| 1. |
- Abenoza, Roberto F., et al.
(författare)
-
User experiences and perceptions of women-only transport services in Mexico
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Gendering Smart Mobilities. - : Taylor and Francis. ; , s. 188-209
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Personal safety perceptions impact upon not only travellers’ behaviour and satisfaction but may also diminish their general well-being and health. These effects are particularly negative among female travellers, a group which feels especially vulnerable from certain types of aggression. To tackle women’s personal safety problems several cities around the world introduced transport for women only. Data from Mexico City and its metropolitan area is used to examine how the characteristics of female travellers and of their trips impact upon travel satisfaction with public transport for women only for different travel modes (metro, city bus, and metropolitan BRT) and users based on their previous victimisation. This chapter demonstrates that female travellers’ appreciation of public transport for women only services varies as a function of some of their socio-demographic and travel characteristics (some age groups, trip purposes, and travel frequency). Considering the strength of the marginal effect’s coefficient from a number of ordered logit models three travel attributes should be prioritised: (1) level of satisfaction with travelling with women only, (2) reducing exposure to verbal aggressions, (3) and meeting travellers’ waiting time expectations. This study may help stakeholders identify, target, and prioritise female travellers’ groups which are least satisfied with the service. In addition, this chapter provides some policy recommendations and highlights the role of infrastructure that may help improve the overall travel experience.
|
|
| 2. |
- Cats, Oded, 1983-
(författare)
-
Identifying human mobility patterns using smart card data
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Transport reviews. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0144-1647 .- 1464-5327.
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Human mobility is subject to collective dynamics that are the outcome of numerous individual choices. Smart card data which originated as a means of facilitating automated fare collection has emerged as an invaluable source for analysing mobility patterns. A variety of clustering and segmentation techniques has been adopted and adapted for applications ranging from market segmentation to the analysis of urban activity locations. In this paper we provide a systematic review of the state-of-the-art on clustering public transport users based on their temporal or spatial-temporal characteristics as well as studies that use the latter to characterise individual stations, lines or urban areas. Furthermore, a critical review of the literature reveals an important distinction between studies focusing on the intra-personal variability of travel patterns versus those concerned with the inter-personal variability of travel patterns. We synthesise the key analysis approaches as well as substantive findings and subsequently identify common trends and shortcomings and outline related directions for further research.
|
|
| 3. |
- Cats, Oded, 1983-, et al.
(författare)
-
Learning and adaptation in dynamic transit assignment models for congested networks
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Transportation Research Record. - : SAGE Publications. - 0361-1981 .- 2169-4052. ; 2674:1, s. 113-124
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The distribution of passenger demand over the transit network is forecasted using transit assignment models which conventionally assume that passenger loads satisfy network equilibrium conditions. The approach taken in this study is to model transit path choice as a within-day dynamic process influenced by network state variation and real-time information. The iterative network loading process leading to steady-state conditions is performed by means of day-to-day learning implemented in an agent-based simulation model. We explicitly account for adaptation and learning in relation to service uncertainty, on-board crowding and information provision in the context of congested transit networks. This study thus combines the underlying assignment principles that govern transit assignment models and the disaggregate demand modeling enabled by agent-based simulation modeling. The model is applied to a toy network for illustration purposes, followed by a demonstration for the rapid transit network of Stockholm, Sweden. A full-scale application of the proposed model shows the day-to-day travel time and crowding development for different levels of network saturation and when deploying different levels of information availability.
|
|
| 4. |
- Cats, Oded, 1983-, et al.
(författare)
-
Special issue on "Reliability and resilience of emerging mobility systems", an editorial note
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Transportmetrica B. - : Informa UK Limited. - 2168-0566. ; 11:1, s. 1092-1094
-
Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This Editorial Note accompanies the special issue devoted to the development of new concepts, theories and methods that address reliability and resilience related to the planning, dynamic operation, and level of service of novel mobility systems. This special issue on 'Reliability and Resilience of Emerging Mobility Systems' consists of seven papers which are dedicated to methodological and theoretical developments as well as advanced applications in this domain. Several of the contributions originated from works presented at INSTR2021 (the 8th International Symposium on Transport Network Reliability). In this Editorial note we reflect on the contributions made in each of the articles included in this special issue.
|
|
| 5. |
- Cats, Oded, 1983-, et al.
(författare)
-
Unravelling individual mobility temporal patterns using longitudinal smart card data
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Research in Transportation Business and Management (RTBM). - : Elsevier BV. - 2210-5395 .- 2210-5409. ; 43, s. 100816-
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The increasing availability of longitudinal individual human mobility traces enables the disaggregate analysis of temporal properties of mobility patterns. The objective of this study is to identify distinctive market segments in terms of habitual temporal travel patterns of public transport users. First, travel patterns are clustered using a Kmeans approach followed by grouping the resulting patterns into a small number of profiles using a hierarchical clustering method. Second, we construct user-week vectors that are then clustered using a Gaussian Mixture Model approach. We apply our clustering analysis to the multi-modal public transport system of Stockholm County, Sweden, using data from more than 3 million smart card-holders. Our clustering analysis resulted in 10 day-of-the-week patterns with their composition varying across the county. In addition, we identify the following hour-by-hour weekly profiles:'Weekly commuters', 'Lower peaks','Late travellers', 'Early birds' and 'Flat curve'. The behavior represented by 'Weekday commuters' and 'Lower peaks' is most persistent over weeks. We demonstrate how a better understanding of user travel patterns offers policy makers, service planners and providers with enhanced opportunities to understand and cater for diverse market segments, for example by means of tailored fare products.
|
|
| 6. |
- Cats, Oded, 1983-, et al.
(författare)
-
Unravelling Mobility Patterns using Longitudinal Smart Card Data : Final report for Trafik och Region 2019SLL-KTH research project
- 2021
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- BackgroundThis project followed-up on a project called FairAccess which was granted in Trafik och Region 2018.In FairAccess, we processed Access card data and performed a sequence of inferences to derive timedependent origin-destination matrices for the entire Region Stockholm system. Tap-in records werematched with corresponding inferred tap-out locations and time stamps for about 80% of all records.Moreover, we implemented an algorithm to generate a journey database based on our transferinference method. We used the outputs of this process to evaluate the impacts of the fare schemechange (i.e. from zone-based to flat fare) on different user profiles. Access card products and zonalattributes were used for analysing policy impacts on different market segments.The “Unravelling Mobility Patterns using Longitudinal Smart Card Data” project was granted on May27, 2020 and the contract was signed on July 17, 2020. In this project, we capitalise on the capabilitiesof the inferences performed in previous work to conduct a series of market segmentation andadvanced data analytics to empirically analysis demand patterns for public transport in the StockholmCounty. The growing travel demand in Stockholm County is accompanied by an increased diversity ofsub-centres within the region as well as in individual travel patterns. It is thus increasingly importantto understand how demand patterns evolve over time, what the key market segments are and howdifferent users are affected by changes in service provision. The latter is studied in the contact of theopening of the Citybanan project.As stated in the SLL Research and Innovation Plan, the development of transport solutions for theStockholm region requires new knowledge regarding travellers’ needs and preferences, and theimpacts for different types of travellers.
|
|
| 7. |
- Cats, Oded, 1983-, et al.
