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| 2. |
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Bentham, James, et al.
(författare)
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A century of trends in adult human height
- 2016
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Ingår i: eLIFE. - 2050-084X. ; 5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Being taller is associated with enhanced longevity, and higher education and earnings. We reanalysed 1472 population-based studies, with measurement of height on more than 18.6 million participants to estimate mean height for people born between 1896 and 1996 in 200 countries. The largest gain in adult height over the past century has occurred in South Korean women and Iranian men, who became 20.2 cm (95% credible interval 17.522.7) and 16.5 cm (13.319.7) taller, respectively. In contrast, there was little change in adult height in some sub-Saharan African countries and in South Asia over the century of analysis. The tallest people over these 100 years are men born in the Netherlands in the last quarter of 20th century, whose average heights surpassed 182.5 cm, and the shortest were women born in Guatemala in 1896 (140.3 cm; 135.8144.8). The height differential between the tallest and shortest populations was 19-20 cm a century ago, and has remained the same for women and increased for men a century later despite substantial changes in the ranking of countries.
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| 5. |
- Bentham, James, et al.
(författare)
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A century of trends in adult human height
- 2016
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Ingår i: eLIFE. - : eLife Sciences Publications Ltd. - 2050-084X. ; 5
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Being taller is associated with enhanced longevity, and higher education and earnings. We reanalysed 1472 population-based studies, with measurement of height on more than 18.6 million participants to estimate mean height for people born between 1896 and 1996 in 200 countries. The largest gain in adult height over the past century has occurred in South Korean women and Iranian men, who became 20.2 cm (95% credible interval 17.5–22.7) and 16.5 cm (13.3– 19.7) taller, respectively. In contrast, there was little change in adult height in some sub-Saharan African countries and in South Asia over the century of analysis. The tallest people over these 100 years are men born in the Netherlands in the last quarter of 20th century, whose average heights surpassed 182.5 cm, and the shortest were women born in Guatemala in 1896 (140.3 cm; 135.8– 144.8). The height differential between the tallest and shortest populations was 19-20 cm a century ago, and has remained the same for women and increased for men a century later despite substantial changes in the ranking of countries.
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| 6. |
- Ademuyiwa, Adesoji O., et al.
(författare)
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Determinants of morbidity and mortality following emergency abdominal surgery in children in low-income and middle-income countries
- 2016
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Ingår i: BMJ Global Health. - : BMJ Publishing Group Ltd. - 2059-7908. ; 1:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Child health is a key priority on the global health agenda, yet the provision of essential and emergency surgery in children is patchy in resource-poor regions. This study was aimed to determine the mortality risk for emergency abdominal paediatric surgery in low-income countries globally.Methods: Multicentre, international, prospective, cohort study. Self-selected surgical units performing emergency abdominal surgery submitted prespecified data for consecutive children aged <16 years during a 2-week period between July and December 2014. The United Nation's Human Development Index (HDI) was used to stratify countries. The main outcome measure was 30-day postoperative mortality, analysed by multilevel logistic regression.Results: This study included 1409 patients from 253 centres in 43 countries; 282 children were under 2 years of age. Among them, 265 (18.8%) were from low-HDI, 450 (31.9%) from middle-HDI and 694 (49.3%) from high-HDI countries. The most common operations performed were appendectomy, small bowel resection, pyloromyotomy and correction of intussusception. After adjustment for patient and hospital risk factors, child mortality at 30 days was significantly higher in low-HDI (adjusted OR 7.14 (95% CI 2.52 to 20.23), p<0.001) and middle-HDI (4.42 (1.44 to 13.56), p=0.009) countries compared with high-HDI countries, translating to 40 excess deaths per 1000 procedures performed.Conclusions: Adjusted mortality in children following emergency abdominal surgery may be as high as 7 times greater in low-HDI and middle-HDI countries compared with high-HDI countries. Effective provision of emergency essential surgery should be a key priority for global child health agendas.
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| 7. |
- Jung, Christian, et al.
