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- Klionsky, Daniel J., et al.
(författare)
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Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- 2012
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Ingår i: Autophagy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1554-8635 .- 1554-8627. ; 8:4, s. 445-544
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
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- Stadler, M., et al.
(författare)
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Optimal Planning and Operation of Smart Grids with Electric Vehicle Interconnection
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of energy engineering. - 0733-9402 .- 1943-7897. ; 138:2, s. 95-108
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Connection of electric storage technologies to smart grids will have substantial implications for building energy systems. Local storage will enable demand response. When connected to buildings, mobile storage devices, such as electric vehicles (EVs), are in competition with conventional stationary sources at the building. These EVs can change the financial and environmental attractiveness of on-site generation [e. g., photovoltaic (PV) or fuel cells (FCs)]. To examine the effect of EVs on building energy costs and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, a distributed-energy resources adoption problem is formulated as a mixed-integer linear program with minimization of annual building energy costs or CO2 emissions and solved for 2020 technology assumptions. The mixed-integer linear program is applied to a set of 139 different commercial buildings in California, and example results and the aggregated economic and environmental benefits are reported. Special constraints for the available PV, solar thermal, and EV parking lots at the commercial buildings are considered. The research shows that EV batteries can be used to reduce utility-related energy costs at the smart grid or commercial building due to arbitrage of energy between buildings with different tariffs. However, putting more emphasis on CO2 emissions makes stationary storage more attractive, and stationary storage capacities increase, whereas the attractiveness of EVs decreases. The limited availability of EVs at the commercial building decreases the attractiveness of EVs, and if PV is chosen by the optimization, then it is mostly used to charge the stationary storage at the commercial building and not the EVs connected to the building. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)EY.1943-7897.0000070.
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- Cardoso, G., et al.
(författare)
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Microgrid reliability modeling and battery scheduling using stochastic linear programming
- 2013
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Ingår i: Electric power systems research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0378-7796 .- 1873-2046. ; 103, s. 61-69
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper describes the introduction of stochastic linear programming into Operations DER-CAM, a tool used to obtain optimal operating schedules for a given microgrid under local economic and environmental conditions. This application follows previous work on optimal scheduling of a lithium-iron-phosphate battery given the output uncertainty of a 1 MW molten carbonate fuel cell. Both are in the Santa Rita Jail microgrid, located in Dublin, California. This fuel cell has proven unreliable, partially justifying the consideration of storage options. Several stochastic DER-CAM runs are executed to compare different scenarios to values obtained by a deterministic approach. Results indicate that using a stochastic approach provides a conservative yet more lucrative battery schedule. Lower expected energy bills result, given fuel cell outages, in potential savings exceeding 6%.
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- Eiermann, W, et al.
(författare)
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Triple negative breast cancer: Proposals for a pragmatic definition and implications for patient management and trial design.
- 2012
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Ingår i: Breast. - : Elsevier BV. - 1532-3080. ; 21:1, s. 20-6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In trials in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), oestrogen and progesterone receptor negativity should be defined as<1% positive cells. Negativity is a ratio of <2 between Her2 gene copy number and centromere of chromosome 17 or a copy number of 4 or less. In routine practice, immunohistochemistry is acceptable given stringent quality assurance. Triple negativity emerging after neoadjuvant treatment differs from primary TN and such patients should not enter TNBC trials. Patients relapsing with TN metastases should be eligible even if their primary was positive. Rare TN subtypes such as apocrine, adenoid-cystic and low-grade metaplastic tumours should be excluded. TN and basal-like (BL) signatures overlap but are not equivalent. Since the significance of basal cytokeratin or EGFR overexpression is not known and we lack validated assays, these features should not be used to subclassify TN tumours. Tissue collection in trials is mandatory so the effect on outcome of different tumour phenotypes and BRCA mutation can be explored. No prospective studies have established that TN tumours have particular sensitivity or resistance to any specific chemotherapy agent or radiation. TNBC patients should be treated according to tumour and clinical characteristics.
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- Ferreira, Joao G., et al.
(författare)
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Overview of eutrophication indicators to assess environmental status within the European Marine Strategy Framework Directive
- 2011
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Ingår i: Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. - : Elsevier BV. - 0272-7714 .- 1096-0015. ; 93:2, s. 117-131
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2009, following approval of the European Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD, 2008/56/EC), the European Commission (EC) created task groups to develop guidance for eleven quality descriptors that form the basis for evaluating ecosystem function. The objective was to provide European countries with practical guidelines for implementing the MSFD, and to produce a Commission Decision that encapsulated key points of the work in a legal framework. This paper presents a review of work carried out by the eutrophication task group, and reports our main findings to the scientific community. On the basis of an operational, management-oriented definition, we discuss the main methodologies that could be used for coastal and marine eutrophication assessment. Emphasis is placed on integrated approaches that account for physico-chemical and biological components, and combine both pelagic and benthic symptoms of eutrophication, in keeping with the holistic nature of the MSFD. We highlight general features that any marine eutrophication model should possess, rather than making specific recommendations. European seas range from highly eutrophic systems such as the Baltic to nutrient-poor environments such as the Aegean Sea. From a physical perspective, marine waters range from high energy environments of the north east Atlantic to the permanent vertical stratification of the Black Sea. This review aimed to encapsulate that variability, recognizing that meaningful guidance should be flexible enough to accommodate the widely differing characteristics of European seas, and that this information is potentially relevant in marine ecosystems worldwide. Given the spatial extent of the MSFD, innovative approaches are required to allow meaningful monitoring and assessment. Consequently, substantial logistic and financial challenges will drive research in areas such as remote sensing of harmful algal blooms, in situ sensor development, and mathematical models. Our review takes into account related legislation, and in particular the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD - 2000/60/EC), which deals with river basins, including estuaries and a narrow coastal strip, in order to examine these issues within the framework of integrated coastal zone management.
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| 15. |
- Pilotto, Francesca, et al.
(författare)
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Spatial variance of profundal and sublittoral invertebrate benthic communities in response to eutrophication and morphological pressures
- 2012
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Ingår i: Fundamental and Applied Limnology. - : Schweizerbart. - 1863-9135. ; 180:2, s. 101-110
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Invertebrate communities inhabiting different lake zones are expected to respond differently to natural environmental variation and anthropogenic stressors. We used multivariate statistical methods in order to quantify the effects of eutrophication and morphological pressures on the spatial structure of the invertebrate benthic communities at two depth zones (profundal and sublittoral) in subalpine lakes in Italy, Germany and Austria . In both lake zones, environmental variables related to eutrophication pressures (mid-lake total phosphorus and chlorophyll-a) were significant in structuring the invertebrate community (permutation test: p < 0.01). Three variables relating to morphological pressures (diversity of macrophyte growth forms, sum of pressures in the lake shore, and percentage of natural land cover within a 200 m stretch from the lake shore) were significant (permutation test: p < 0.01) in the sublittoral zone, while in the profundal zone none of the variables included in the analysis related to morphological pressures were significant in structuring the invertebrate community. Variance partitioning analysis showed that profundal communities were mainly affected by eutrophication (8.6 % of total variance; p = 0.005), while in the sublittoral zone eutrophication accounted for only 0.5 % (p = 0.04) of total variance. The effects of morphological pressures could be tracked only in the sublittoral zone, where it accounted for 0.8 % of total variance (p = 0.015). The spatial component was responsible for a large part of the total variance (58.7 % in the profundal, p = 0.005; 44.2 % in the sublittoral zone, p = 0.005) and had interactions with stressor variables in both lake zones. Therefore the analysis of spatial patterns should be included in assessment systems relating invertebrate assemblages to pressures.
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