| 1. |
- Wang, Haidong, et al.
(författare)
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Global, regional, and national levels of neonatal, infant, and under-5 mortality during 1990-2013 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013
- 2014
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Ingår i: The Lancet. - 0140-6736 .- 1474-547X. ; 384:9947, s. 957-979
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Remarkable financial and political efforts have been focused on the reduction of child mortality during the past few decades. Timely measurements of levels and trends in under-5 mortality are important to assess progress towards the Millennium Development Goal 4 (MDG 4) target of reduction of child mortality by two thirds from 1990 to 2015, and to identify models of success.METHODS: We generated updated estimates of child mortality in early neonatal (age 0-6 days), late neonatal (7-28 days), postneonatal (29-364 days), childhood (1-4 years), and under-5 (0-4 years) age groups for 188 countries from 1970 to 2013, with more than 29 000 survey, census, vital registration, and sample registration datapoints. We used Gaussian process regression with adjustments for bias and non-sampling error to synthesise the data for under-5 mortality for each country, and a separate model to estimate mortality for more detailed age groups. We used explanatory mixed effects regression models to assess the association between under-5 mortality and income per person, maternal education, HIV child death rates, secular shifts, and other factors. To quantify the contribution of these different factors and birth numbers to the change in numbers of deaths in under-5 age groups from 1990 to 2013, we used Shapley decomposition. We used estimated rates of change between 2000 and 2013 to construct under-5 mortality rate scenarios out to 2030.FINDINGS: We estimated that 6·3 million (95% UI 6·0-6·6) children under-5 died in 2013, a 64% reduction from 17·6 million (17·1-18·1) in 1970. In 2013, child mortality rates ranged from 152·5 per 1000 livebirths (130·6-177·4) in Guinea-Bissau to 2·3 (1·8-2·9) per 1000 in Singapore. The annualised rates of change from 1990 to 2013 ranged from -6·8% to 0·1%. 99 of 188 countries, including 43 of 48 countries in sub-Saharan Africa, had faster decreases in child mortality during 2000-13 than during 1990-2000. In 2013, neonatal deaths accounted for 41·6% of under-5 deaths compared with 37·4% in 1990. Compared with 1990, in 2013, rising numbers of births, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, led to 1·4 million more child deaths, and rising income per person and maternal education led to 0·9 million and 2·2 million fewer deaths, respectively. Changes in secular trends led to 4·2 million fewer deaths. Unexplained factors accounted for only -1% of the change in child deaths. In 30 developing countries, decreases since 2000 have been faster than predicted attributable to income, education, and secular shift alone.INTERPRETATION: Only 27 developing countries are expected to achieve MDG 4. Decreases since 2000 in under-5 mortality rates are accelerating in many developing countries, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. The Millennium Declaration and increased development assistance for health might have been a factor in faster decreases in some developing countries. Without further accelerated progress, many countries in west and central Africa will still have high levels of under-5 mortality in 2030.
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| 4. |
- Henning, G., et al.
(författare)
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Exploring the stability of super heavy elements: First measurement of the fission barrier of 254No
- 2014
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Ingår i: EPJ Web of Conferences. - : EDP Sciences. - 2101-6275 .- 2100-014X. ; 66
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The gamma-ray multiplicity and total energy emitted by the heavy nucleus 254No have been measured at 2 different beam energies. From these measurements, the initial distributions of spin I and excitation energy E * of 254No were constructed. The distributions display a saturation in excitation energy, which allows a direct determination of the fission barrier. 254No is the heaviest shell-stabilized nucleus with a measured fission barrier. © Owned by the authors, published by EDP Sciences, 2014.
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| 5. |
- Henning, G., et al.
(författare)
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Fission Barrier of Superheavy Nuclei and Persistence of Shell Effects at High Spin: Cases of No-254 and Th-220
- 2014
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Ingår i: Physical Review Letters. - 1079-7114 .- 0031-9007. ; 113:26
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We report on the first measurement of the fission barrier height in a heavy shell-stabilized nucleus. The fission barrier height of No-254 is measured to be B-f = 6.0 +/- 0.5 MeV at spin 15 (h) over bar and, by extrapolation, B-f = 6.6 +/- 0.9 MeV at spin 0 (h) over bar. This information is deduced from the measured distribution of entry points in the excitation energy versus spin plane. The same measurement is performed for Th-220 and only a lower limit of the fission barrier height can be determined: B-f (I) > 8 MeV. Comparisons with theoretical fission barriers test theories that predict properties of superheavy elements.
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| 6. |
- Alam, M., et al.