(författare)
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A comparison of very old patients admitted to intensive care unit after acute versus elective surgery or intervention
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of critical care. - : W B SAUNDERS CO-ELSEVIER INC. - 0883-9441 .- 1557-8615. ; 52, s. 141-148
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: We aimed to evaluate differences in outcome between patients admitted to intensive care unit (ICU) after elective versus acute surgery in a multinational cohort of very old patients (80 years; VIP). Predictors of mortality, with special emphasis on frailty, were assessed.Methods: In total, 5063 VIPs were induded in this analysis, 922 were admitted after elective surgery or intervention, 4141 acutely, with 402 after acute surgery. Differences were calculated using Mann-Whitney-U test and Wilcoxon test. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression were used to assess associations with mortality.Results: Compared patients admitted after acute surgery, patients admitted after elective surgery suffered less often from frailty as defined as CFS (28% vs 46%; p < 0.001), evidenced lower SOFA scores (4 +/- 5 vs 7 +/- 7; p < 0.001). Presence of frailty (CFS >4) was associated with significantly increased mortality both in elective surgery patients (7% vs 12%; p = 0.01), in acute surgery (7% vs 12%; p = 0.02).Conclusions: VIPs admitted to ICU after elective surgery evidenced favorable outcome over patients after acute surgery even after correction for relevant confounders. Frailty might be used to guide clinicians in risk stratification in both patients admitted after elective and acute surgery.
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| 8. |
- Baumgartner, Thomas, et al.
(författare)
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The Shaping of Socio-Economic Systems : The Application of the Theory of Actor-System-Dynamics to Conflict, Social Power, and Institutional Innovation in Economic Life
- 2014. - 2
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Bok (refereegranskat)abstract
- Actor-systems dynamics is an innovative, multidisciplinary methodology for investigating and analyzing social struggles over economic resources and the related interplay between economic and socio-political institutions and processes. The authors, sociologists and economists, offer a systemic perspective on contemporary socio-economic issues such as economic crisis, unemployment, inflation, economic democracy and development; in their analyses, they identify several of the key factors that drive people to interact, to initiate change and transformation as well as to resist such change. Major underlying themes in the book are: Conflict over the distribution of economic resources and economic policies and institutions; the structural bases of economic inequality and conflict; the shaping and reshaping of socio-economic institutions, and the contradictions, conflicts and instabilities evoked by such developments; the failure of orthodox economic theories, including Keynesianism, in the face of recurrent economic crises and instabilities; the development and application of an open, dynamic actor-oriented systems theory - grounded in the social sciences - addressing complex socio-economic phenomena in ways diverging substantially from conventional economics. All in all, the papers collected here deal, on the one hand, with social power, conflict, and struggle concerning economic resources and institutions and, on the other hand, the structural and other factors which drive powering initiatives, conflict, and social innovation and transformation. The book is addressed to a broad spectrum of social and managerial scientists concerned with socio-economic issues, institutions, and development.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Burns, Tom R, 1937-, et al.
(författare)
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A Sustainable Development Perspective
- 2017
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Ingår i: Routledge Handbook of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation. - London : Routledge. - 9781138924567 - 9781315684260
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
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| 11. |
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
- Burns, Tom R, 1937-, et al.
(författare)
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Legitimacy versus Effectiveness : Procedural governance integrating expertise and social acceptance of collective decisions
- 2011
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Ingår i: International Journal of Regulation and Governance. - 0972-4907. ; 11:1, s. 1-24
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article develops the earlier analyses of the Pareto multi-agent problematique concerning collective choice situations, where members of a group, community or society, having diverse values, beliefs, and other predispositions, are faced with alternative allocations, institutional arrangements, or states of the world and may collectively choose a particular allocation, institutional arrangement or state of the world if they can agree on the choice. This type of multi-value governance situation is increasingly prevalent not only at political and societal levels, but also at the level of many enterprises, for instance, those advocating corporate social responsibility and working on economic as well as social and environmental goals. The article builds on research that has identified institutionalized governance mechanisms, which resolve confl icts of inefficient or non-optimal states and disequilibria. In other words, Pareto optimization problems, in the face of general non-unanimity or conflict regarding the outcomes among involved actors, can be resolved. The approach, based on Sociological Game Theory (SGT), has developed specific models of adjudication, negotiation, and democratic procedure and investigated their legitimacy bases, the limits of such societal procedures, and the accomplishment of societal efficiencies through such procedures. The re-conceptualization of the “Pareto problematique” is based on a general principle of “legitimation of collective choices”. Such collective choices are likely to be accepted by the majority or key agents (such as government agencies, businesses, NGOs, and so on) in the society. However, legitimacy does not guarantee effectiveness. On the one hand, it creates social order and sustainable society, on the other hand, a process legitimized by one or more of the societal legitimizing procedures may nonetheless lead to highly ineffective (or “inefficient”) outcomes, even catastrophes. There is no guarantee that legitimate collective choices are the best or right choices (this critique also applies to Pareto's approach, as we have pointed out elsewhere). In general, effective choices, whether legitimate or not, require the application of relevant or appropriate knowledge (often, multiple types of knowledge are required). Overcoming the dilemma of gaining social acceptance and achieving knowledge-based technical effectiveness requires dual (or multiple) governance systems. This article identifies and analyses the governance structures and procedures, which bring systematic knowledge to bear on collective choice problems. Many contemporary forms of collective decision-making entail mobilizing and applying expertise, such as technical and scientific, economic, organizational, legal, and cultural knowledge, and combining these with legitimizing procedures to gain acceptance of collective decisions and, thereby, accomplish social equilibria. A few models of such integrative governance systems are identified and discussed in the article.
