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- 2019
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 5. |
- Blösch, Günter, et al.
(författare)
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Twenty-three unsolved problems in hydrology (UPH) - a community perspective
- 2019
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Ingår i: Hydrological Sciences Journal. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0262-6667 .- 2150-3435. ; 64:10, s. 1141-1158
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper is the outcome of a community initiative to identify major unsolved scientific problems in hydrology motivated by a need for stronger harmonisation of research efforts. The procedure involved a public consultation through online media, followed by two workshops through which a large number of potential science questions were collated, prioritised, and synthesised. In spite of the diversity of the participants (230 scientists in total), the process revealed much about community priorities and the state of our science: a preference for continuity in research questions rather than radical departures or redirections from past and current work. Questions remain focused on the process-based understanding of hydrological variability and causality at all space and time scales. Increased attention to environmental change drives a new emphasis on understanding how change propagates across interfaces within the hydrological system and across disciplinary boundaries. In particular, the expansion of the human footprint raises a new set of questions related to human interactions with nature and water cycle feedbacks in the context of complex water management problems. We hope that this reflection and synthesis of the 23 unsolved problems in hydrology will help guide research efforts for some years to come.
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| 6. |
- Kato, Norihiro, et al.
(författare)
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Trans-ancestry genome-wide association study identifies 12 genetic loci influencing blood pressure and implicates a role for DNA methylation
- 2015
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Ingår i: Nature Genetics. - : Nature Publishing Group. - 1061-4036 .- 1546-1718. ; 47:11, s. 1282-1293
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We carried out a trans-ancestry genome-wide association and replication study of blood pressure phenotypes among up to 320,251 individuals of East Asian, European and South Asian ancestry. We find genetic variants at 12 new loci to be associated with blood pressure (P = 3.9 × 10−11 to 5.0 × 10−21). The sentinel blood pressure SNPs are enriched for association with DNA methylation at multiple nearby CpG sites, suggesting that, at some of the loci identified, DNA methylation may lie on the regulatory pathway linking sequence variation to blood pressure. The sentinel SNPs at the 12 new loci point to genes involved in vascular smooth muscle (IGFBP3, KCNK3, PDE3A and PRDM6) and renal (ARHGAP24, OSR1, SLC22A7 and TBX2) function. The new and known genetic variants predict increased left ventricular mass, circulating levels of NT-proBNP, and cardiovascular and all-cause mortality (P = 0.04 to 8.6 × 10−6). Our results provide new evidence for the role of DNA methylation in blood pressure regulation.
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| 7. |
- Liu, Cong, et al.
(författare)
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Ambient Particulate Air Pollution and Daily Mortality in 652 Cities
- 2019
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Ingår i: New England Journal of Medicine. - Waltham : Massachusetts Medical Society. - 0028-4793 .- 1533-4406. ; 381:8, s. 705-715
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: The systematic evaluation of the results of time-series studies of air pollution is challenged by differences in model specification and publication bias.METHODS: We evaluated the associations of inhalable particulate matter (PM) with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 μm or less (PM10) and fine PM with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 μm or less (PM2.5) with daily all-cause, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality across multiple countries or regions. Daily data on mortality and air pollution were collected from 652 cities in 24 countries or regions. We used overdispersed generalized additive models with random-effects meta-analysis to investigate the associations. Two-pollutant models were fitted to test the robustness of the associations. Concentration-response curves from each city were pooled to allow global estimates to be derived.RESULTS: On average, an increase of 10 μg per cubic meter in the 2-day moving average of PM10 concentration, which represents the average over the current and previous day, was associated with increases of 0.44% (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.39 to 0.50) in daily all-cause mortality, 0.36% (95% CI, 0.30 to 0.43) in daily cardiovascular mortality, and 0.47% (95% CI, 0.35 to 0.58) in daily respiratory mortality. The corresponding increases in daily mortality for the same change in PM2.5 concentration were 0.68% (95% CI, 0.59 to 0.77), 0.55% (95% CI, 0.45 to 0.66), and 0.74% (95% CI, 0.53 to 0.95). These associations remained significant after adjustment for gaseous pollutants. Associations were stronger in locations with lower annual mean PM concentrations and higher annual mean temperatures. The pooled concentration-response curves showed a consistent increase in daily mortality with increasing PM concentration, with steeper slopes at lower PM concentrations.CONCLUSIONS: Our data show independent associations between short-term exposure to PM10 and PM2.5 and daily all-cause, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality in more than 600 cities across the globe. These data reinforce the evidence of a link between mortality and PM concentration established in regional and local studies. (Funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China and others.).
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| 8. |
- Ruilope, LM, et al.
(författare)
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Design and Baseline Characteristics of the Finerenone in Reducing Cardiovascular Mortality and Morbidity in Diabetic Kidney Disease Trial
- 2019
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Ingår i: American journal of nephrology. - : S. Karger AG. - 1421-9670 .- 0250-8095. ; 50:5, s. 345-356
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- <b><i>Background:</i></b> Among people with diabetes, those with kidney disease have exceptionally high rates of cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality and progression of their underlying kidney disease. Finerenone is a novel, nonsteroidal, selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist that has shown to reduce albuminuria in type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) while revealing only a low risk of hyperkalemia. However, the effect of finerenone on CV and renal outcomes has not yet been investigated in long-term trials. <b><i>Patients and</i></b> <b><i>Methods:</i></b> The Finerenone in Reducing CV Mortality and Morbidity in Diabetic Kidney Disease (FIGARO-DKD) trial aims to assess the efficacy and safety of finerenone compared to placebo at reducing clinically important CV and renal outcomes in T2D patients with CKD. FIGARO-DKD is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, event-driven trial running in 47 countries with an expected duration of approximately 6 years. FIGARO-DKD randomized 7,437 patients with an estimated glomerular filtration rate ≥25 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup> and albuminuria (urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio ≥30 to ≤5,000 mg/g). The study has at least 90% power to detect a 20% reduction in the risk of the primary outcome (overall two-sided significance level α = 0.05), the composite of time to first occurrence of CV death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, or hospitalization for heart failure. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> FIGARO-DKD will determine whether an optimally treated cohort of T2D patients with CKD at high risk of CV and renal events will experience cardiorenal benefits with the addition of finerenone to their treatment regimen. Trial Registration: EudraCT number: 2015-000950-39; ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02545049.