(författare)
-
Unravelling the spatial properties of individual mobility patterns using longitudinal travel data
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Journal of Urban Mobility. - : Elsevier BV. - 2667-0917. ; 2
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The analysis of longitudinal travel data enables investigating how mobility patterns vary across the population and identify the spatial properties thereof. The objective of this study is to identify the extent to which users explore different parts of the network as well as identify distinctive user groups in terms of the spatial extent of their mobility patterns. To this end, we propose two means for representing spatial mobility profiles and clustering travellers accordingly. We represent users patterns in terms of zonal visiting frequency profiles and grid-cells spatial extent heatmaps. We apply the proposed analysis to a large-scale multi-modal mobility dataset from the public transport system in Stockholm, Sweden. We unravel three clusters - Locals, Commuters and Explorers - that best describe the zonal visiting frequency and show that their composition varies considerably across users’ place of residence. We also identify 15 clusters of visiting spatial extent based on the intensity and direction in which they are oriented. A cross-analysis of the results of the two clustering methods reveals that user segmentation based on exploration patterns and spatial extent are largely independent, indicating that the two different clustering approaches provide fundamentally different insights into the underlying spatial properties of individuals’ mobility patterns. The approach proposed and demonstrated in this study could be applied for any longitudinal individual travel demand data.
|
|
| 8. |
- Cats, Oded, 1983-, et al.
(författare)
-
Voting with one's feet : Unraveling urban centers attraction using visiting frequency
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Cities. - : Elsevier BV. - 0264-2751 .- 1873-6084. ; 127, s. 103773-
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Urban and regional areas worldwide exhibit a complex and uneven distribution of activities with certain areas attracting more people during different time periods. In this study we systemically classify different parts of the urban area which are most attractive as measured by their ability to attract visitors. A weekly visiting profile is constructed for each travel demand zone and thereafter clustered to identify areas with common attraction patterns. We leverage on the availability of longitudinal individual mobility traces in the form of smart card data transactions. We apply our method to the case study of the multi-modal public trans-port system of the Stockholm urban agglomeration area. The results of our clustering based on the weekly visiting profiles reveal four distinctive types of visiting attraction based on the intensity and temporal distribution of activities performed. The results of this study can be used to inform planners and decision makers about the main activity locations of travellers and how their temporal patterns vary across the metropolitan area and the design of related policies.
|
|
| 9. |
- Cebecauer, Matej, et al.
(författare)
-
Generating Network-Wide Travel Diaries and OD Matrices Using Stockholm County Smartcard Data
- 2020
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Bakgrund: The public transport system in Stockholm extends across the greater Stockholm area, covering ca 6,500 km2 and 2.3 million inhabitants. The system includes 21 commuter train, metro, light rail and tram lines spanning ca 470 km, around 490 bus lines spanning ca 9,100 km, and a number of ferry lines (SLL 2016). The main ticketing system is the Access system, which uses electronic tickets that are loaded onto contactless cards. The system was introduced in limited scale in 2008 and the average number of ticket validations per day has since grown to 1.9 million in 2018. Trafikförvaltningen, Region Stockholm is collecting access smartcard data for several years. Just for year 2017 smartcard data consist of approximately 680 million tap-in records. The majority of tap-ins are recorded at metro gates (45%) and upon boarding buses (41%) while the remaining consists of commuter trains, trams, and ferries. Each card has a unique number, which allows it to be traced and construct the complete journeys and travel diaries. There is a big potential in using these data for different analysis, evaluation, and planning of public transport. We present the framework that enables processing of raw access data in fusion with AVL and network data to the network-wide travel diaries. Furthermore, the estimated OD matrices can be used for measuring the impacts of various interventions such as fare policy and service design changes. The inferred travel diaries also allow for extracting passenger loads for each vehicle trip segment across the network at the same resolution as the flow outputs of schedule-based transit assignment models.Metod: Tickets are validated upon access to stations or boarding of vehicles but not on egress or alighting. In other words, the Access system is “tap-in only”. We propose a method to estimate the alighting station in a multimodal public transport system, where tap-in transactions are observed in a complex network. Similar to previous literature it is assumed that the alighting occurs within a certain distance of the next transaction. Furthermore, vehicle and time inference using AVL data is performed. Trip elements are assessed individually resulting in individual travel diaries.Resultat och slutsats: The implemented inference algorithms and the derived travel diaries facilitate the construction of OD matrices that are essential input for services planning. The performance of the inferring algorithms is: for the alighting station: 87%; for travel time 70% using AVL data exclusively; considering all trips even without alighting station 86% of all journeys have inferred destination; from which 73% have travel time estimated.
|
|
| 10. |
- Hatzenbühler, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
-
Modular vehicle routing for combined passenger and freight transport
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Transportation Research Part A. - : Elsevier BV. - 0965-8564 .- 1879-2375. ; 173, s. 103688-103688
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study investigates the potential of modular vehicle concepts and consolidation to increasethe efficiency of urban freight and passenger transport. Modularity is achieved by connectingmultiple vehicles together to form a platoon. Consolidation is realized by integrating passengerand freight demand in the routing problem. Vehicles are specific for each demand type but canbe connected freely, allowing the transport of multiple demand types in the same platoon. Therouting problem formulation considers travel time costs, travel distance costs, fleet size costs,and unserved requests costs. The operations are modeled in a novel modular multi-purposepickup and delivery problem (MMP-PDP) which is solved using CPLEX and Adaptive LargeNeighborhood Search (ALNS). In an extensive scenario study, the potential of the modularvehicle type is explored for different spatial and temporal demand distributions. A parameterstudy on vehicle capacity, vehicle range and platoon cost saving is performed to assess theirinfluence on efficiency. The experiments indicate a cost saving of 48% due to modularity and anadditional 9% due to consolidation. The reduction mainly stems from reduced operating costsand reduced trip duration, while the same number of requests can be served in all cases. Emptyvehicle kilometers are reduced by more than 60% by consolidation and modularity. A large-scalecase study in Stockholm highlights the practical applicability of the modular transport system.The proposed model and optimization framework can be used by companies and policy makersto identify required fleet sizes, optimal vehicle routes and cost savings due to different typesof operation and vehicle technology
|
|
| 11. |
- Hatzenbühler, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
-
Multi-purpose pickup and delivery problem for combined passenger and freight transport
- 2024
-
Ingår i: Transportation. - : Springer Nature. - 0049-4488 .- 1572-9435.