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
- Burns, Tom R., et al.
(författare)
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Power, Knowledge, and Conflict in the Shaping of Commons Governance
- 2011
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Ingår i: European Sociology Association 10.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article aims at contributing to governance conceptualization and its application to case study analyses. Two of the challenges which the theoretical and empirical work in the article addresses concern facilitation of the comparability of diverse governance cases and a specification of several key mechanisms of governance formation and reform. A proposed model of the architecture of governance systems – their major components and inter-linkages – contributes, as argued and illustrated here, to greater comparability among cases and with the possibility of improved accumulation of knowledge about governance systems. The work also identifies a few key drivers explaining how governance systems are established, maintained or changed through power, knowledge, and contestation/conflict processes.These tools are applied to empirical cases of governance structure and their functioning and reformation. I consider briefly for comparative purposes food security, chemicals, gender relations, and Baltic fisheries as areas of EU governance. The paper is divided into three sections. Section I introduces the basic conceptualization and tools of analysis. Section II elaborates the key concepts and tools presented in Section I, in particular considering a variety of cases of the functioning and transformation of governance systems. Section III is a brief conclusion pointing out the originality of the theory as well as its applicability.
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| 17. |
- Burns, Tom R, 1937-, et al.
(författare)
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Power, Knowledge, and Conflict in the Shaping of Commons Governance. The case of EU Baltic fisheries
- 2011
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Ingår i: International Journal of the Commons. - : Ubiquity Press, Ltd.. - 1875-0281. ; 5:2, s. 233-258
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article aims at contributing to governance conceptualization and its application to case study analyses. Two of the challenges which the theoretical and empirical work in the article addresses concern the facilitation of comparability of diverse governance cases and a specification of several key mechanisms of governance formation and reform. A proposed model of the architecture of governance systems – their major components and inter-linkages – contributes, as argued and illustrated here, to greater comparability among cases and with the possibility of improved accumulation of knowledge about governance systems. These tools are applied to empirical cases of governance structure and their functioning and reformation. Baltic fisheries, a complex, multi-level case of commons governance, is considered in some detail in order to illustrate and elaborate the key factors of power, knowledge, and conflict in the functioning and transformation of governance systems. In addition to the Baltic fisheries case, we consider briefly for comparative purposes chemicals and gender relations as additional areas of EU governance. The paper is divided into four sections. Section I introduces the basic conceptualization and tools of analysis. Section II presents the case of Baltic fisheries. Section III elaborates the key concepts and tools presented in Section I, in particular considering additional cases of the functioning of governance systems. Section IV is a brief conclusion.
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
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| 23. |
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| 24. |
- Burns, Tom R, 1937-, et al.