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| 11. |
- Armstrong, Ben, et al.
(författare)
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The Role of Humidity in Associations of High Temperature with Mortality : A Multicountry, Multicity Study
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Health Perspectives. - : The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. - 0091-6765 .- 1552-9924. ; 127:9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: There is strong experimental evidence that physiologic stress from high temperatures is greater if humidity is higher. However, heat indices developed to allow for this have not consistently predicted mortality better than dry-bulb temperature.Objectives: We aimed to clarify the potential contribution of humidity an addition to temperature in predicting daily mortality in summer by using a large multicountry dataset.Methods: In 445 cities in 24 countries, we fit a time-series regression model for summer mortality with a distributed lag nonlinear model (DLNM) for temperature (up to lag 3) and supplemented this with a range of terms for relative humidity (RH) and its interaction with temperature. City-specific associations were summarized using meta-analytic techniques.Results: Adding a linear term for RH to the temperature term improved fit slightly, with an increase of 23% in RH (the 99th percentile anomaly) associated with a 1.1% [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.8, 1.3] decrease in mortality. Allowing curvature in the RH term or adding terms for interaction of RH with temperature did not improve the model fit. The humidity-related decreased risk was made up of a positive coefficient at lag 0 outweighed by negative coefficients at lags of 1–3 d. Key results were broadly robust to small model changes and replacing RH with absolute measures of humidity. Replacing temperature with apparent temperature, a metric combining humidity and temperature, reduced goodness of fit slightly.Discussion:The absence of a positive association of humidity with mortality in summer in this large multinational study is counter to expectations from physiologic studies, though consistent with previous epidemiologic studies finding little evidence for improved prediction by heat indices. The result that there was a small negative average association of humidity with mortality should be interpreted cautiously; the lag structure has unclear interpretation and suggests the need for future work to clarify.
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| 12. |
- Cui, Peng, et al.
(författare)
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Hypothalamic DNA methylation in rats with dihydrotestosterone-induced polycystic ovary syndrome: effects of low-frequency electro-acupuncture.
- 2018
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Ingår i: Experimental physiology. - 1469-445X. ; 103:12, s. 1618-1632
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- What is the central question of this study? What is the role of hypothalamic DNA methylation in the development of PCOS and the response to electro-acupuncture treatment. What is the main finding and its importance? Global DNA methylation and expression of DNA methyltransferases (Dnmts) were increased in PCOS-like rats, and electro-acupuncture decreased global DNA methylation and Dnmt3b expression. Pyrosequencing showed that the DNA methylation of some PCOS candidate genes was changed in the PCOS and PCOS+EA groups, suggesting that hypothalamic DNA methylation plays an important role in the development of PCOS and in mediating the effects of electro-acupuncture treatment.Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common reproductive and endocrine disease of unknown etiology. Recently, epigenetic studies focusing on DNA methylation in PCOS have received much attention, but the mechanisms are still unclear. In the present study, we used the 5a-dihydrotestosterone-induced PCOS-like rat model and treated the rats with electro-acupuncture (EA). Rats were randomly divided into four groups - controls, diet-induced obesity (DIO), PCOS, and PCOS+EA. We examined the reproductive, metabolic, and behavioral phenotypes, validated the effect of EA, and explored the role of hypothalamic DNA methylation by analyzing the methylation of global DNA and selected candidate genes. The PCOS rats presented with reproductive dysfunctions such as lack of regular estrus cyclicity, metabolic disorders such as increased body weight and insulin resistance, and depression and anxiety-like behaviors. EA improved the reproductive functions, decreased body weight, and improved experimental depressive behavior. Furthermore, global DNA methylation and the expression of DNA methyltransferases (Dnmts) were increased in PCOS rats compared to the control group, and EA decreased the global DNA methylation and the expression of Dnmt3b. In addition, pyrosequencing showed that the DNA methylation of certain CpG sites in targeted genes (Plcg1, Camk2b, Esr2, and Pgr) was increased in the PCOS group, but the DNA methylation of Camk2b and Ar was decreased after EA treatment. These results indicate that hypothalamic DNA methylation might be correlated with the development of PCOS and that EA has an effect on hypothalamic DNA methylation in PCOS rats. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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| 13. |
- Fan, Ke, et al.
(författare)
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Direct Observation of Structural Evolution of Metal Chalcogenide in Electrocatalytic Water Oxidation
- 2018
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Ingår i: ACS Nano. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1936-0851 .- 1936-086X. ; 12:12, s. 12369-12379
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- As one of the most remarkable oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalysts, metal chalcogenides have been intensively reported during the past few decades because of their high OER activities. It has been reported that electron-chemical conversion of metal OER chalcogenides into oxides/hydroxides would take place after the OER. However, the transition mechanism of such unstable structures, as well as the real active sites and catalytic activity during the OER for these electrocatalysts, has not been understood yet; therefore a direct observation for the electrocatalytic water oxidation process, especially at nano or even angstrom scale, is urgently needed. In this research, by employing advanced Cs-corrected transmission electron microscopy (TEM), a step by step oxidational evolution of amorphous electrocatalyst CoSx into crystallized CoOOH in the OER has been in situ captured: irreversible conversion of CoSx to crystallized CoOOH is initiated on the surface of the electrocatalysts with a morphology change via Co(OH)(2) intermediate during the OER measurement, where CoOOH is confirmed as the real active species. Besides, this transition process has also been confirmed by multiple applications of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), in situ Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and other ex situ technologies. Moreover, on the basis of this discovery, a high-efficiency electrocatalyst of a nitrogen-doped graphene foam (NGF) coated by CoSx has been explored through a thorough structure transformation of CoOOH. We believe this in situ and in-depth observation of structural evolution in the OER measurement can provide insights into the fundamental understanding of the mechanism for the OER catalysts, thus enabling the more rational design of low-cost and high-efficient electrocatalysts for water splitting.
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| 15. |
- Gao, J. T., et al.
(författare)
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Design, fabrication, and characterization of a highly nonlinear few-mode fiber
- 2019
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Ingår i: Photonics Research. - 2327-9125. ; 7:11, s. 1354-1362
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present the design, fabrication, and characterization of a highly nonlinear few-mode fiber (HNL-FMF) with an intermodal nonlinear coefficient of 2.8 (W · km)−1, which to the best of our knowledge is the highest reported to date. The graded-index circular core fiber supports two mode groups (MGs) with six eigenmodes and is highly doped with germanium. This breaks the mode degeneracy within the higher-order MG, leading to different group velocities among corresponding eigenmodes. Thus, the HNL-FMF can support multiple intermodal four-wave mixing processes between the two MGs at the same time. In a proof-of-concept experiment, we demonstrate simultaneous intermodal wavelength conversions among three eigenmodes of the HNL-FMF over the C band.
