| 1. |
- Alipour, Nazanin, et al.
(författare)
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Structure and properties of polyethylene-based and EVOH-based multilayered films with layer thicknesses of 150 nm and greater
- 2015
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Ingår i: European Polymer Journal. - : Elsevier BV. - 0014-3057 .- 1873-1945. ; 64, s. 36-51
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents the structure and properties of two multilayered systems where polymers in adjacent layers were either miscible or immiscible. The miscible system consisted of 2, 17, 18, 24 and nominally 288 layers of alternating low-density (LDPE) and low-density/linear-low density (mPE) polyethylene layers with observed thicknesses ranging from 150 nm to 20 urn. The immiscible system consisted of 5 and 19 layer films with a combination of poly(ethylene-co-vinyl alcohol) (EVOH) (thickness: 9 and 1 gm, respectively), LDPE (17 and 7 gm) and a polyethylene adhesive (3 and 1 gm). The purpose of the multi-layering was to increase the crack growth resistance and, in the EVOH-based system, to decrease the oxygen transmission rate. Indeed, the crack growth resistance, as measured on tensile-tested notched films, increased with increasing number of layers. The thinnest polyethylene and polyethylene adhesive layers showed a clear ductile failure when fractured even in liquid nitrogen. Simultaneous synchrotron wide-angle/small-angle X-ray scattering and tensile testing indicated no new deformation features with changes in the layer thickness. The oxygen permeability was the same in the 5- and 19-layer EVOH-based films, but the uptake of n-hexane was strongly reduced in the 19-layer films, demonstrating the effective protective role of the EVOH layers. The n-hexane desorption data of the 2-layer LDPE/mPE film was successfully modeled using the diffusivities and solubilities of the single layers. Crystallization was slower and more confined in the films with thinner layers. The interlayer mixing in the melt (measured by isothermal crystallization from melts of initially layered polyethylene-based systems) was, as expected, significantly faster in the 24- and 288-multilayer films than in the 2-layer film.
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| 2. |
- Beal, Rachel E., et al.
(författare)
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Structural Origins of Light-Induced Phase Segregation in Organic-Inorganic Halide Perovskite Photovoltaic Materials
- 2020
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Ingår i: Matter. - : Elsevier BV. - 2590-2393 .- 2590-2385. ; 2:1, s. 207-219
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Organic-inorganic metal-halide perovskite materials offer a promising route to reducing the dollars-per-watt cost of solar energy due to their good optoelectronic properties and facile, scalable processing. Compositional tuning allows for the preparation of absorbers with band gaps tailor-made for specific tandem and single-junction applications, but photoinduced phase segregation in mixed-halide materials leads to the formation of low-band-gap regions that reduce the voltage of devices. This work explores the structural origins of photoinduced phase segregation in FA(y)Cs(1-y)Pb(BrxI1-x)(3) perovskite alloys. We use synchrotron X- ray diffraction to map the solvus between the cubic and cubic-tetragonal mixed-phase region and time-dependent photoluminescence to assess stability under illumination. We show that the correlation between crystallographic phase and phase-segregation behavior is imperfect, so phase is not the sole determinant of optical stability. Instead, we consider several possible mechanisms that could underlie the dependence of optical stability on perovskite composition.
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| 3. |
- Yu, Shun, et al.
(författare)
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Structural Changes of Gluten/Glycerol Plastics under Dry and Moist Conditions and during Tensile Tests
- 2016
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Ingår i: ACS Sustainable Chemistry and Engineering. - : American Chemical Society. - 2168-0485. ; 4:6, s. 3388-3397
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The structures of wheat gluten-based materials are greatly influenced by plasticizer content, moisture content, and external mechanical loading. In this study, the effects of moisture on the structure of wheat gluten (WG) plasticized by glycerol were investigated by using in situ small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS), mechanical tensile testing, and thermal analyses. The materials were processed with additives of ammonium hydroxide/salicylic acid or urea and conditioned at 0, 50, and 100% relative humidity (RH). In general, water showed similar effects on the WG structure and mechanical properties regardless of the type of additive. It was observed that the known hexagonal close-packed (HCP) structure in WG was present mainly under moist conditions and swelled with an increase in water content. The absorbed water molecules hydrated the protein chains at 50% RH and further led to the formation of a separate water/glycerol phase at 100% RH. An interesting feature was observed by in situ SAXS during tensile deformation; both the HCP structure and other protein aggregates packed more densely in both the tensile and transverse directions. It is interpreted as follows: "randomly oriented" chains were drawn out and stretched in the tensile direction, which squeezes the self-assembled structures together, similar to "tightening a knot".
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