(författare)
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Sustainability : A Humanistic Agenda
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of Human Ecology. - 0970-9274. ; 39:2, s. 155-170
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 25. |
- Burns, Tom R., 1937-
(författare)
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Sustainable development : Agents, systems and the Environment
- 2016
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Ingår i: Current Sociology. - : Sage Publications. - 0011-3921 .- 1461-7064. ; 64:6, s. 875-906
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article provides an overview and analysis of sustainable development from a sociological perspective. It is divided into three parts. The first presents selected relevant sociological research before there was ever a concept of sustainable development'. The selected focus is on work falling under the rubrics of environmental sociology as well as development sociology. The second part briefly discusses the context and process that led to conceptualizing sustainable development'. The third part considers the response of several sociological theories to sustainable development issues, with the focus on a selection of four major system theories: world systems theory, neo-Marxist treadmill of production' theory, ecological modernization theory and modern systems theory, all of which have addressed development issues and more recently sustainability questions. The article ends by identifying an ongoing global transformation, the sustainability revolution, which can be compared and contrasted to the Industrial Revolution. Whether this emerging revolution will take place fast enough and comprehensively enough to save the planet earth from multiple disasters remains to be seen.
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| 26. |
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| 27. |
- Burns, Tom R, 1937-
(författare)
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Sustainable Development
- 2013
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Ingår i: Sociopedia. - London : Sage Publications.
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
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| 28. |
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| 29. |
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| 30. |
- Burns, Tom R, 1937-, et al.
(författare)
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The architecture and transformation of governance systems: Power, knowledge, and conflict
- 2011
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Ingår i: Human Systems Management. - 0167-2533 .- 1875-8703. ; 30:4, s. 1-22
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article aims at contributing to governance conceptualization and its application to case study analyses. Two of the challenges which the theoretical and empirical work in the present article address concern a specification of universal dimensions of governance systems and an identification of selected mechanisms of governance formation and transformation – specifying a few key drivers that explain how governance systems are established, maintained or changed through power, knowledge, andcontestation/conflict processes. These tools are applied to empirical cases of governance structures as well as cases of governance transformation.
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| 31. |
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| 32. |
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| 33. |
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| 34. |
- Burns, Tom R., et al.
(författare)
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The Sociology of Creativity: Part I: Theory: : The Social Mechanisms of Innovation and Creative Developments in Selectivity Environments
- 2015
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Ingår i: Human Systems Management. - : IOS Press. - 0167-2533 .- 1875-8703. ; 34:3, s. 179-199
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Creativity is a universal activity, essential in an evolutionary perspective, to adaptation and sustainability. This first part of a three part article on the sociology of creativity has three purposes: (1) to develop the argument that key factors in creative activity are socially based and developed; hence, sociology can contribute significantly to understanding and explaining human creativity; (2) to present a sociological systems approach which enables us to link in a systematic and coherent way the disparate social factors and mechanisms that are involved in creative activity and to describe and explain creativity; and (3) to illustrate a sociological systems theory’s conceptualization of multiple interrelated institutional, cultural, and interaction factors and their role in creativity and innovative development in diverse empirical instances.The article introduces and applies a model stressing the social embeddedness of innovative agents and entrepreneurs, either as individuals or groups, as they manipulate symbols, rules, technologies, and materials that are socially derived and developed. Their motivation for doing what they do derives in part from their social roles and positions, in part in response to the incentives and opportunities – many socially constructed – shaping their interaction situations and domains. Their capabilities including their social powers derive from the culturally and institutional frameworks in which they are embedded. In carrying out their actions, agents mobilize resources including technologies through the institutions and networks in which they participate. Following this theoretical part, Parts II and III focus on the concrete conditions and mechanisms characteristic of the “context of innovation” and the “context of receptivity and institutionalization”, respectively.
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| 35. |
- Burns, Tom R., 1937-, et al.
(författare)
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The sociology of creativity: PART II: Applications: the socio-cultural contexts and conditions of the production of novelty
- 2015
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Ingår i: Human Systems Management. - 0167-2533 .- 1875-8703. ; 34:4, s. 263-286
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This is Part II of a three-part article. The article is predicated on the principle that creativity is a universal activity, essential in an evolutionary perspective, to adaptation and sustainability. This manuscript on the sociology of creativity has three purposes: (1) to develop the argument that key factors in creative activity are socially based and developed; hence, sociology can contribute significantly to understanding and explaining human creativity; (2) to present a systems approach which enables us to link in a systematic and coherent way the disparate social factors and mechanisms that are involved in creative activity and to describe and explain creativity; (3) to illustrate sociological systems theory's (Actor-Systems-Dynamics) conceptualization of multiple interrelated institutional, cultural, and interaction factors and mechanisms and their role in creativity and innovative developments in diverse empirical instances. The preceding segment of this article, Part I, introduced a general model of innovation and creative development stressing the socio-cultural and political embeddedness of agents, either as individuals or groups, in their creative activities and innovative productions. This second part, Part II, investigates the "context of innovation and discovery" considering applications and illustrations ranging from, for instance: (i) "the independent innovator or entrepreneur" who exercises creativity based on absorbing a field of knowledge, concepts, challenges, problems, solution strategies, creativity production functions or programs (and who is likely to be in contact with libraries, relevant journals and may be directly or indirectly in contact with a network of others); (ii) groups in their particular fields operating greenhouse types of organization driving problem-solving and creative activities-both self-organizing groups as well as groups established by external powers (whether a private company, a government, or a non-government organization or movement); (iii) entire societies undergoing transformations and radical development as in the industrial and later revolutions. Part III of this article investigates and analyzes "the context of receptivity, selection, and institutionalization" of novelty. © 2015 IOS Press and the authors. All rights reserved.