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| 16. |
- Gao, Jitao, et al.
(författare)
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Vector mode inter-modal wavelength conversion in a dispersion tailored highly nonlinear few-mode fibre
- 2019
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Ingår i: IET Conference Publications. - : Institution of Engineering and Technology. ; 2019:CP765
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present the design and fabrication of a dispersion tailored highly nonlinear few-mode fibre with an inter-modal nonlinear coefficient of 2.81 (W · km)-1, the highest reported to date. Inter-modal wavelength conversion between the HE21 and TE01 vector modes is demonstrated in the fibre.
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| 17. |
- Guo, Yuming, et al.
(författare)
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Quantifying excess deaths related to heatwaves under climate change scenarios : A multicountry time series modelling study
- 2018
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Ingår i: PLoS Medicine. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1549-1277 .- 1549-1676. ; 15:7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Heatwaves are a critical public health problem. There will be an increase in the frequency and severity of heatwaves under changing climate. However, evidence about the impacts of climate change on heatwave-related mortality at a global scale is limited.METHODS AND FINDINGS: We collected historical daily time series of mean temperature and mortality for all causes or nonexternal causes, in periods ranging from January 1, 1984, to December 31, 2015, in 412 communities within 20 countries/regions. We estimated heatwave-mortality associations through a two-stage time series design. Current and future daily mean temperature series were projected under four scenarios of greenhouse gas emissions from 1971-2099, with five general circulation models. We projected excess mortality in relation to heatwaves in the future under each scenario of greenhouse gas emissions, with two assumptions for adaptation (no adaptation and hypothetical adaptation) and three scenarios of population change (high variant, median variant, and low variant). Results show that, if there is no adaptation, heatwave-related excess mortality is expected to increase the most in tropical and subtropical countries/regions (close to the equator), while European countries and the United States will have smaller percent increases in heatwave-related excess mortality. The higher the population variant and the greenhouse gas emissions, the higher the increase of heatwave-related excess mortality in the future. The changes in 2031-2080 compared with 1971-2020 range from approximately 2,000% in Colombia to 150% in Moldova under the highest emission scenario and high-variant population scenario, without any adaptation. If we considered hypothetical adaptation to future climate, under high-variant population scenario and all scenarios of greenhouse gas emissions, the heatwave-related excess mortality is expected to still increase across all the countries/regions except Moldova and Japan. However, the increase would be much smaller than the no adaptation scenario. The simple assumptions with respect to adaptation as follows: no adaptation and hypothetical adaptation results in some uncertainties of projections.CONCLUSIONS: This study provides a comprehensive characterisation of future heatwave-related excess mortality across various regions and under alternative scenarios of greenhouse gas emissions, different assumptions of adaptation, and different scenarios of population change. The projections can help decision makers in planning adaptation and mitigation strategies for climate change.
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| 18. |
- Huang, Hongyun, et al.
(författare)
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Clinical Cell Therapy Guidelines for Neurorestoration (IANR/CANR 2017)
- 2018
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Ingår i: Cell Transplantation. - : SAGE Publications. - 0963-6897 .- 1555-3892. ; 27:2, s. 310-324
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cell therapy has been shown to be a key clinical therapeutic option for central nervous system diseases or damage. Standardization of clinical cell therapy procedures is an important task for professional associations devoted to cell therapy. The Chinese Branch of the International Association of Neurorestoratology (IANR) completed the first set of guidelines governing the clinical application of neurorestoration in 2011. The IANR and the Chinese Association of Neurorestoratology (CANR) collaborated to propose the current version "Clinical Cell Therapy Guidelines for Neurorestoration (IANR/CANR 2017)". The IANR council board members and CANR committee members approved this proposal on September 1, 2016, and recommend it to clinical practitioners of cellular therapy. These guidelines include items of cell type nomenclature, cell quality control, minimal suggested cell doses, patient-informed consent, indications for undergoing cell therapy, contraindications for undergoing cell therapy, documentation of procedure and therapy, safety evaluation, efficacy evaluation, policy of repeated treatments, do not charge patients for unproven therapies, basic principles of cell therapy, and publishing responsibility.
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| 19. |
- Jiang, H, et al.
(författare)
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The Soybean Peptide Vglycin Preserves the Diabetic β-cells through Improvement of Proliferation and Inhibition of Apoptosis
- 2015
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Ingår i: Scientific reports. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2045-2322. ; 5, s. 15599-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Replenishment of insulin-producing pancreatic β-cells would be beneficial in diabetes. The number of β-cells is maintained primarily by self-neogenesis to compensate for β-cell failure, loss or dedifferentiation. We present here a polypeptide vglycin, which was isolated and purified from germinating pea seeds. Vglycin exhibited positive effects in our diabetic models by promoting the proliferation and suppressing the apoptosis and dedifferentiation of β-cells. Vglycin promoted the restoration of β-cells in both young streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 1 diabetic SD rats and in aged high-fat diet with (or without) STZ-induced type 2 diabetic C57BL/6 mice. We demonstrated that vglycin triggers this positive signaling by activating the insulin receptor and corresponding transcription factors. Impaired insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance in aged T2DM mice were dramatically improved after long-term vglycin treatment, consistent with the altered level of inflammatory factor IL-1β/6. In addition, energy expenditure and body weights were significantly decreased in the mouse models after vglycin therapy. These results provide insight into the protective effects of vglycin on ameliorating β-cell function in standing glucolipotoxicity. Thus, vglycin may represent a new therapeutic agent for preventing and treating diabetes by replenishing endogenous insulin-positive cells.
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| 20. |
- Kang, Dongwei, et al.
