, impacts, preparedness, and management for two consecutive drought events. The paper highlights challenges for drought risk planning and management in a changing climate at the local level and elaborates on how improved understanding of local practitioners to plan for climate change adaptation can be achieved.
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| 23. |
- van den Heuvel, Lotte, 1994-, et al.
(author)
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Been there, done that? : Effects of centrality-to-lifestyle and experience use history on angling tourists' loyalty to a Swedish salmon fishery
- 2022
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In: Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism. - : Elsevier. - 2213-0780 .- 2213-0799. ; 39
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The incorporation of theories and methods from tourism research in recreational fisheries research is not common practice, despite many parallels between the two research fields. Adopting a tourism perspective could contribute to our understanding of angling tourists' attitudes and preferences and help identify the factors affecting the recruitment and retention of anglers. The concept of destination loyalty reflects a tourist's intention to revisit or recommend a destination, and provides a suitable avenue for studying (repeated) visits to a fishing destination. This study assessed the destination loyalty of angling tourists targeting Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) and sea trout (Salmo trutta L.) at the Mo spacing diaeresis rrum river in southern Sweden. A structural equation model validated positive relationships between the psychological dimensions of destination image, satisfaction, place attachment and destination loyalty. In addition, centrality of the angling activity to the anglers' life was identified as a precursor of place attachment and subsequent loyalty. Moreover, anglers with a high experience use history for fishing at Mo spacing diaeresis rrum scored higher than other anglers on several of the indicators for image, satisfaction, place attachment and loyalty. These results show how applying a tourism perspective to traditional recreational fisheries research may help to explain angler loyalty to a recreational fishery, which ultimately contributes to the management of visitor numbers and experiences. The measurement model used in this study can inform future studies involving angling destination loyalty and contribute to creating a universal measurement scale for this construct and its antecedents. Finally, this study holds several implications for fishing destination marketing and management in terms of supporting diversification of the visiting angler population and the experiences the destination provides.Management implications: The model presented in this study highlights the importance of destination image in promoting satisfaction, place attachment and ultimately destination loyalty in a fishing destination. Moreover, we discuss how understanding angler heterogeneity may inform selective marketing efforts and promote loyalty in a variety of anglers. Additionally, we suggest how improving catch and non-catch related destination attributes could enhance the quality of the fishing experience as a whole, which improves satisfaction and fosters place attachment.
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| 24. |
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| 25. |
- van den Heuvel, Lotte, 1994-, et al.
(author)
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Catch reporting in recreational fishing: Swedish anglers’ attitudes andpreferences, and the effect of social factors
- 2020
-
In: Fisheries Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0165-7836 .- 1872-6763. ; 223
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Recreational fishing activities have the potential to negatively affect fish populations worldwide, but data about fishing pressure is lacking in many countries. The Swedish government anticipates tackling this problem by implementing a national catch reporting program. Through an online survey among members of the Swedish Anglers Association (±60.000 members), this study gathers the attitudes and preferences of Swedish anglers (n=910) through a variety of statements relating to the potential introduction of a catch reporting program and investigates the effects of different social factors (consumptive orientation, motivations to fish, centrality to life and environmental attitude) on these attitudes and preferences. The results reveal that support for a potential catch reporting program was high for most anglers. Significant positive relationships were found between support for a catch reporting program and the sense of responsibility towards conservation issues, the desire to catch big fish and experiencing the environment as a motivation to fish. On the other hand, the desire to keep fish and catch large numbers of fish had a significant negative relationship with catch reporting support. Support for a mandatory catch reporting program increased with age, education level, income and years of fishing experience. Despite the generally positive attitude towards a potential catch reporting program, consumptive orientation, motivations to fish, environmental attitude and demographic characteristics were proven to play an important role in the anglers’ preferences towards catch reporting, and should not be overlooked when designing such a program. Our study shows that investigation of the social composition of an angler population is vital to obtain a better understanding of the diversity of attitudes and preferences towards recreational fisheries management, which can in turn facilitate implementation of management measures, such as catch reporting programs. Since this study focused only on members of the national angling association, who are likely more avid than non-members, additional research is needed to obtain results that are more representative of the total Swedish angler population.