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| 36. |
- Burns, Tom R., 1937-, et al.
(författare)
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The sociology of creativity: PART III: Applications - The socio-cultural contexts of the acceptance/rejection of innovations
- 2016
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Ingår i: Human Systems Management. - : IOS Press. - 0167-2533 .- 1875-8703. ; 35:1, s. 11-34
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The three-part article of which this one is Part III is predicated on the principle that creativity is a universal activity, essential in an evolutionary perspective to adaptation and sustainability. This work on the sociology of creativity has three purposes: (1) to develop the argument that key factors in creative activity are socially based and developed; hence, sociology can contribute significantly to understanding and explaining human creativity; (2) to present a systems approach which enables us to link in a systematic and coherent way the disparate social factors and mechanisms that are involved in creative activity and to describe and explain creativity; (3) to illustrate a sociological systems theory's (Actor-Systems-Dynamics) conceptualization of multiple interrelated institutional, cultural, and interaction factors and mechanisms - and their role in creativity and innovative developments in diverse empirical cases. Part I of this article introduced and applied a general model of innovation and creative development stressing the socio-cultural and political embeddedness of agents, either as individuals or groups, in their creative activities and innovative productions. Part II investigated the "context of innovation and discovery" considering a wide range of applications and illustrations. This 3rd segment, Part III, specifies and analyzes the "context of receptivity and institutionalization" where innovations and creative developments are socially accepted, legitimized, and institutionalized or rejected and suppressed. A number of cases and illustrations are considered. Power considerations are part and parcel of these analyses, for instance the role of the state as well as powerful private interests and social movements in facilitating and/or constraining innovations and creative developments in society. In the perspective presented here, generally speaking, creativity can be consistently and systematically considered to a great extent as social, cultural, institutional and material as much as psychological or biological. © 2016 - IOS Press and the authors. All rights reserved.
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| 37. |
- Burns, Tom R.
(författare)
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The sustainability revolution : A societal paradigm shift - ethos, innovation, government transformation
- 2011
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Ingår i: Sociologisk forskning. - : Sveriges sociologförbund. - 0038-0342 .- 2002-066X. ; 48:3, s. 93-108
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Sustainability revolution: A societal paradigm shift – ethos, innovation, governance transformationThis paper identifies several key mechanisms that underlie major paradigm shifts. After identifying four such mechanisms, the article focuses on one type of transformation which has a prominent place in the sustainability revolution that the article argues is now taking place. The transformation is piecemeal, incremental, diffuse – in earlier writings referred to as ”organic”. This is a more encompassing notion than grassroots, since the innovation and transformation processes may be launched and developed at multiple levels through diverse mechanisms of discovery and development. Major features of the sustainability revolution are identified and comparisons made to the industrial revolution.
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| 38. |
- Burns, Tom R, 1937-
(författare)
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The Sustainability Revolution : A Societal Paradigm Shift?
- 2012
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Ingår i: Sustainability. - Basel : MDPI AG. - 2071-1050. ; 4:6, s. 1118-1134
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article addresses a question relevant to those interested in the achievement of greater sustainability: What are some of the ways that major societal transformations come about? Firstly, four key mechanisms are identified in the article. Then, I go on to focus on one of these, which has a prominent place in the sustainability revolution that it is argued is now taking place. The question of what are characteristic features of the sustainability revolution is addressed. The ongoing transformations are largely piecemeal, incremental, diffuse-in earlier writings referred to as "organic". Organic is a more encompassing notion than "grassroots", since the innovation and transformation processes may be launched and developed at multiple levels by collective agents that in some cases are very large and would not be understood as "grassroots" actors. The article argues that the sustainability revolution shares some features, in particular its organic character, with the early industrial revolution. It concludes by addressing the question of what are the similarities and differences between the sustainability and industrial revolutions.