(författare)
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Identification of Dihydrofuro[3,4-d]pyrimidine Derivatives as Novel HIV-1 Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors with Promising Antiviral Activities and Desirable Physicochemical Properties
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0022-2623 .- 1520-4804. ; 62:3, s. 1484-1501
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To address drug resistance to HIV-1 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), a series of novel diarylpyrimidine (DAPY) derivatives targeting "tolerant region I" and "tolerant region II" of the NNRTIs binding pocket (NNIBP) were designed utilizing a structure-guided scaffold-hopping strategy. The dihydrofuro[3,4-d]pyrimidine derivatives 13c2 and 13c4 proved to be exceptionally potent against a wide range of HIV-1 strains carrying single NNRTI-resistant mutations (EC50 = 0.9-8.4 nM), which were remarkably superior to that of etravirine (ETV). Meanwhile, both compounds exhibited comparable activities with ETV toward the virus with double mutations F227L+V106A and K103N+Y181C. Furthermore, the most active compound 13c2 showed favorable pharmacokinetic properties with an oral bioavailability of 30.96% and a half-life of 11.1 h, which suggested that 13c2 is worth further investigation as a novel NNRTI to circumvent drug resistance. [GRAPHICS]
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| 21. |
- Kerrebrouck, Joris Van, et al.
(författare)
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726.7-Gb/s 1.5-μm single-mode VCSEL discrete multi-tone transmission over 2.5-km multicore fiber
- 2018
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Ingår i: 2018 Optical Fiber Communications Conference and Exposition, OFC 2018 - Proceedings. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. - 9781943580385 ; , s. 1-3
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- A 107Gb/s net-rate DMT optical signal was generated using a single-mode long-wavelength VCSEL with a modulation bandwidth of 23 GHz. We experimentally demonstrated a total net-rate up to 726.7Gb/s at 1.5μm over 2.5km 7-core dispersion-uncompensated MCF.
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| 22. |
- Kerrebrouck, Joris Van, et al.
(författare)
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High-speed PAM4-based Optical SDM Interconnects with Directly Modulated Long-wavelength VCSEL
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Lightwave Technology. - : IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC. - 0733-8724 .- 1558-2213. ; 37:2, s. 356-362
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper reports the demonstration of high-speed PAM-4 transmission using a 1.5-μm single-mode vertical cavity surface emitting laser (SM-VCSEL) over multicore fiber with 7 cores over different distances. We have successfully generated up to 70 Gbaud 4-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM-4) signals with a VCSEL in optical back-to-back, and transmitted 50 Gbaud PAM-4 signals over both 1-km dispersion-uncompensated and 10-km dispersion-compensated in each core, enabling a total data throughput of 700 Gbps over the 7-core fiber. Moreover, 56 Gbaud PAM-4 over 1-km has also been shown, whereby unfortunately not all cores provide the required 3.8 × 10$^-3$bit error rate (BER) for the 7% overhead-hard decision forward error correction (7% OH HDFEC). The limited bandwidth of the VCSEL and the adverse chromatic dispersion of the fiber are suppressed with pre-equalization based on accurate end-to-end channel characterizations. With a digital post-equalization, BER performance below the 7% OH-HDFEC limit is achieved over all cores. The demonstrated results show a great potential to realize high-capacity and compact short-reach optical interconnects for data centers.
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| 23. |
- Lee, Jae Young, et al.
(författare)
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Predicted temperature-increase-induced global health burden and its regional variability
- 2019
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Ingår i: Environment International. - : Elsevier. - 0160-4120 .- 1873-6750. ; 131
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- An increase in the global health burden of temperature was projected for 459 locations in 28 countries worldwide under four representative concentration pathway scenarios until 2099. We determined that the amount of temperature increase for each 100 ppm increase in global CO2 concentrations is nearly constant, regardless of climate scenarios. The overall average temperature increase during 2010-2099 is largest in Canada (1.16 °C/100 ppm) and Finland (1.14 °C/100 ppm), while it is smallest in Ireland (0.62 °C/100 ppm) and Argentina (0.63 °C/100 ppm). In addition, for each 1 °C temperature increase, the amount of excess mortality is increased largely in tropical countries such as Vietnam (10.34%p/°C) and the Philippines (8.18%p/°C), while it is decreased in Ireland (-0.92%p/°C) and Australia (-0.32%p/°C). To understand the regional variability in temperature increase and mortality, we performed a regression-based modeling. We observed that the projected temperature increase is highly correlated with daily temperature range at the location and vulnerability to temperature increase is affected by health expenditure, and proportions of obese and elderly population.
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| 24. |
- Lin, Rui, et al.
(författare)
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Real-time 100 Gbps/lambda/core NRZ and EDB IM/DD Transmission over 10 km Multicore Fiber
- 2018
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Ingår i: 2018 Optical Fiber Communications Conference and Exposition (OFC). - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 9781943580385 ; , s. 1-3
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- A BiCMOS chip-based real-time IM/DD spatial division multiplexing system is experimentally demonstrated for short-reach communications. 100 Gbps/λ/core NRZ and EDB transmission is achieved below 7%-overhead HD-FEC limit after 10km 7-core fiber with optical dispersion compensation.
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| 25. |
- Lin, Rui, et al.
(författare)
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Real-time 100 Gbps/λ/core NRZ and EDB IM/DD transmission over multicore fiber for intra-datacenter communication networks
- 2018
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Ingår i: Optics Express. - : OSA - The Optical Society. - 1094-4087. ; 26:8, s. 10519-10526
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A BiCMOS chip-based real-time intensity modulation/direct detection spatial division multiplexing system is experimentally demonstrated for both optical interconnects. 100 Gbps/λ/core electrical duobinary (EDB) transmission over 1 km 7-core multicore fiber (MCF) is carried out, achieving KP4 forward error correction (FEC) limit (BER < 2E-4). Using optical dispersion compensation, 7 × 100 Gbps/λ/core transmission of both non-return-to-zero (NRZ) and EDB signals over 10 km MCF transmission is achieved with BER lower than 7% overhead hard-decision FEC limit (BER < 3.8E-3). The integrated low complexity transceiver IC and analog signal processing approach make such a system highly attractive for the high-speed intra-datacenter interconnects..
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| 26. |
- Lin, Rui, et al.
(författare)
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Spatial division multiplexing for optical data center networks
- 2018
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Ingår i: 22ND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON OPTICAL NETWORK DESIGN AND MODELING (ONDM 2018). - : IEEE. ; , s. 239-241
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Emerging mobile and cloud applications drive ever-increasing capacity demands, particularly for short-reach optical communications, where low-cost and low-power solutions are highly required. Spatial division multiplexing (SDM) techniques provide a promising way to scale up the lane count per fiber, while reducing the number of fiber connections and patch cords, and hence simplifying cabling complexity. This talk will address challenges on both system and network levels, and report our recent development on SDM techniques for optical data center networks.