(författare)
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Antigen-Specific Memory B-cell Responses to Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Infection in Bangladeshi Adults
- 2014
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Ingår i: PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1935-2727 .- 1935-2735. ; 8:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Multiple infections with diverse enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) strains lead to broad spectrum protection against ETEC diarrhea. However, the precise mechanism of protection against ETEC infection is still unknown. Therefore, memory B cell responses and affinity maturation of antibodies to the specific ETEC antigens might be important to understand the mechanism of protection. Methodology: In this study, we investigated the heat labile toxin B subunit (LTB) and colonization factor antigens (CFA/I and CS6) specific IgA and IgG memory B cell responses in Bangladeshi adults (n = 52) who were infected with ETEC. We also investigated the avidity of IgA and IgG antibodies that developed after infection to these antigens. Principal Findings: Patients infected with ETEC expressing LT or LT+heat stable toxin (ST) and CFA/I group or CS6 colonization factors developed LTB, CFA/I or CS6 specific memory B cell responses at day 30 after infection. Similarly, these patients developed high avidity IgA and IgG antibodies to LTB, CFA/I or CS6 at day 7 that remained significantly elevated at day 30 when compared to the avidity of these specific antibodies at the acute stage of infection (day 2). The memory B cell responses, antibody avidity and other immune responses to CFA/I not only developed in patients infected with ETEC expressing CFA/I but also in those infected with ETEC expressing CFA/I cross-reacting epitopes. We also detected a significant positive correlation of LTB, CFA/I and CS6 specific memory B cell responses with the corresponding increase in antibody avidity. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that natural infection with ETEC induces memory B cells and high avidity antibodies to LTB and colonization factor CFA/I and CS6 antigens that could mediate anamnestic responses on re-exposure to ETEC and may help in understanding the requirements to design an effective vaccination strategies.
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| 7. |
- Albers, M., et al.
(författare)
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Single-particle and collective excitations in Ni-63
- 2013
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Ingår i: Physical Review C (Nuclear Physics). - 0556-2813. ; 88:5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A study of excited states in Ni-63 up to an excitation energy of 28 MeV and a probable spin of 57/2 was carried out with the Mg-26(Ca-48,2 alpha 3n gamma)Ni-63 reaction at beam energies between 275 and 320 MeV. Three collective bands, built upon states of single-particle character, were identified. For two of the three bands, the transition quadrupole moments were extracted, herewith quantifying the deformation at high spin. The results have been compared with shell-model and cranked Nilsson-Strutinsky calculations. Despite the Z = 28 shell closure and the approach to the purported N = 40 subshell, the Ni-63 isotope is able to sustain collective excitations at moderate and high spin.
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| 8. |
- Bhuiyan, Taufiqur Rahman, 1974, et al.
(författare)
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Th1 and Th17 responses to Helicobacter pylori in Bangladeshi infants, children and adults
- 2014
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Ingår i: PLoS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 9:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Both Th1 and Th17 cells are important components of the immune response to Helicobacter pylori (Hp) in adults, but less is known about T cell responses to Hp during early childhood, when the infection is often acquired. We investigated Th1 and Th17 type responses to Hp in adults, children and infants in Bangladesh, where Hp is highly endemic. IL-17 and IFN-γ mRNA levels in gastric biopsies from Hp-infected Bangladeshi adults were analyzed and compared to levels in infected and uninfected Swedish controls. Since biopsies could not be collected from infants and children, cytokine responses in Bangladeshi infants (6-12 months), children (3-5 years) and adults (>19 years) were instead compared by stimulating peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with a Hp membrane preparation (MP) and analyzing culture supernatants by ELISA and cytometric bead array. We found significantly higher expression of IL-17 and IFN-γ mRNA in gastric mucosa of Hpinfected Bangladeshi and Swedish adults compared to uninfected Swedish controls. PBMCs from all age groups produced IL-17 and IFN-γ after MP stimulation, but little Th2 cytokines. IL-17 and IFN-γ were primarily produced by CD4+ T cells, since CD4 + T cell depleted PBMCs produced reduced amounts of these cytokines. Infant cells produced significantly more IL-17, but similar levels of IFN-γ, compared to adult cells after MP stimulation. In contrast, polyclonal stimulation induced lower levels IL-17 and IFN-γ in infant compared to adult PBMCs and CD4+ T cells. The strong IL-17 production in infants after MP stimulation was paralleled by significantly higher production of the IL-17 promoting cytokine IL-1β from infant compared to adult PBMCs and monocytes. In conclusion, these results show that T cells can produce high levels of IL-17 and IFN-β in response to Hp from an early age and indicate a potential role for IL-1β in promoting Th17 responses to Hp during infancy. © 2014 Bhuiyan et al.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Nag, Somnath, et al.