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recent advances in the development of modular transport vehicles allow deploying multi-purpose vehicles, which enable alternate transport of different demand types. In this study, we propose a novel variant of the pickup and delivery problem, the multi-purpose pickup and delivery problem, where multi-purpose vehicles are assigned to serve a multi-commodity flow. We solve a series of use case scenarios using an exact optimization algorithm and an adaptive large neighborhood search algorithm. We compare the performance of a multi-purpose vehicle fleet to a mixed fleet of single-purpose vehicles. Depending on cost parameters, our findings suggest that in certain scenarios, the total costs can be reduced by an average of 13% when multi-purpose vehicles are deployed, while at the same time reducing total vehicle trip duration and total distance traveled by on average 33% and 16%, respectively. The required fleet size can be reduced by 35% on average when operating multi-purpose vehicles. The results can be used by practitioners and policymakers to determine if the combined service of passenger and freight demand flows with multi-purpose vehicles in a given system will yield benefits compared to existing transport operations.
|
|
| 12. |
- Hatzenbühler, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
-
Multi-purpose vehicle assignment for combined passenger and freight transport
- 2022
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recent advances in the development of modular transport vehicles allow deploying multi-purpose vehicles, which enable alternate transport of different demand types. In this study, we propose a novel variant of the pickup and delivery problem, the multi-purpose pickup and delivery problem, where multi-purpose vehicles are assigned to serve a multi-commodity flow. We solve a series of use case scenarios using an exact optimization algorithm and an adaptive large neighborhood search algorithm. We compare the performance of a multi-purpose vehicle fleet to a mixed fleet of single-purpose vehicles. Our findings suggest that total costs can be reduced by an average of 13% when multi-purpose vehicles are deployed, while at the same time reducing total vehicle trip duration and total distance travelled by on average 33% and 16%, respectively. The required fleet size can be reduced by 35% on average when operating multi-purpose vehicles. The results can be used by practitioners and policymakers to determine if the combined service of passenger and freight demand flows with multi-purpose vehicles in a given system will yield benefits compared to existing transport operations.
|
|
| 13. |
- Hatzenbühler, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
-
Network design for line-based autonomous bus services
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Transportation. - : Springer Nature. - 0049-4488 .- 1572-9435. ; 49:2, s. 467-502
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The maturing of autonomous driving technology in recent years has led to several pilot projects and the initial integration of autonomous pods and buses into the public transport (PT) system. An emerging field of interest is the design of public transport networks operating autonomous buses and the potential to attract higher levels of travel demand. In this work a multi-objective optimization and multi-agent simulation framework is developed to study potential changes in the network design and frequency settings compared to conventional PT systems when autonomous vehicles (AV) systems are deployed on fixed-route networks. During the optimization process multiple deployment scenarios (network configurations and service frequency) are evaluated and optimized considering the operator cost, user cost and infrastructure preparation costs of the system. User-focused network design and operator-focused network design are studied for a real-world urban area in Sweden. The results provide insights into the network design and level of service implications brought about by the deployment of autonomous bus (AB) when those are integrated in route-based PT systems. We show that the deployment of autonomous buses result with a network design that increases service ridership. In the context of our case study this increase is likely to primarily substitute walking.
|
|
| 14. |
- Hatzenbühler, Jonas
(författare)
-
Simulation and optimization of innovative urban transportation systems
- 2022
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The ongoing trends of urbanization and e-commerce continuously challenge the existing urban transportation systems. A steadily growing number of people traveling within urban areas, results in more trips taken with public transportation systems. Additionally, the constantly increasing number of urban logistic operations leads to more commercial vehicles in cities. These ongoing trends and the need for more sustainable operations require the design of robust and efficient transportation systems which additionally provide a high level of service for their users. In recent years, two innovative approaches have been proposed to overcome these challenges. That is, first, the use of autonomous buses as a replacement, or an addition to existing public transportation systems, and second, the consideration of consolidating multiple types of demand (i.e. passenger and freight) when planning and designing transportation systems. In this thesis, both approaches are studied and their impact on urban transportation systems is evaluated. This is achieved by developing novel simulation-based optimization models that consider technology-specific cost structures and capture the changed mode of operation for different vehicle technologies.In Papers I and II the deployment of autonomous buses on fixed-line public transportation networks is investigated. Changes in service frequency, vehicle capacity, and metrics corresponding to the level of service for public transportation users due to new vehicle technology are investigated. Furthermore, Paper I explores the transition from conventional public transportation systems to systems operated by autonomous buses, while Paper II investigates the changes in network design due to autonomous bus operations. The developed models are applied to case studies in Kista, Sweden, and Barkarby, Sweden. Two key results can be identified in these studies. First, autonomous bus deployment leads to an increase in service frequency, while waiting time for passengers can be reduced. Second, more passengers are attracted to autonomous bus lines by reducing the access walking distances and increased level-of-service. On more complex networks these trends are amplified. In each of Papers III and IV, a novel pickup and delivery model is proposed. The models consider vehicle concepts which allow for the consolidated transport of multiple demand types. In Paper III the vehicles can serve different types of demand by exchanging purpose-specific modules at dedicated service depots, while in Paper IV individual demand-specific vehicles can form platoons with modular length and varying configuration. The results of the extensive scenario studies and parameter analysis show that for multi-purpose vehicle operations (Paper III) the total costs can be reduced by an average of 13% and for platoon operations (Paper IV) the total costs are reduced by over 48%. In both models, the cost savings stem mainly from a reduction in fleet size, total vehicle trip duration, and the total distance traveled.
|
|
| 15. |
- Hatzenbühler, Jonas
(författare)
-
Transition Towards Fixed-Line Autonomous Bus Transportation Systems
- 2020
-
Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In the last years the steady development of autonomous driving technology has enabled the deployment of more mature autonomous vehicles. These vehicles have been applied in several pilot projects worldwide, most commonly in the form of small buses. At the same time, the amount of people traveling in especially urban areas is continuously growing, resulting in more trips in the transportation system. An efficient transportation system is therefore required to serve the growing passenger demand. Autonomous buses (AB) are assumed to have lower operational costs and with that public transport (PT) systems can potentially be designed more efficiently to facilitate the increased demand better. In this study, an AB specific simulation-based optimization framework is proposed which allows analyzing the impacts AB have on line-based PT systems. The thesis focuses on the transition from existing PT systems towards line-based PT systems operated partially or exclusively by AB.Existing work on PT service design is extended so that realistic AB systems can be investigated. This is achieved by (i) using AB specific operator cost formulations, (ii) integrating infrastructure costs required for AB operations, (iii) utilizing a dynamic, stochastic and schedule-based passenger assignment model for the simulation of PT networks and by (iv) formulating a multi-objective optimization problem allowing to investigate the stakeholder-specific impacts of AB.In Paper I the effects of AB, concerning service frequency and vehicle capacity, on fixed-line PT networks are investigated. Among other metrics, the changes are evaluated based on differences in level of service and passenger flow. Additionally, the sequential introduction of AB in existing PT systems is studied. The framework addresses a case study in Kista, Sweden. The study confirmed the initial hypothesis that the deployment of AB leads to an increase in service frequency and a marginal reduction in vehicle capacity. Furthermore, it could be seen that the deployment of AB increases the passenger load on AB lines and that passengers can shift from other PT modes towards the AB services.Paper II incorporates a multi-objective heuristic optimization algorithm in the simulation framework. The study investigates changes in transport network design based on the deployment of AB. The differences in user-focused and operator-focused network design are analyzed and the impact of AB on these is quantified. This study is applied to a case study in Barkarby, Sweden where a full-sized, line-based PT network is designed to exclusively operate AB. Among other findings, we show that the autonomous technology reduces the number of served bus stops and reduces the total PT network size. Additionally, average passenger waiting time can be reduced when deploying AB on user-focused PT networks, which in turn leads to a further reduction of user cost.