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| 27. |
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| 28. |
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| 29. |
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| 30. |
- Lin, Yu Jung, et al.
(författare)
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Novel materials for Cr(VI)adsorption by magnetic titanium nanotubes coated phosphorene
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Molecular Liquids. - : Elsevier BV. - 0167-7322. ; 287
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The accumulation of Cr(VI)will cause mutagenic and carcinogenic effects on humans. Therefore, the standard regulations have been governed by the EPA to control the chromium content in the effluent and drinking water and have made it mandatory [1]. For the better recovery of the adsorbent; Magnetic nano particle based phosphorene titanium nano tubes were used for the first time in action which has been proven to be superior for the Chormium pollutants. MNP-PN-TNT (Magnetic nanoparticle-Phosphorene-Titanium nano tubes)was synthesized from hydrothermal method in this study. The prepared material is used for effective removal of Cr(VI)from the water by adsorption technique in acidic environment. The adsorption capacity was found to be 35 mg g −1 at the initial concentration of 50 mg L −1 maintainingthe temperature under 45 °C. The optimal operation condition is under pH 9, temperature of 25 °C, and dosage of 0.8 g L −1 obtained from RSM (Response Surface Methdology). The adsorption process of MNP-PN-TNT is conformed with a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Cr(VI)adsorption behavior with MNP-PN-TNT, is spontaneous from the results of thermodynamics analysis. The adsorption mechanism of Cr(VI)with MNP-PN-TNT was evident by O1s, C1s, Cr 2p, Ti 2p, Fe 2p and P 2p of XPS. Cr(VI)is adsorbed with MNP-PN-TNT, in randomness during the adsorption process.
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| 31. |
- Liu, Xueqi, et al.
(författare)
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Study on charge transportation in the layer-structured oxide composite of SOFCs
- 2018
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Ingår i: International journal of hydrogen energy. - : Elsevier. - 0360-3199 .- 1879-3487. ; 43:28, s. 12773-12781
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the past few years, triple (H+/O2-/e(-)) conducting materials have been regarded as one of the most promising electrode categories for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). In this work, a layer-structured LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2-delta (LNCA) with triple conduction has been studied. The semiconductor-ionic conductor (SIC) LNCA-SDC composite has been fabricated by compositing the LNCA material with ionic conductor, i.e., samarium doped ceria (SDC). The electrochemical performance of the LNCA-SDC composite was studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, while its electronic conductivity was confirmed by d.c. polarization method. It is found that the ionic conductivity of the composite is higher than the electronic conductivity by several orders of magnitude. The charge carriers and transportation properties of LNCA-SDC were studied using H+ and O2- blocking layer cells respectively. Results prove that the LNCA-SDC composite is a hybrid oxygen ion-proton conducting material. The oxygen ion conduction is dominated at low temperature (425 -500 degrees C), however, it is comparable with H+ conduction at high temperature (550 degrees C). Additionally, the formation of Li2CO3 under fuel cell operation environment was observed and the mechanism of the hybrid conductivity of LNCA-SDC was studied.
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| 32. |
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| 33. |
- Meng, Tong, et al.
(författare)
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Spatial Reusability-Aware Routing in Multi-Hop Wireless Networks
- 2016
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Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Computers. - 0018-9340 .- 1557-9956. ; 65:1, s. 244-255
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the problem of routing in multi-hop wireless networks, to achieve high end-to-end throughput, it is crucial to find the "best" path from the source node to the destination node. Although a large number of routing protocols have been proposed to find the path with minimum total transmission count/time for delivering a single packet, such transmission count/time minimizing protocols cannot be guaranteed to achieve maximum end-to-end throughput. In this paper, we argue that by carefully considering spatial reusability of the wireless communication media, we can tremendously improve the end-to-end throughput in multi-hop wireless networks. To support our argument, we propose spatial reusability-aware single-path routing (SASR) and anypath routing (SAAR) protocols, and compare them with existing single-path routing and anypath routing protocols, respectively. Our evaluation results show that our protocols significantly improve the end-to-end throughput compared with existing protocols. Specifically, for single-path routing, the median throughput gain is up to 60 percent, and for each source-destination pair, the throughput gain is as high as 5.3x; for anypath routing, the maximum per-flow throughput gain is 71.6 percent, while the median gain is up to 13.2 percent
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| 34. |
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| 35. |
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| 36. |
- Ozolins, Oskars, et al.
(författare)
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112 Gbps/λ PAM4 inter-DCI with continuous-fiber Bragg grating based dispersion compensators
- 2018
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Ingår i: Advanced Photonics 2018 (BGPP, IPR, NP, NOMA, Sensors, Networks, SPPCom, SOF) OSA Technical Digest (online) (Optical Society of America, 2018), paper NeTh3F.3. - : OSA - The Optical Society. - 9781557528209
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- We demonstrate 56 Gbaud/λ PAM4 inter - data center interconnects over 81 km single core single mode fiber and 33.6 km 7-core single mode fiber with continuous-fiber Bragg grating based chromatic dispersion compensators covering C-band.
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| 37. |
- Ozolins, Oskars, et al.
(författare)
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7×149 Gbit/s PAM4 transmission over 1 km multicore fiber for short-reach optical interconnects
- 2018
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Ingår i: Optics InfoBase Conference Papers. - : Optics Info Base, Optical Society of America. - 9781557528209
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- We transmit 80 Gbaud/λ/core PAM4 signal enabled by 1.55 μm EML over 1 km 7-core fiber. The solution achieves single-wavelength and single-fiber 1.04 Tbit/s post-FEC transmission enhancing bandwidth-density for short-reach optical interconnects.
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| 38. |
- Pang, Xiaodan, Dr., et al.
(författare)
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7×100 Gbps PAM-4 Transmission over 1-km and 10-km Single Mode 7-core Fiber using 1.5-μm SM-VCSEL
- 2018
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Ingår i: Optical Fiber Communication Conference OSA Technical Digest (online) (Optical Society of America, 2018), paper M1I.4. - : Optical Society of America. - 9781943580385
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- 100 Gbps/λ/core PAM-4 transmission is successfully demonstrated over 1-km and 10-km single mode 7-core fiber links, enabled by directly modulated 1.5-μm single mode VCSEL of 23 GHz modulation bandwidth with pre- and post- digital equalizations.