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| 26. |
- van den Heuvel, Lotte, 1994-, et al.
(author)
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Ecosystem services in the Swedish water-energy-food-land-climate nexus : Anthropogenic pressures and physical interactions
- 2020
-
In: Ecosystem Services. - : ELSEVIER. - 2212-0416 .- 2212-0416. ; 44
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Traditionally, challenges of natural resource management have been addressed with a sectoral policy approach. However, it is increasingly recognised that different sectors are interconnected in a complex and mutually in-teracting system. A nexus approach is proposed to identify synergies and trade-offs between sectors and to foster the sustainable and efficient use of resources, particularly in light of climate change. The nexus approach has led to studies identifying interactions between policy objectives across nexus sectors, but the physical interactions between nexus sectors that can be the result of policy interactions, have received less attention. Nevertheless, such interactions can have severe consequences for the environment, affecting ecosystems and the services they provide. Integrating the nexus approach and the ecosystem service concept may help to better understand pressures and impacts related to a resource nexus and to address trade-offs. In this study, literature and expert assessment are used to analyse the water-energy-food-land-climate nexus in Sweden through the lens of the ecosystem services concept to gain insights into interactions between the nexus sectors. By demonstrating how anthropogenic pressures originating from the nexus sectors affect ecosystem functions and services, this paper serves as a foundation to further inform policy making (within and outside Sweden) when considering the water-energy-food-land-climate nexus.
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| 27. |
- Žilinskaitė, Emilija, et al.
(author)
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Stakeholder Perspectives on Blue Mussel Farming to Mitigate Baltic Sea Eutrophication
- 2021
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In: Sustainability. - : MDPI. - 2071-1050. ; 13:16
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Here, we present an application of systems thinking to controlling Baltic Sea eutrophication-a wicked environmental problem characterized by multiple stakeholder perspectives and no single, agreed upon solution. The Baltic Sea is one of the most polluted waterbodies in the world. More than 40 years of land-based (linear) measures have failed to adequately control eutrophication, yet internal (circular) measures are rarely used. Farming native blue mussels for nutrient capture has been proposed as one measure for eutrophication control, but the relevant stakeholders disagree as to its environmental, social and economic benefits. Here, we present the views of four Swedish stakeholder groups-academics, entrepreneurs, municipal government employees and representatives of non-governmental organizations (NGOs)-on the sustainability of native blue mussel farming, a circular measure for eutrophication control. Using semi-structured interviews, we elicited stakeholder perspectives on the environmental, economic and social dimensions of blue mussel farming. The interviewees generally agreed that blue mussel farming is not currently economically sustainable, but that it can contribute to the social sustainability of coastal regions. Academics were skeptical of the environmental benefits, claiming that farms could reinforce eutrophication, whereas the remaining stakeholder groups argued for its potential to mitigate eutrophication. In a roundtable discussion conducted one year after the original interviews, all stakeholder groups agreed that blue mussel farming alone will not fix Baltic Sea eutrophication, but can be part of the solution together with land-based measures. All groups also agreed on the need for cautious upscaling, continuous environmental monitoring and constant improvement if blue mussel farms are to be part of a "toolkit" for eutrophication control. Our results highlight the fact that wicked environmental problems can be addressed when multiple stakeholder groups with differing perspectives have the opportunity to achieve consensus through dialog.
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| 28. |
- Öckinger, Erik, et al.
(author)
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Möjligheter och osäkerheter med ekologisk kompensation
- 2020
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In: Biodiverse. - 1401-5064. ; 25, s. 10-11
-
Journal article (pop. science, debate, etc.)abstract
- Ekologisk kompensation är ett relativt nytt begrepp, som både innebär en god ansats och fallgropar. Det behövs ekologiska riktlinjer, men också systematisk uppföljning av dessa åtgärder, för att vi ska kunna veta att de gör nytta.