|
|
| 16. |
- Hatzenbühler, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
-
Transitioning towards the deployment of line-based autonomous buses : Consequences for service frequency and vehicle capacity
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Transportation Research Part A. - : Elsevier BV. - 0965-8564 .- 1879-2375. ; 138, s. 491-507
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The deployment of autonomous buses (AB) is expected to have consequences for service design facilitated by its cost function structure. We study the impacts of AB deployment in line-based public transport (PT) systems. In particular, we examine the transition phase where AB is sequentially deployed, involving the selection of lines for which AB will be introduced. To this end, we develop a modeling framework using a dynamic public transportation assignment and operations simulation model that captures users' adaptive path choices. An analytical model is used to determine the initial solutions in terms of service frequency and vehicle capacity for the simulation framework. Due to their different cost function structures, the deployment of AB may be accompanied by changes in the service frequency and vehicle capacity settings and consequently also on passenger flow distribution across the network. Both the simultaneous and the sequential deployment of AB on multiple lines are investigated. Deployment solutions are assessed in terms of the both total operator and user cost. The decision variables are vehicle capacity per line, service frequency per line and vehicle technology per line - i.e. either manually driven or fully automated buses. The framework is applied to a case study in Kista, Stockholm. The study shows that AB service have the potential to attract passengers through improved service provision. A sensitivity analysis is carried out concerning the effects of different cost parameters and demand levels on the deployment of AB in fixed line operations.
|
|
| 17. |
|
|
| 18. |
|
|
| 19. |
- Kholodov, Yaroslav, et al.
(författare)
-
Public transport fare elasticities from smartcard data: Evidence from a natural experiment
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Transport Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0967-070X .- 1879-310X. ; 105, s. 35-43
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper develops a method for analysing the elasticity of travel demand to public transport fares. The methodology utilizes public transport smartcard data for collecting disaggregate full population data about passengers’ travel behaviour. The study extends previous work by deriving specific fare elasticities for distinct socioeconomic (e.g., car ownership and income) groups and public transport modes (metro, trains and buses), and by considering the directionality of the fare change. The case study involves a public transport fare policy introduced by the regional administration of Stockholm County in January 2017, where the zonal fare system for single-trip tickets was replaced by a flat-fare policy. The overall fare elasticity of travel funds is found to be −0.46. User sensitivity grows along with the journey distance. Metro users demonstrate the lowest sensitivity, followed by bus and commuter train riders. Low socioeconomic groups, in particular with respect to car ownership, tend to be less sensitive than the high-factor groups. In addition to the direct effect of changed fares, simplification and unification of the fare scheme appears to have substantially contributed to its attractiveness. The flat fare may allow the geographic disparity of public transport travel to be reduced and new users to be attracted from remote areas who are more prone to own cars.
|
|
| 20. |
- Kholodov, Yaroslav, et al.
(författare)
-
Transport fare elasticities from smartcard data : A natural experiment in Stockholm
- 2021
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper develops a method for analysing the elasticity of travel demand to public transport fares. The methodology utilizes public transport smartcard data for collecting disaggregate, full population data about passengers’ travel behaviour. The study extends previous work by deriving specific fare elasticities for distinct socioeconomic (e.g., car ownership and income) groups and public transport modes (metro, trains and buses), and by considering the directionality of the fare change. The case study involves a public transport fare policy introduced by the regional administration of Stockholm County in January 2017, where the zonal fare system was replaced by a flat-fare policy. The overall fare elasticity of travel funds is found to be -0.46. User sensitivity grows along with the journey distance. Metro users demonstrate the lowest sensitivity, followed by bus and commuter train riders. Low socioeconomic groups are sensitive to a price increase and do not adjust their behaviour with a price decrease, whereas the high-factor groups’ sensitivity is the opposite. In addition to the direct effect of changed fares, simplification and unification of the fare scheme appears to have substantially contributed to its attractiveness. The flat fare may allow the geographic disparity of public transport travel to be reduced and new users to be attracted from remote areas who are more prone to own cars.
|
|
| 21. |
- Kolkowski, Lukas, et al.
(författare)
-
Measuring activity-based social segregation using public transport smart card data
- 2022
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- While social segregation is often assessed using static data concerning residential areas, the extentto which people with diverse background travel to the same destinations may offer an additional perspective on the extent of urban segregation. This study further contributes to the measurement of activity-based social segregation between multiple groups using public transport smart card data. In particular, social segregation is measured using the ordinal information theory index to measure the income group mix at public transport journey destination zones. The method isapplied to the public transport smart card data of Stockholm County, Sweden. Applying the index on 2017-2020 smart card data sets for a selected week, shows significant differences between income groups’ segregation along the radial public transport corridors. The overall slight decrease in income segregation over the years can be linked to declining segregation in the city center as a travel destination and its public transport hubs. Increasing zonal segregation is observed in suburban and rural zones with commuter train stations. This method helps to quantify social segregation, enriching the analysis of urban segregation and can aid in evaluating policies based on the dynamics of social life.
|
|
| 22. |
- Kolkowski, Lukas, et al.
(författare)
-
Measuring activity-based social segregation using public transport smart card data
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Journal of Transport Geography. - : Elsevier BV. - 0966-6923 .- 1873-1236. ; 110
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- While social segregation is often assessed using static data concerning residential areas, the extent to which people with diverse background travel to the same destinations may offer an additional perspective on the extent of urban segregation. This study further contributes to the measurement of activity-based social segregation between multiple groups using public transport smart card data. In particular, social segregation is quantified using the ordinal information theory index to measure the income group mix at public transport journey destination zones. The method is applied to the public transport smart card data of Stockholm County, Sweden. Applying the index on 2017-2020 data sets for a selected week, shows significant differences between income groups' segregation along the radial public transport corridors following the opening of a major rail project in the summer of 2017. The overall slight decrease in segregation over the years can be linked to declining segregation in the city center as a travel destination and its public transport hubs. Increasing zonal segregation is observed in suburban and rural zones with commuter train stations. This method helps to quantify social segregation, enriching the analysis of urban segregation and can aid in evaluating policies based on the dynamics of social life.
|
|
| 23. |
- Laskaris, Georgios, et al.
(författare)
-
A holding control strategy for diverging bus lines
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Transportation Research Part C. - : Elsevier BV. - 0968-090X .- 1879-2359. ; 126
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Holding has been extensively used as control strategy to regulate public transport operations, especially to maintain even headways and prevent buses of the same line to bunch up. Applying holding to multiple lines requires however to deal with the transition between corridor and branching segments. In this study, we introduce a holding criterion for network configurations with lines that operate jointly along a common corridor and then diverge to individual branches serving different urban areas. The proposed holding decision rule accounts for all different passenger groups in the overlapping segment and considers the transition to individual line operation. The holding rule is evaluated using simulation for different demand levels and compositions and is compared with state-of-the-art control schemes for a real-world network. Results show that the proposed multi-line control yields performance improvements along the shared transit corridor as well as at the line level. The performance of the control scheme is affected by the demand composition and we provide indications regarding the conditions under which multi-line control is advisable.
|
|
| 24. |
- Laskaris, Georgios, et al.