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| 39. |
- Pang, Xiaodan, Dr., et al.
(författare)
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7x100 Gbps PAM-4 Transmission over 1-km and 10-km Single Mode 7-core Fiber using 1.5-mu m SM-VCSEL
- 2018
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Ingår i: 2018 OPTICAL FIBER COMMUNICATIONS CONFERENCE AND EXPOSITION (OFC). - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 9781943580385
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- 100 Gbps/lambda/core PAM-4 transmission is successfully demonstrated over 1-km and 10km single mode 7-core fiber links, enabled by directly modulated 1.5-mu m single mode VCSEL of 23 GHz modulation bandwidth with pre-and post-digital equalizations.
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| 40. |
- Pang, Xiaodan, Dr., et al.
(författare)
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High-speed SDM interconnects with directly-modulated 1.5-μm VCSEL enabled by low-complexity signal processing techniques
- 2018
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Ingår i: Advanced Photonics 2018 (BGPP, IPR, NP, NOMA, Sensors, Networks, SPPCom, SOF) OSA Technical Digest (online) (Optical Society of America, 2018), paper SpTh2G.4. - : OSA - The Optical Society. - 9781557528209
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- We report on our recent work in supporting up to 100 Gbps/λ/core transmissions with a directly modulated 1.5-μm single mode VCSEL and multicore fiber, enabled by low-compleixty pre- and post- digital equalizations.
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| 41. |
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| 42. |
- Reitsma, Marissa B., et al.
(författare)
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Smoking prevalence and attributable disease burden in 195 countries and territories, 1990-2015 : a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015
- 2017
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Ingår i: The Lancet. - : Elsevier. - 0140-6736 .- 1474-547X. ; 389:10082, s. 1885-1906
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background The scale-up of tobacco control, especially after the adoption of the Framework Convention for Tobacco Control, is a major public health success story. Nonetheless, smoking remains a leading risk for early death and disability worldwide, and therefore continues to require sustained political commitment. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) offers a robust platform through which global, regional, and national progress toward achieving smoking-related targets can be assessed. Methods We synthesised 2818 data sources with spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression and produced estimates of daily smoking prevalence by sex, age group, and year for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2015. We analysed 38 risk-outcome pairs to generate estimates of smoking-attributable mortality and disease burden, as measured by disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs). We then performed a cohort analysis of smoking prevalence by birth-year cohort to better understand temporal age patterns in smoking. We also did a decomposition analysis, in which we parsed out changes in all-cause smoking-attributable DALYs due to changes in population growth, population ageing, smoking prevalence, and risk-deleted DALY rates. Finally, we explored results by level of development using the Socio-demographic Index (SDI). Findings Worldwide, the age-standardised prevalence of daily smoking was 25.0% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 24.2-25.7) for men and 5.4% (5.1-5.7) for women, representing 28.4% (25.8-31.1) and 34.4% (29.4-38.6) reductions, respectively, since 1990. A greater percentage of countries and territories achieved significant annualised rates of decline in smoking prevalence from 1990 to 2005 than in between 2005 and 2015; however, only four countries had significant annualised increases in smoking prevalence between 2005 and 2015 (Congo [Brazzaville] and Azerbaijan for men and Kuwait and Timor-Leste for women). In 2015, 11.5% of global deaths (6.4 million [95% UI 5.7-7.0 million]) were attributable to smoking worldwide, of which 52.2% took place in four countries (China, India, the USA, and Russia). Smoking was ranked among the five leading risk factors by DALYs in 109 countries and territories in 2015, rising from 88 geographies in 1990. In terms of birth cohorts, male smoking prevalence followed similar age patterns across levels of SDI, whereas much more heterogeneity was found in age patterns for female smokers by level of development. While smoking prevalence and risk-deleted DALY rates mostly decreased by sex and SDI quintile, population growth, population ageing, or a combination of both, drove rises in overall smoking-attributable DALYs in low-SDI to middle-SDI geographies between 2005 and 2015. Interpretation The pace of progress in reducing smoking prevalence has been heterogeneous across geographies, development status, and sex, and as highlighted by more recent trends, maintaining past rates of decline should not be taken for granted, especially in women and in low-SDI to middle-SDI countries. Beyond the effect of the tobacco industry and societal mores, a crucial challenge facing tobacco control initiatives is that demographic forces are poised to heighten smoking's global toll, unless progress in preventing initiation and promoting cessation can be substantially accelerated. Greater success in tobacco control is possible but requires effective, comprehensive, and adequately implemented and enforced policies, which might in turn require global and national levels of political commitment beyond what has been achieved during the past 25 years.
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| 43. |
- Sera, Francesco, et al.
(författare)
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How urban characteristics affect vulnerability to heat and cold : a multi-country analysis
- 2019
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Ingår i: International Journal of Epidemiology. - : Oxford University Press. - 0300-5771 .- 1464-3685. ; 48:4, s. 1101-1112
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: The health burden associated with temperature is expected to increase due to a warming climate. Populations living in cities are likely to be particularly at risk, but the role of urban characteristics in modifying the direct effects of temperature on health is still unclear. In this contribution, we used a multi-country dataset to study effect modification of temperature-mortality relationships by a range of city-specific indicators.METHODS: We collected ambient temperature and mortality daily time-series data for 340 cities in 22 countries, in periods between 1985 and 2014. Standardized measures of demographic, socio-economic, infrastructural and environmental indicators were derived from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Regional and Metropolitan Database. We used distributed lag non-linear and multivariate meta-regression models to estimate fractions of mortality attributable to heat and cold (AF%) in each city, and to evaluate the effect modification of each indicator across cities.RESULTS: Heat- and cold-related deaths amounted to 0.54% (95% confidence interval: 0.49 to 0.58%) and 6.05% (5.59 to 6.36%) of total deaths, respectively. Several city indicators modify the effect of heat, with a higher mortality impact associated with increases in population density, fine particles (PM2.5), gross domestic product (GDP) and Gini index (a measure of income inequality), whereas higher levels of green spaces were linked with a decreased effect of heat.CONCLUSIONS: This represents the largest study to date assessing the effect modification of temperature-mortality relationships. Evidence from this study can inform public-health interventions and urban planning under various climate-change and urban-development scenarios.
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| 44. |
- Sng, MK, et al.
