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- Blomquist, Glenn C., et al.
(författare)
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Experimental Results on Expressed Certainty and Hypothetical Bias in Contingent Valuation
- 1998
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Ingår i: Southern economic journal. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 2325-8012 .- 0038-4038. ; 65:1, s. 169-177
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Use of the contingent valuation method is controversial among economists because it is based on hypothetical rather than real choices. Previous experiments have suggested that the commonly used dichotomous choice contingent valuation method leads to hypothetical bias, i.e., overestimates the real willingness to pay. We carried out an experiment to compare the dichotomous choice contingent valuation method with real purchase decisions for a consumer good. We confirm previous findings that hypothetical yes responses overestimate real purchase decisions, but we cannot reject the null hypothesis that definitely sure yes responses correspond to real purchase decisions.
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- Johannesson, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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Hypothetical versus real payments in Vickrey auctions
- 1997
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Ingår i: Economics Letters. - : Elsevier B.V. - 1873-7374 .- 0165-1765. ; 56:2, s. 177-180
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We compare hypothetical and real payments in a Vickrey auction. The use of hypothetical payments overestimates the real willingness to pay. The results cast doubt on the validity of hypothetical willingness to pay questions for the typical respondent.
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- O'Conor, Richard, et al.
(författare)
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Calibrating hypothetical willingness to pay responses
- 1999
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Ingår i: Journal of risk and uncertainty. - : Springer Nature B.V. - 1573-0476 .- 0895-5646. ; 18:1, s. 21-32
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Experimental data comparing hypothetical and real dichotomous choice responses for two different goods were used to estimate a statistical bias function to calibrate the hypothetical yes responses. The probability that a hypothetical yes response would be a real yes response was estimated as a function of - the individual's self-assessed certainty of the hypothetical yes response (assessed on a 0-10 scale) and a variable representing the price level. Without calibration the hypothetical yes responses significantly exceeded the proportion of real yes responses, but after calibration the null hypothesis of no difference between hypothetical and real responses could not be rejected in any of the experiments.
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- Olmarker, K, et al.
(författare)
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Chondroitinase ABC (pharmaceutical grade) for chemonucleolysis. Functional and structural evaluation after local application on intraspinal nerve structures and blood vessels.
- 1996
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Ingår i: Spine. - : Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). - 0362-2436. ; 21:17, s. 1952-6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The effects on nerve tissue and blood vessels of locally applied chondroitinase ABC were studied in two experimental models using chymopapain and the vehicle of chondroitinase ABC for controls.To assess the effects of chondroitinase ABC on blood vessels and nerve tissue after local application.Chondroitinase ABC has been suggested for chemonucleolysis because it has a high specificity for nucleus pulposus matrix, which could mean a high efficiency in dissolving disc tissue combined with a low risk of side effects on other tissues.Chondroitinase ABC or controls were injected intrathecally in the pig, and nerve conduction velocity and histologic changes were assessed after 7 days. The same substances were injected into the hamster cheek pouch and studied for 60 minutes for microvascular effects. The vehicle for the enzyme was used as a negative control and chymopapain in a therapeutic concentration served as a positive control.In all series there was a slight intrathecal fibrotic reaction that was most pronounced after chymopapain injection. The effects on nerve conduction velocity and nerve morphology were similar between chondroitinase ABC and its vehicle. Chymopapain induced a significant reduction in nerve conduction velocity and pronounced histologic changes. In the cheek pouch, chymopapain induced a stand-still of blood flow at the injection site, and microhemorrhage and macromolecular leakage from the vessels at the border of the injection site. Only a slightly reduced blood flow was occasionally found after injection of chondroitinase ABC and controls.In agreement with the current literature, these observations indicate that chondroitinase ABC is safe regarding adverse effects on nerve tissue and blood vessels. The slight reduction in conduction velocity after intrathecal injection of chondroitinase ABC or its vehicle is most likely the result of surgical injury while releasing the nerve roots from the intrathecal fibrous adhesions. Such adhesions may be related to the laminectomy per se, and probably have no pathophysiologic significance.
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