(författare)
-
Principles for setting single or multiline bus holding control based on network characteristics
- 2021
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Public Transport networks often include one or more sets of common consecutive stops between different lines to offer more capacity in busier segments, or to allow transfers. In such networks, both single line and multiline control can in principle be applied. In this study, we investigate the effect of both the size of different segments of the network and the characteristics of demand distribution on the performances of single line and multiline control. After introducing the key elements that characterize networks with overlapping segments, two sets of scenarios (a stop set size and a demand-based scenario) are conducted on different network configurations, for both control schemes. Results show that the choice between the two control alternatives is more sensitive to demand distribution than to the lines’ topology. Passenger groups traversing different stop sets are the most consequential in terms of chosen control strategy’s optimality. The results suggest applying multiline shared transit corridor control for corridors given that those stops account for at least 50% of the total number of boarding passengers.
|
|
| 25. |
- Laskaris, Georgios, et al.
(författare)
-
Real Time Holding Control for Multiline Networks
- 2020
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- We introduce a rule based multiline holding criterion for regularity in branch and trunk networks accounting for all passenger groups. On the shared transit corridor, we consider synchronization at the merging or the diverging stop. The decision between holding for regularity or synchronization is taken by comparing the expected passenger cost of each control action. The proposed criterion is tested through simulation in a synthetic double fork network with different shares of transferring passengers, control schemes for regularity and synchronization. The results show that multiline control outperforms the state of the art schemes at the network level, stemming from benefits occurring at the first part of the route and the shared transit corridor and a 3.5% more stable joint headway compared to the other schemes. Additionally, it is advised to perform the synchronization at the diverging stop, as it proves to result in a more stable transferring time equal to the joint frequency of the corridor while reducing the transfer time variability up to -42.7%.
|
|
| 26. |
- Leffler, David, et al.
(författare)
-
An adaptive route choice model for integrated fixed and flexible transit systems
- 2024
-
Ingår i: Transportmetrica B. - : Informa UK Limited. - 2168-0566. ; 12:1
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Over the past decade, there has been a surge of interest in the application of agent-based simulation models to evaluate flexible transit solutions characterized by different degrees of short-term flexibility in routing and scheduling. A central modelling decision in the development is how one chooses to represent the mode- and route-choices of travellers. The real-time adaptive behaviour of travellers is important to model in the presence of a flexible transit service, where the routing and scheduling of vehicles is highly dependent on supply-demand dynamics at a near real-time temporal resolution. We propose a utility-based transit route-choice model with representation of within-day adaptive travel behaviour and between-day learning where station-based fixed-transit, flexible-transit, and active-mode alternatives may be dynamically combined in a single path. To enable experimentation, this route-choice model is implemented within an agent-based dynamic public transit simulation framework. We first explore model properties in a choice between fixed- and flexible-transit modes for a toy network. The adaptive route choice framework is then applied to a case study based on a real-life branched transit service in Stockholm, Sweden. This case study illustrates level-of-service trade-offs, in terms of waiting times and in-vehicle times, between passenger groups and analyzes traveller mode choices within a mixed fixed- and flexible transit system. Results show that the proposed framework is capable of capturing dynamic route choices in mixed flexible and fixed transit systems and that the day-to-day learning model leads to stable fixed-flexible mode choices.
|
|
| 27. |
- Leffler, David, et al.
(författare)
-
Distribution of passenger costs in fixed versus flexible station-based feeder services
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Transportation Research Procedia. - : Elsevier B.V.. - 2352-1465. ; , s. 179-186
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents a comparative analysis of demand-responsive and fixed-schedule, fixed route operations for a simplified station-based feeder to mass transit scenario. Traffic dynamics, demand-responsive fleet coordination, and the behaviour of individual transit users are represented using a public transit simulation framework. Each operational strategy is simulated for varying levels of demand and two fleet compositions with respect to vehicle capacities and fleet size are compared. The services are evaluated based on resulting passenger waiting times, in-vehicles times and additional waiting time if one is denied boarding a fully occupied vehicle. Results indicate that dividing planned service capacity into larger fleets of smaller vehicles can provide a higher level-of-service to passengers. On an aggregate level, utilizing a fixed operational policy results in shorter and more reliable waiting times for levels of demand where there is slack in service capacity. In scenarios where planned service capacity is sometimes exceeded, the on-demand service provides a more even spatial distribution of passenger waiting times, relative to a fixed service.
|
|
| 28. |
- Leffler, David
(författare)
-
Simulation-based Evaluation of Fixed to Flexible Transit
- 2022
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Emerging technologies have inspired a wide array of flexible public transit system designs characterized by varying degrees of demand-responsive routing and scheduling. The availability and synthesis of new data sources with higher degrees of spatial and temporal richness brought on by advancements in Intelligent Transport Systems allow for monitoring and responding to evolving supply-demand imbalances in real-time. The emergence of smartphone-enabled ride-pooling services and the development of automated vehicles have shown promise in offering flexible transit systems at a higher level-of-service and a lower per-vehicle operational cost.Preliminary studies have indicated that reallocating resources from fixed transit services with low utilization rates to flexible transit services can improve public transit accessibility in low demand-density areas. Studies have also shown that shared automated vehicle services can drastically reduce the number of vehicles required to serve urban transport demand, reducing congestion and pollution. New technologies and flexible transit designs could foster city infrastructure planning oriented around people instead of cars. However, if high enough levels of ride-pooling and integration with existing high-capacity transit are not achieved, there are also indications that such services can poach passengers from more sustainable modes of transportation, increase total vehicle-kilometers traveled, and amplify trends of urban congestion.A question that arises is how to evaluate the effects of novel flexible transport solutions as a competing or complementary alternative to traditional fixed public transit under alternative demand settings, technological settings, road network topologies, and objectives. Flexible transit systems are difficult to trial in parallel with the technologies that inspire their design, due to their cost of implementation and the time frame required for stable use patterns to emerge. Agent-based simulation frameworks have been utilized to systematically understand and develop theories around the dynamics of transport systems and traveler behavior using diverse data sources, while ideally also forecasting the effect of alternative transit designs and operational policies. Interest in applying agent-based simulation models to evaluate flexible transit systems has grown significantly over the past decade, however, are still limited in their ability to represent the vast flexible transit service design space. In this thesis, flexible public transit systems ranging from services with partially fixed routes and timetables to services with demand-responsive routes and timetables determined in real-time are appraised through extensions to the public transit simulation framework BusMezzo.In each of the included papers, a flexible transit service design inspired by Intelligent Transport Systems and automated vehicle use cases is developed. This system is formalized with simplifying assumptions to make the problem tractable in terms of modeling, and then implemented in BusMezzo. The system, model, and implementation are evaluated in several case studies based on recurring fixed public transit supply-demand scenarios. Through the work of this thesis, key level-of-service trade-offs between fixed and flexible transit operations are explored. The resulting simulation framework includes essential components for modeling supply-demand dynamics of mixed fixed and flexible transit systems and enables systematic evaluation of a wider range of emerging public transit designs and scenarios.
|
|
| 29. |
- Leffler, David, et al.