(författare)
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Selective deletion of PPARβ/δ in fibroblasts causes dermal fibrosis by attenuated LRG1 expression
- 2018
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Ingår i: Cell discovery. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2056-5968. ; 4, s. 15-
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Connective tissue diseases of the skin are characterized by excessive collagen deposition in the skin and internal organs. Fibroblasts play a pivotal role in the clinical presentation of these conditions. Nuclear receptor peroxisome-proliferator activated receptors (PPARs) are therapeutic targets for dermal fibrosis, but the contribution of the different PPAR subtypes are poorly understood. Particularly, the role of fibroblast PPARβ/δ in dermal fibrosis has not been elucidated. Thus, we generated a mouse strain with selective deletion of PPARβ/δ in the fibroblast (FSPCre-Pparb/d−/−) and interrogated its epidermal and dermal transcriptome profiles. We uncovered a downregulated gene, leucine-rich alpha-2-glycoprotein-1 (Lrg1), of previously unknown function in skin development and architecture. Our findings suggest that the regulation of Lrg1 by PPARβ/δ in fibroblasts is an important signaling conduit integrating PPARβ/δ and TGFβ1-signaling networks in skin health and disease. Thus, the FSPCre-Pparb/d−/− mouse model could serve as a novel tool in the current gunnery of animal models to better understand dermal fibrosis.
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| 45. |
- Su, F., et al.
(författare)
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Hydrological response to future climate changes for the major upstream river basins in the Tibetan Plateau
- 2016
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Ingår i: Global and Planetary Change. - : Elsevier BV. - 0921-8181 .- 1872-6364. ; 136, s. 82-95
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The impacts of future climate change on water balance for the headwater basins of six major rivers in the Tibetan Plateau are assessed using the well-established VIC-glacier land surface hydrological model driven by composite projections of 20 CMIP5 GCMs under scenarios RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5. At the plateau scale, the annual precipitation is projected to increase by 5.0–10.0% in the near term (2011–2040) and 10.0–20.0% in the long term (2041–2070) relative to the reference period 1971–2000. The annual temperature is projected to increase for all the scenarios with the greatest warming in the northwest (2.0–4.0 °C) and least in the southeast (1.2–2.8 °C). The total runoff of the study basins would either remain stable or moderately increase in the near term, and increase by 2.7–22.4% in the long term relative to the reference period, as a result of increased rainfall-induced runoff for the upstream of the Yellow, Yangtze, Salween, and Mekong and increased glacier melt for the upper Indus. In the upper Brahmaputra, more than 50.0% of the total runoff increase is attributed to the increased glacier melt in the long run. The annual hydrograph remains practically unchanged for all the monsoon-dominated basins. However, for the westerly-controlled basin (upper Indus), an apparent earlier melt and a relatively large increase in spring runoff are observed for all the scenarios, which would increase water availability in the Indus Basin irrigation scheme during the spring growing season.
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| 46. |
- Tian, Feng, et al.
(författare)
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Coupling of ecosystem-scale plant water storage and leaf phenology observed by satellite
- 2018
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Ingår i: Nature Ecology and Evolution. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2397-334X. ; 2:9, s. 1428-1435
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Plant water storage is fundamental to the functioning of terrestrial ecosystems by participating in plant metabolism, nutrient and sugar transport, and maintenance of the integrity of the hydraulic system of the plant. However, a global view of the size and dynamics of the water pools stored in plant tissues is still lacking. Here, we report global patterns of seasonal variations in ecosystem-scale plant water storage and their relationship with leaf phenology, based on space-borne measurements of L-band vegetation optical depth. We find that seasonal variations in plant water storage are highly synchronous with leaf phenology for the boreal and temperate forests, but asynchronous for the tropical woodlands, where the seasonal development of plant water storage lags behind leaf area by up to 180 days. Contrasting patterns of the time lag between plant water storage and terrestrial groundwater storage are also evident in these ecosystems. A comparison of the water cycle components in seasonally dry tropical woodlands highlights the buffering effect of plant water storage on the seasonal dynamics of water supply and demand. Our results offer insights into ecosystem-scale plant water relations globally and provide a basis for an improved parameterization of eco-hydrological and Earth system models.
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| 47. |
- Tinetti, G., et al.
(författare)
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A chemical survey of exoplanets with ARIEL
- 2018
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Ingår i: Experimental Astronomy. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0922-6435 .- 1572-9508. ; 46:1, s. 135-209
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Thousands of exoplanets have now been discovered with a huge range of masses, sizes and orbits: from rocky Earth-like planets to large gas giants grazing the surface of their host star. However, the essential nature of these exoplanets remains largely mysterious: there is no known, discernible pattern linking the presence, size, or orbital parameters of a planet to the nature of its parent star. We have little idea whether the chemistry of a planet is linked to its formation environment, or whether the type of host star drives the physics and chemistry of the planet’s birth, and evolution. ARIEL was conceived to observe a large number (~1000) of transiting planets for statistical understanding, including gas giants, Neptunes, super-Earths and Earth-size planets around a range of host star types using transit spectroscopy in the 1.25–7.8 μm spectral range and multiple narrow-band photometry in the optical. ARIEL will focus on warm and hot planets to take advantage of their well-mixed atmospheres which should show minimal condensation and sequestration of high-Z materials compared to their colder Solar System siblings. Said warm and hot atmospheres are expected to be more representative of the planetary bulk composition. Observations of these warm/hot exoplanets, and in particular of their elemental composition (especially C, O, N, S, Si), will allow the understanding of the early stages of planetary and atmospheric formation during the nebular phase and the following few million years. ARIEL will thus provide a representative picture of the chemical nature of the exoplanets and relate this directly to the type and chemical environment of the host star. ARIEL is designed as a dedicated survey mission for combined-light spectroscopy, capable of observing a large and well-defined planet sample within its 4-year mission lifetime. Transit, eclipse and phase-curve spectroscopy methods, whereby the signal from the star and planet are differentiated using knowledge of the planetary ephemerides, allow us to measure atmospheric signals from the planet at levels of 10–100 part per million (ppm) relative to the star and, given the bright nature of targets, also allows more sophisticated techniques, such as eclipse mapping, to give a deeper insight into the nature of the atmosphere. These types of observations require a stable payload and satellite platform with broad, instantaneous wavelength coverage to detect many molecular species, probe the thermal structure, identify clouds and monitor the stellar activity. The wavelength range proposed covers all the expected major atmospheric gases from e.g. H2O, CO2, CH4 NH3, HCN, H2S through to the more exotic metallic compounds, such as TiO, VO, and condensed species. Simulations of ARIEL performance in conducting exoplanet surveys have been performed – using conservative estimates of mission performance and a full model of all significant noise sources in the measurement – using a list of potential ARIEL targets that incorporates the latest available exoplanet statistics. The conclusion at the end of the Phase A study, is that ARIEL – in line with the stated mission objectives – will be able to observe about 1000 exoplanets depending on the details of the adopted survey strategy, thus confirming the feasibility of the main science objectives.