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| 39. |
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| 40. |
- Burns, Tom R., 1937-, et al.
(författare)
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Toward a Universal Theory of the Human Group : Applied in the Comparative Analysis of Groups and Organizations
- 2015
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- A group is conceptualized as a system with three universal subsystems on which any ongoing group depends. The subsystems are bases – necessary for group “functioning” and performance in more or less coherent ways; a group may be able to realize – with its bases in particular contexts -- not only its purposes or goals but system requisites to sustain the group. The group bases consist of: (1) a rule regime (collective culture with a finite set of rule categories) defining group identity and purpose, defining and regulating roles and role relationships, norms and behavioral outputs, its collectively shared places and times for gathering and interacting; (2) an agential base of group members who are socialized (or partially socialized) carriers of and adherents to the group’s identity and rule regime; involvement factors motivate members to adhere to and implement the rule regime; (3) a resource base, technologies and materials, self-produced and/or obtained from the environment -- essential to group functioning and group performances. Group multiple production processes (based on sub-complexes in its rule regime) impact on the group itself (reflexivity) and on its environment. These outputs, among other things, maintain-adapt-develop the group bases (or, possibly, unintentionally undermine/destroy them). Thus, groups are action systems producing goods-services-experiences-events- developments, etc. for themselves and (possibly) for the larger environment on which they depend for goods&services- resources-recruits-legitimation, etc. The model provides a single framework for the systematic descriptions and comparative analysis of a wide diversity of groups, several of which serve as illustrations in the paper.
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| 41. |
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| 42. |
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| 43. |
- Kelman, I., et al.
(författare)
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Islander innovation: A research and action agenda on local responses to global issues
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of Marine and Island Cultures. - : Shima Publishing. - 2212-6821. ; 4:1, s. 34-41
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Local economies and livelihoods, cultures, and sustainability around the world are being challenged by wide ranging social and environmental changes. Despite many negative impacts, these changes also bring opportunities to initiate and implement innovations. Island communities are experiencing the forefront of much such action, particularly since they are often highly local and localised societies. Yet in many cases, global changes are being imposed without adequate support to the communities for dealing with those changes. The key question investigated by this paper is: How can local responses to global issues be improved for island communities? Examples of successes and problematic approaches, as well as those exhibiting both, are described in this paper. A research and action agenda on islander innovation is presented for researchers, policy-makers, and practitioners to highlight local responses to global issues. © 2015 Institution for Marine and Island Cultures, Mokpo National University.
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| 44. |
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| 45. |
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| 46. |
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| 47. |
- Roszkowska, Ewa, et al.
(författare)
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Fuzzy Bargaining Games : Conditions of Agreement, Satisfaction, and Equilibrium
- 2010
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Ingår i: Group Decision and Negotiation. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0926-2644 .- 1572-9907. ; 19:5, s. 421-440
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Game theory in its several variants is widely recognized as a contribution to social and economic modeling. One relevant development of classical game theory, Generalized Game Theory (GGT), entails its extension and generalization through the formulation of the mathematical theory of rules and rule complexes. Social theory concepts such as norm, value, belief, role, social relationship, and institution as well as game can be defined in a uniform way in terms of rules and rule complexes. Among the applications, one major initiative has been the conceptualization of fuzzy games and equilibria. In this paper a GGT model of 2-person fuzzy bargaining games is outlined. Two key concepts are applied: (1) players' value (or "utility") structures consisting of ideal points or expectation levels, on the one hand, and limits of acceptance, on the other; (2) fuzzy judgment functions in which players deal with imprecise information and use approximate reasoning in making decisions and negotiating agreements. Such fuzzy judgment functions can take into account economic, socio-psychological, and cultural and institutional aspects of the bargaining context, which affect the bargaining process in specifiable ways. Several significant results are obtained from the application of this model: the opportunities (or not) for agreement, the participants' satisfaction levels with an agreement, and the question whether or not the agreed "price" is an equilibrium price.
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| 48. |
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