(författare)
-
Simulation of fixed versus on-demand station-based feeder operations
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Transportation Research Part C. - : Elsevier BV. - 0968-090X .- 1879-2359. ; 132
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The paper develops a simulation model and evaluates fixed versus on-demand operational designs of a station-based automated feeder service. The evaluation considers the operational cost and average passenger level-of-service trade-offs as well as distributional differences in waiting times. Two case studies are used to evaluate such trade-offs under different fleet compositions; (1) a simple circular network feeder service; (2) a case based on a real-world coordinated branched service in Stockholm, combining fixed-line services on the trunk portion with a flexible feeder service on the branches. Results for the circular network indicate that there are benefits in utilizing an on-demand operational policy for the lowest and highest demand levels tested. When fixed service capacity is exceeded, it is found that there are potential benefits in on-demand operations with respect to average level-of-service, as well as delivering a more even distribution of passenger waiting times. Results for the real-world case show that combining DRT on branches with fixed services on the trunk improves the overall median waiting times for all DRT scenarios and provides substantial improvements for passengers on the trunk, at the cost of more variable, and less equitable waiting times on the branches. For larger fleet sizes, generalized travel costs are reduced with and without rebalancing and level-of service provided to branch-to-branch passengers is improved considerably by rebalancing idling vehicles to branch end-stops. The case studies demonstrate the usefulness of the simulation framework in evaluating trade-offs between fixed and on-demand service design variables and their effects on disaggregate level-of-service provided for stop-based feeder services.
|
|
| 30. |
- Peftitsi, Soumela, et al.
(författare)
-
Determinants of passengers' metro car choice revealed through automated data sources : a Stockholm case study
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Transportmetrica A. - : Taylor & Francis. - 2324-9935 .- 2324-9943. ; 16:3, s. 529-549
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We propose a methodology based on multiple automated data sources for evaluating the effects of station layout, arriving traveler flows, and platform and on-board crowding on the distribution of boarding passengers among individual cars of metro trains. The methodology is applied to a case study for a sequence of stations in the Stockholm metro network. The findings suggest that passengers opt for less crowded train cars in crowded situations, trading-off walking and in-vehicle crowding while waiting and riding. We find that the boarding car distribution is also affected by the locations of platform access points and the distribution of entering traveler flows. These insights may be used by transit planners and operators to increase the understanding of how passengers behave under varying crowding conditions, identify the factors that affect travelers' choice of metro car and eventually reduce experienced on-board crowding and increase the capacity utilization of the trains through investments in infrastructure or operational interventions.
|
|
| 31. |
- Peftitsi, Soumela, et al.
(författare)
-
Evaluating crowding in individual train cars using a dynamic transit assignment model
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Transportmetrica B. - : Informa UK Limited. - 2168-0566. ; 9:1, s. 693-711
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- As travel demand grows in many cities around the world, overcrowding in public transport systems has become a major issue and has many negative effects for both users and operators. Measures to address on-board congestion span from large-scale strategic investments (e.g. increasing infrastructure capacity), through tactical planning (e.g. stopping pattern) to real-time operational measures (e.g. information provision, gate and escalator control). Thus there is a need to evaluate the impact of these measures prior to their implementation. To this end, this study aims at capturing the effective capacity utilization of the train, by considering passengers' distribution among individual train cars into an agent-based simulation model. The developed model is validated and applied to a case study for the Stockholm metro network. The findings suggest that an increase in peak hour demand leads to a more even passenger distribution among individual train cars, which partially counteracts the increased disutility caused by the higher passenger volumes. Interestingly, the closure of the most popular entrance point at one of the stations leads to lower train crowding unevenness at the downstream stops and consequently reduces passengers' experienced discomfort. We find that the user cost is significantly underestimated when passenger distribution among cars is not accounted for.
|
|
| 32. |
- Peftitsi, Soumela, et al.
(författare)
-
Evaluating crowding in individual train cars using a dynamic transit assignment model
- 2020
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Crowding is one of the major issues of public transport systems and has many negative effects for both the users and operator. Passengers can be highly unevenly distributed between individual cars of a train even when the total passenger load exceeds the practical capacity. Transit assignment models (TAM) are widely used for describing and evaluating crowding in the vehicle. However, these models usually do not capture how passengers are distributed across the vehicle. This study develops an agent-based simulation model to analyze capacity utilization of the train in a more realistic way, by considering that passengers are not evenly distributed among individual train cars. The developed model is validated and applied to a case study for the Stockholm metro network, evaluating three scenarios. The findings suggest that an increase in peak hour demand leads to a more uniform passenger distribution among individual cars upon train departure from the most crowded stops, where passengers’ choices are less flexible. The closure of the most popular entrance point at Danderyds sjukhus stop, where passenger distribution is highly skewed, is found to decrease the crowding unevenness at the specific station but also upon departure from the downstream station.
|
|
| 33. |
- Peftitsi, Soumela, et al.
(författare)
-
Evaluating Crowding in Individual Train Cars Using a Dynamic Transit Assignment Model
- 2020
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Bakgrund: Many public transport systems are subject to overcrowding, particularly during peak periods. On-board crowding is associated with many negative effects on passengers, such as increased discomfort and stress, unexpected delays and denied boarding, while it can be highly uneven among individual cars of multi-car rail vehicles even during peak hours. There is a general need to reduce crowding effects and improve the system performance and the level of service. Transit assignment models are widely used to model passenger flows in transit vehicles and evaluate on-board crowding effects. However, these models usually do not capture crowding distribution among individual cars, that might lead to underestimation of the generalized travel cost. This motivates our interest in developing a dynamic model to capture on-board crowding in individual train cars and evaluate crowding effects in a more realistic way. The developed model might be useful for public transport operators to evaluate the effect of potential operational or infrastructure interventions at stations during the planning process on on-board crowding unevenness.Metod: A dynamic agent-based public transport operations simulation model, BusMezzo, has been extended in this study for modeling the congestion effects on-board individual cars of the vehicle. Additions to BusMezzo are related to transit network and transit fleet representation as well as dynamic decision making modelling. Each transit stop is divided into a number of sections that is equal to the number of car units that a vehicle consists of and hence, each platform section corresponds to a certain car unit. In modelling individual passengers' travel paths, each passenger makes a sequence of travel decisions, i.e. walking, boarding and alighting decisions, that combined yield to a path alternative. Individual passenger's platform section and car choices are affected by walking and boarding decisions, respectively. The passenger evaluates the alternative platform sections of the stop they want to walk to, considering the walking distance to the platform section and also the total walking distance of the downstream walking links to the destination. When a passenger decides to board a vehicle, they choose the car that corresponds to the selected platform section. Passengers that are denied from boarding the desired car due to car capacity constraints, they stay on the same platform section waiting for other vehicle.Resultat och slutsats: The proposed modeling framework is applied to a case study for the metro network in Stockholm. A train crowding unevenness metric has been introduced to enable easy comparisons between passenger distributions. The effect of the station layout and variations in demand on the crowding unevenness is evaluated. Increased demand level is found to significantly reduce on-board crowding unevenness after they are departing from the most crowded stations. This finding suggests that passenger load is close to train capacity at these stations, leading to lower flexibility of how passengers are distributed among the cars of the train. The closure of the most popular entrance point at a selected station is found to significantly decrease the average unevenness of crowding on-board trains at the departure from the specific station, but also the downstream stations.
|
|
| 34. |
- Peftitsi, Soumela, et al.