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| 48. |
- Tong, Mancy, et al.
(författare)
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Antiphospholipid antibodies increase the levels of mitochondrial DNA in placental extracellular vesicles: Alarmin-g for preeclampsia
- 2017
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Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP. - 2045-2322. ; 7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The pathogenesis of preeclampsia remains unclear but placental factors are known to play a crucial role causing maternal endothelial cell dysfunction. One potential factor is placental micro-and nano-vesicles. Antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) increase the risk of preeclampsia ten-fold, in part by damaging the mitochondria in the syncytiotrophoblast. Since mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is a danger-associated molecular pattern (DAMP/alarmin) that may activate endothelial cells, the aims of the current study were to investigate whether aPL affect the number of placental vesicles extruded, their mtDNA content and their ability to activate endothelial cells. Exposure of first trimester human placental explants to aPL affected neither the number nor size of extruded micro-and nano-vesicles (n = 5), however their levels of mtDNA were increased (n = 6). These vesicles significantly activated endothelial cells (n = 5), which was prevented by blocking toll-like receptor 9 (TLR-9), a receptor for extracellular DNA. Thus, aPL may increase the risk of preeclampsia in part by increasing the amount of mtDNA associated with placental vesicles. That mitochondrial DNA is recognised as a DAMP by TLR-9 to cause endothelial cell activation, raises the possibility that placental vesicles or TLR-9 might be a target for pharmaceutical intervention to reduce the consequences of aPL in pregnancy.
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| 49. |
- Tong, Mancy, et al.
(författare)
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Proteomic characterization of macro-, micro- and nano-extracellular vesicles derived from the same first trimester placenta: relevance for feto-maternal communication
- 2016
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Ingår i: Human Reproduction. - : Oxford University Press. - 0268-1161 .- 1460-2350. ; 31:4, s. 687-699
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- STUDY QUESTION: What proteins are carried by extracellular vesicles (EVs) released from normal first trimester placentae? SUMMARY ANSWER: One thousand five hundred and eighty-five, 1656 and 1476 proteins were characterized in macro-, micro-and nano-vesicles, respectively, from first trimester placentae, with all EV fractions being enriched for proteins involved in vesicle transport and inflammation. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: Placental EVs are being increasingly recognized as important mediators of both healthy and pathological pregnancies. However, current research has focused on detecting changes in specific proteins in particular fractions of vesicles during disease. This is the first study to investigate the full proteome of different-sized fractions of EVs from the same first trimester placenta and highlights the differences/similarities between the vesicle fractions. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: A well-established ex vivo placental explant culture model was used to generate macro-, micro-and nano-vesicles from 56 first trimester placentae. Vesicle fractions were collected by differential ultracentrifugation, quantified and characterized. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS: Placental macro-, micro-and nano-vesicles were characterized by microscopy, dynamic light scattering and nanoparticle tracking analysis. The proteome of each EV fraction was interrogated using liquid chromatography-coupled tandem mass spectrometry. Results were validated by semi-quantitative western blotting. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: A total of 1585, 1656 and 1476 proteins were identified in macro-, micro-and nanovesicles, respectively. One thousand one hundred and twenty-five proteins were shared between all three fractions while up to 223 proteins were unique to each fraction. Gene Ontology pathway analysis showed an enrichment of proteins involved in vesicle transport and inflammation in all three fractions of EVs. The expression levels of proteins involved in internalization of vesicles (annexin V, calreticulin, CD31, CD47), the complement pathway [C3, decay-accelerating factor (DAF), membrane cofactor protein (MCP), protectin] and minor histocompatibility antigens [ATP-dependent RNA helicase (DDX3), ribosomal protein S4 (RPS4)] were different between different-sized EVs. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION: This study is largely hypothesis-generating in nature. It is important to validate these findings using EVs isolated from maternal plasma and the function of the different EV fractions would need further investigation. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: Our results support the concept that various EV factions can interact with different maternal cells and have unique effects to mediate feto-maternal communication during early pregnancy. This study also provides a list of candidate proteins, which may inform the identification of robust markers that can be used to isolate placental vesicles from the maternal blood in the future.
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| 50. |
- Tong, Yiheng, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of the position of a bluff-body on the diffusion flames : A combined experimental and numerical study
- 2018
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Ingår i: Applied Thermal Engineering. - : Elsevier BV. - 1359-4311. ; 131, s. 507-521
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The effects of the position of a bluff-body on diffusion flame structures and flame instability characteristics were investigated both experimentally and numerically. The flame pattern diagram and the stability limits of the methane-air diffusion flame were investigated to evaluate the effects caused by the alternation of the position of a bluff-body. A disk-shape bluff-body was mounted 10 mm above or at the same height with the annular channel exit. The bulk velocity of the annular air flow varied between Ua = 0 to 8 m/s; while the fuel jet velocity being ranged from Uj = 0 to 30 m/s. Various flame patterns, including the recirculation zone flame, the stable diffusion flame, the split flame and the lifted flame till flame blowoff, were observed and recorded by the high-speed camera. High-speed Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) was also adopted to give deeper insight into the characteristics of the flow fields and the flame patterns. The hybrid RANS/LES model was utilized to simulate the mixing characters of the reactants, the scalar dissipation rates, the flow fields and their interactions with the flame structures. The size and strength of the recirculation zones downstream of the bluff-body altered with the change in the position of the bluff-body. It is found that flames in burners with two different bluff-body positions behave similarly with each other, except those under conditions with high annular air velocities (Ua > 6.8 m/s). Mounting the bluff-body 10 mm above the annular channel exit could better stabilize the flame. A recirculation vortex was found adjacent to the outer wall of the bluff-body. It played an important role in the flame stabilization. Combustion affected the flow fields significantly by accelerating the central jet and enlarging the outer recirculation zone.
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