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| 29. |
- Öckinger, Erik, et al.
(author)
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När kan ekologisk kompensation bidra till att bevara biologisk mångfald och ekosystemtjänster? : Slutrapport
- 2021
-
Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Om ekologisk kompensation ska kunna bidra till att hindra förlusten av biologisk mångfald och ekosystemtjänster krävs god kunskap om faktorer som främjar respektive hindrar att kompensationsåtgärder är effektiva. Vi har gjort två olika litteratursynteser som handlar om detta: 1) En syntes av vetenskapliga studier som utvärderar ekologisk kompensation, och 2) En syntes av vetenskapliga studier som utvärderar naturvårdsrestaureringar (vilket är en vanlig form av ekologisk kompensation), som utförts i andra sammanhang än ekologisk kompensation.Vi fann endast 40 vetenskapliga studier från hela världen som utvärderade effekter av ekologisk kompensation på biologisk mångfald eller ekosystemtjänster. Endast en av dessa var utformad så att man kunde avgöra om kompensationen har hindrat att det skett någon nettoförlust av biologisk mångfald. Den vanligaste typen av kompensation som utvärderades i dessa studier var nyskapande av biotoper. Majoriteten av studierna var utförda i våtmarker eller sötvattensmiljöer i Nordamerika, och det är därför svårt att dra generella slutsatser som går att tillämpa på andra naturtyper och i andra delar av världen. Det verkar dock som att det är svårare, eller tar längre tid, att kompensera ekosystemtjänster än biologisk mångfald.Vår syntes av 93 vetenskapliga studier som utvärderat restaureringsåtgärder genom att jämföra både före och efter restaurering samt med kontrollmiljöer utan åtgärder, visade på stor variation i utfall. Naturvårdsrestaureringar leder långt ifrån alltid till högre biologisk mångfald. Effekten av restaurering skiljde sig inte tydligt mellan de studerade ekosystemen skog, gräsmarker, våtmarker och sandmarker, och inte heller mellan olika organismgrupper. Däremot verkar effekten av restaureringen ta längre tid i skogsmiljöer än i gräsmarker och våtmarker. Inom respektive typ av ekosystem fanns skillnader mellan specifika restaureringsåtgärder, och i flera fall var effekten bättre när man utfört en kombination av åtgärder än effekten av dessa åtgärder för sig. För att kunna bedöma under vilka förutsättningar restaurering på en plats kan vara en effektiv åtgärd för att kompensera naturvärden som förlorats på en annan plats är det viktigt att förstå bättre vad den stora variationen i utfall beror på.Tyvärr fanns det alltför få studier för att möjliggöra en utvärdering av potentiella synergier eller avvägningar mellan olika mål med restaureringar, som mellan biologisk mångfald och ekosystemtjänster. Framtida studier bör därför belysa sådana potentiella synergier eller avvägningar.Vår syntes visar att:Det finns stora kunskapsluckor kring hur väl ekologisk kompensation hindrar förlusten av biologisk mångfald och ekosystemtjänster. Det är därför ännu inte möjligt att ta fram evidensbaserade riktlinjer för hur ekologisk kompensation bör utformas.Innan kunskap finns bör inte ekologisk kompensation användas storskaligt som medel för att hindra förlusten av biologisk mångfald.När man utformar kompensationsåtgärder är det viktigt att använda ekologisk kunskap. Även om antalet utvärderingar av ekologisk kompensation är litet kan man få god vägledning från andra typer av ekologiska undersökningar.För att kunna utvärdera vilka kompensationsåtgärder som förhindrar nettoförluster av biologisk mångfald och ekosystemtjänster behöver myndigheter som begär ekologisk kompensation samtidigt kräva en systematisk och långsiktig uppföljning av utfallet av kompensationen.
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