(författare)
-
Evaluating skip-stop policy in urban rail transit systems based on passenger cost
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Journal of Public Transportation. - : Elsevier BV. - 1077-291X. ; 25
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Increasing the operating speed in public transport systems can increase the system capacity, reduce the overall passenger travel time and improve experienced comfort. Skip-stop operation, where subsets of the trains operating on the same tracks skip certain intermediate stops, can accelerate the service and improve passengers’ overall travel experience. This paper considers the problem of deciding whether skip-stop operation is beneficial for a given line and which stopping scheme is the most effective. In particular, we investigate whether a simple decision rule for determining the stopping pattern under a skip-stop strategy, derived from the expected weighted time benefits to the passengers, can reliably determine the most suitable skip-stop scheme. To evaluate the impact of alternative stop-skipping strategies, we adopt the existing public transit assignment model BusMezzo, which allows for a realistic representation of passengers’ experienced waiting and in-vehicle travel times and the resulting trade-offs between passenger costs and benefits. The decision rule is applied to a set of high-frequency urban rail lines in Stockholm, Sweden. We show that a simple decision rule may not be a robust way of determining a beneficial skip-stop scheme. The results from the case study reveal that the skip-stop operation can have an overall positive impact on passenger generalized travel time but only under certain conditions at the stops along the line.
|
|
| 35. |
- Peftitsi, Soumela, et al.
(författare)
-
Modeling the effect of real-time crowding information (RTCI) on passenger distribution in trains
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Transportation Research Part A. - : Elsevier BV. - 0965-8564 .- 1879-2375. ; 166, s. 354-368
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Overcrowding has become a big challenge for public transport systems, affecting passengers' travel experience. At the same time, service supply is often underutilized due to large variations in crowding across services, vehicle trips on the same service and different compartments of the same vehicle. Real-time operational measures, such as information provision, can potentially reduce on-board crowding unevenness and its negative effects. In this study, we extend a dynamic public transport simulation model to provide passengers with predictive real-time crowding information (RTCI) concerning individual train cars. Passengers utilize this information when choosing a specific train car to board. It is demonstrated through a case study for the Stockholm metro network area that in the presence of car-specific crowding information, passengers alter their car boarding choices to avoid on-board crowding, leading to a more even passenger distribution inside trains. We find that passengers' travel experience improves with the provisioning of RTCI, which is a result of the lower on-board crowding unevenness. Moreover, this improvement increases with increased demand levels but only up to a certain point beyond which passengers do not gain from switching train cars.
|
|
| 36. |
- Peftitsi, Soumela
(författare)
-
Public transport demand and supply management under uneven passenger distributions
- 2022
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Overcrowding in public transport (also known as public transportation, public transit, or transit) systems due to increased travel mobility has become a major problem for public transport operators. Overcrowded transit stations and vehicles are connected to travel time variability and greater discomfort for the passengers. Uneven passenger distributions among lines, stations, trips or even among different compartments of the vehicle (e.g. individual cars of a multi-car rail vehicle) lead to inefficient capacity utilization and magnify the negative effects of crowding. To this end, there is a need to gain a deeper understanding of passenger travel behavior and the causes of the imbalanced passenger distribution as well as improve the capacity utilization and passenger travel experience through demand and supply management strategies. Data-driven analysis has been conducted in Paper I to study the uneven distribution of passengers among individual cars of a transit vehicle and investigate the determinants of passengers' boarding choices. The thesis demonstrates the effect of crowding as well as the platform layout on passengers' boarding decisions for a case study to the metro network in Stockholm, Sweden. Paper I shows that in high-demand conditions passengers choose a train car making trade-offs between walking and in-vehicle crowding.The increased understanding of passenger boarding behavior is used as the basis for proposing strategies that aim to improve capacity utilization and passenger travel experience. An existing transit assignment model is extended in Paper II to capture the effects of the uneven passenger distribution on passenger travel experience. This model is used as a tool for assessing demand and supply management strategies for case studies to the Stockholm metro network. Improved vehicle capacity utilization can be reached through real-time crowding information provision systems as a means of controlling passenger demand. Passenger behavioral response to crowding information concerning individual train cars is modelled. The effect of information provision systems on passengers' travel choices and the experienced discomfort is evaluated in Paper III, considering different provision schemes and level of information. Passenger travel experience improves with the provisioning of crowing information, which is a result of the improved vehicle capacity utilization.Finally, in Paper IV skip-stop policy is evaluated as a supply-management strategy under uneven passenger distributions among transit stations. This aims to accelerate the operation and improve passenger travel experience. A rule-based planning approach is adopted to determine the stopping pattern and investigate to what extent this rule can be a proxy for simulation-based frameworks. The results reveal that this policy can improve passenger travel experience but only under certain conditions in relation to passenger distribution at the stops along the line.
|
|
| 37. |
- Peftitsi, Soumela, et al.
(författare)
-
Simulation-based evaluation of skip-stop policy in urban rail transit systems based on passenger cost
- 2022
-
Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Increasing the operating speed in public transport systems can increase the system capacity, reduce the overall passenger travel time and improve experienced comfort. Skip-stop operation, where subsets of the trains operating on the same tracks skip certain intermediate stops, can accelerate the service and improve passengers' overall travel experience. This paper considers the problem of deciding whether skip-stop operation is beneficial for a given line and which stopping scheme is the most effective. In particular, we investigate whether a simple decision rule for determining the skipping pattern under a skip-stop strategy, derived from the expected weighted time benefits to the passengers, can reliably determine the most suitable skip-stop scheme. To evaluate the impact of alternative stop-skipping strategies we adopt the existing public transit assignment model BusMezzo, which allows for a realistic representation of passengers' experienced waiting and in-vehicle travel times and the resulting trade-offs between passenger costs and benefits. The decision rule is applied to a set of high-frequency transit lines in Stockholm, Sweden. We show that a simple decision rule may not be a robust way of determining a beneficial skip-stop scheme. The results from the case study reveal that the skip-stop operation can have an overall positive impact on passenger travel experience but only under certain conditions at the stops along the line.
|
|
| 38. |
- Rubensson, Isak, et al.
(författare)
-
Fair accessibility - Operationalizing the distributional effects of policy interventions
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Journal of Transport Geography. - : Elsevier BV. - 0966-6923 .- 1873-1236. ; 89
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A fair distribution of public transport benefits is a commonly stated goal of agencies and operators of public transport. However, it is less complicated and costly to provide accessibility in some parts of cities and their surroundings than in other parts. Densely populated areas, and areas situated closer to the city center therefore often have higher public transport accessibility than remote or sparsely populated areas. Neglecting these realities results with an unrealistic assessment of equity in service provision and hampers their consideration when setting policy goals. In this study, we propose a framework for investigating equity in the distribution of accessibility, where the suggested goal is to provide residents with equal accessibility for equally dense and central areas. For the Stockholm County, we show that accessibility may seem to be distributed horizontally inequitable and vertically regressive. However, once controlling for how dense and close to the city center residents live, while still being horizontally inequitable the distribution of accessibility in Stockholm County is found progressive, i.e., benefiting those with lower incomes. We demonstrate the proposed method for the case of skip-stop train operations and find that it shifts our constructed accessibility measure toward a more horizontally inequitable and vertically progressive state. We conclude that our proposed method can be a potent way for public transport agencies to measure and concretize equity goals and evaluate policy changes.
|
|
| 39. |
- Rubensson, Isak, et al.
(författare)
-
Is flat fare fair? : Equity impact of fare scheme change
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Transport Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0967-070X .- 1879-310X. ; 91, s. 48-58
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- When Public Transport Administrations propose changes in fare schemes or increased fares, they are often met with concerns regarding the proposed fare schemes fairness. Implicit in these concerns is an understanding of relations governing land use and public transport, impacting equity. In this paper, we use socio-economic statistics of census areas in conjunction with public transport travel data from a transport forecast model to assess the geographical and distributional fairness of alternative fare schemes: flat, zone-based and distance-based. We discuss our result in relation to both the scientific literature and the known "truths" in the public debate. The method is applied to the Case study of Stockholm public transport. We find that high-income travelers benefit from all three fare schemes considered but, in contrast to much of the literature, least by flat fares. A strong distance-dependent fare could be horizontally equitable but has poor vertical equity.
|
|
| 40. |
- Rubensson, Isak, 1974-
(författare)
-
Making Equity in Public Transport Count
- 2020
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Political and public focus on equity and justice outcomes of public policies is on the rise all over the world. Equity is both philosophically motivated and often decreed by law and in planning directives to be monitored when policies are changed, however oftentimes these equity assessments are vague, qualitative and carries low weight in policy decision processes. For the public transport administrator, all decisions on operations, fare management and subsidies have distributional consequences forming the equity outcomes of public transport provision. In this thesis distributional outcomes of public transport subsidies, fare schemes, transport quality provision and public transport accessibility are studied quantitatively. New methodology is developed with regard to assignment of subsidy level per individual trip, graphics on geographical fare distribution and a measure of vertical distribution. Some findings are that public transport subsidies have low horizontal but high vertical equity, that flat fares – contrary to much of the literature- have high vertical equity when cities have high income residents living centrally. Women place higher weight on crowding as a quality issue, older passengers put both higher weight and higher satisfaction on low time variability while young passengers are less satisfied with and places lower weight on personnel attitude. And that accessibility, controlled for how densely populated and central the residence-area is, has a vertically equitable distribution.
|
|
| 41. |
- Rubensson, Isak, et al.
(författare)
-
Resmönster och fördelningseffekter av taxeförändringanalyserat med hjälp av biljettvalideringsdata
- 2020
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Bakgrund: Hur människor reser med kollektivtrafik har historiskt främst analyserats med hjälp av enkäter där svarande har fått ange sitt resande under en slumpmässigt vald resdag. Sådana resvaneundersökningar blir dock mer och mer problematiska att använda då svarsfrekvenserna trendmässigt faller vilket gör att fler enkäter behöver delas ut (vilket ger högre kostnader) samt att den resulterande kunskapen om resvanor blir mindre representativ. En alternativ väg för att förstå resenärers resmönster har öppnat sig i och med inträdet av smarta kort som biljettbärare, med ett sådant kort registreras resor vid biljettvalidering och den informationen kan därefter studeras och analyseras. I region Stockholm har smarta kort (accesskort) använts i kollektivtrafiken sedan 2011 men inte förrän under senare år börjat studerats för att nå förståelse kring resvanemönster. Ett hinder i analysen har varit att korten är så kallade tap-in kort, det vill säga att det endast är vid en resas start som kortet registreras inte vid deras slut. Dessbättre har det internationellt under de senaste åren vuxit fram en välfungerande metodik för att från en serie av inträden i kollektivtrafiken, tillsammans med annan data, sluta sig till var resan slutar samt om det skett några eventuella byten på vägen. Sådan metodik har visats kunna med framgång bestämma uppemot 80-90% av alla registrerade resors rutt och destination.Metod: I det här projektet som varit ett samarbete mellan Trafikförvaltningen Region Stockholm, KTH och universitetet TU Delft, Nederländerna har resandet med kollektivtrafik i Stockholm analyserats före och efter de taxe-förändringar som genomfördes i januari 2017, då systemets biljettpriser höjdes generellt och zoner togs bort för enkelbiljetter (det var redan tidigare zon-löst för periodbiljetter). Priselasticiteter (hur mycket resandet förändras vid en prisförändring) har beräknats. Vidare har fördelningseffekter av prisförändringarna studerats, dels genom att jämföra priselasticiteter för de som rest för reducerat biljettpris (barn, studerande, pensionärer) med elasticiteter för de som rest för fullt pris. Dels genom att studera hur antalet resor per capita skiljer sig mellan resande från basområden (Stockholmsregionen består av 1300 basområden) med hög och låg medelinkomst, högt och lågt antal bilar per capita, på långt eller kort avstånd från regioncentrum.Resultat och slutsats: Vi finner att elasticiteter rör sig i ett historiskt vanligt spann för kollektivtrafik kring -0,3 till -0,6 (en elasticitet på -0,1 betyder att resandet minskar med 1% om priset höjs med 10%). Att de som reser på reducerad biljett, bor i områden med låg inkomst eller områden med lågt bilinnehav har lägre priskänslighet än de som reser på fullt pris, bor i höginkomsttagarområden eller har tillgång till bil. De med högre inkomster reser även fler resor än de med lägre inkomster. Vi tolkar det som att de med alternativ möjlighet att resa har lägre priskänslighet än de som är hänvisade till kollektivtrafiken. Det föreliggande projektet har varit en pilot för att visa hur kraftfullt analyser av resandemönster med hjälp av data från smarta kort är och förhoppningen är att dessa metoder kan komma att bli en permanent del i hur kollektivtrafikmyndigheter generellt använder informationen i biljettsystemet för planering och förbättring av kollektivtrafiksystemet.
|
|
| 42. |
|
|
| 43. |
- Yap, Menno, et al.
(författare)
-
Quantification and control of disruption propagation in multi-level public transport networks
- 2022
-
Ingår i: International Journal of Transportation Science and Technology. - : Elsevier. - 2046-0430 .- 2046-0449. ; 11:1, s. 83-106
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Due to the multi-level nature of public transport networks, disruption impacts may spill-over beyond the primary effects occurring at the disrupted network level. During a public transport disruption, it is therefore important to quantify and control the disruption impacts for the total public transport network, instead of delimiting the analysis of their impacts to the public transport network level where this particular disruption occurs. We propose a modelling framework to quantify disruption impact propagation from the train network to the urban tram or bus network. This framework combines an optimisation-based train rescheduling model and a simulation-based dynamic public transport assignment model in an iterative procedure. The iterative process allows devising train schedules that take into account their impact on passenger flow re-distribution and related delays. Our study results in a framework which can improve public transport contingency plans on a strategic and tactical level in response to short- to medium-lasting public transport disruptions, by incorporating how the passenger impact of a train network disruption propagates to the urban network level. Furthermore, this framework allows for a more complete quantification of disruption costs, including their spilled-over impacts, retrospectively. We illustrate the successful implementation of our framework to a multi-level case study network in the Netherlands. © 2021 Tongji University and Tongji University Press
|
|