(författare)
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Collective and noncollective excitations in Te-122
- 2013
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Ingår i: Physical Review C (Nuclear Physics). - 0556-2813. ; 88:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- High-spin states in Te-122 were populated in the reaction Se-82(Ca-48, alpha 4n) Te-122 at a beam energy of 200 MeV and gamma-ray coincidences weremeasured with the Gammasphere spectrometer. The previously known level scheme was extended to considerably higher spin. Maximally aligned states and several high-energy transitions feeding into some of these levels were observed. In addition, seven collective high-spin bands were discovered for the first time in this nucleus. The experimental results are compared with cranked Nilsson-Strutinsky model calculations and possible configuration assignments to the new high-spin structures are discussed.
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| 11. |
- Singh, Purnima, et al.
(författare)
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Highly deformed high-spin band in I-125
- 2011
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Ingår i: Physical Review C (Nuclear Physics). - 0556-2813. ; 84:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- High-spin states in I-125 have been investigated using the reaction Se-82(Ca-48, p4n) at a beam energy of 200 MeV and gamma-ray coincidence events were detected using the Gammasphere spectrometer. A deformed rotational band, extending up to I-pi = 95/2(-), was observed for the first time in a heavier odd-A iodine nucleus. The characteristics of the band are very similar to those of the highly deformed bands observed recently in neighboring nuclei and it is essentially identical to one of the previously known bands in Xe-126. The experimental results are compared to cranked Nilsson-Strutinsky calculations and possible configurations for the band are discussed.
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| 12. |
- Singh, Purnima, et al.
(författare)
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Noncollective aligned and antialigned states in I-125
- 2010
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Ingår i: Physical Review C (Nuclear Physics). - 0556-2813. ; 82:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- High-spin states in I-125 were populated using the reaction Se-82(Ca-48, p4n) at a beam energy of 200 MeV and gamma-ray coincidence events were acquired with the Gammasphere spectrometer. The level scheme of I-125 was extended considerably. In particular, maximally aligned states involving all eleven particles outside the Sn-114 core were observed. Comparison with cranked Nilsson-Strutinsky calculations suggests that three of these states are the final I-max states in terminating bands with all spin vectors aligned along a common axis. In two of these, one spin vector is antialigned and points in the opposite direction. In one of the states two spin vectors are antialigned. This is the first observation of a state with such a structure.
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| 13. |
- Chowdhury, Fahima, et al.
(författare)
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Concomitant enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection induces increased immune responses to Vibrio cholerae O1 antigens in patients with cholera in Bangladesh.
- 2010
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Ingår i: Infection and immunity. - 1098-5522. ; 78:5, s. 2117-24
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Vibrio cholerae O1 and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) are major bacterial pathogens that cause dehydrating disease requiring hospitalization of children and adults. The cholera toxin (CT) produced by V. cholerae O1 and the heat-labile toxin (LT) and/or heat-stable toxin (ST) of ETEC are responsible for secretory diarrhea. We have observed that about 13% of hospitalized diarrheal patients are concomitantly infected with V. cholerae O1 and ETEC. In order to understand the outcome of such dual infections on the clinical and immunological responses in cholera patients, we studied patients infected with V. cholerae O1 (group VC; n = 25), those infected with both V. cholerae O1 and ETEC (group VCET; n = 25), and those infected with ETEC only (group ET; n = 25). The VCET group showed more severe dehydration and had a higher intake of intravenous fluid and more vomiting than the ETEC group (P = 0.01 to 0.003). The VCET patients showed higher vibriocidal responses and increased antibody titers to cholera toxin and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in plasma than did the V. cholerae O1 patients (P = 0.02 to <0.001). All responses in the V. cholerae O1 and in the VCET groups were more robust than those seen in the group infected with ETEC only (P = 0.01 to <0.001). We thus show that concomitant colonization with ETEC induces immune responses to V. cholerae antigens that are more robust than those seen with V. cholerae O1 infection alone. It is possible that LT or other factors expressed by ETEC may play a role as a mucosal adjuvant in enhancing the immune responses to V. cholerae O1.
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| 14. |
- Chowdhury, M. K. H., et al.
(författare)
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Proposed technique of XML base secured data encryption and transmission technology
- 2012
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Ingår i: World Applied Sciences Journal. - 1818-4952 .- 1991-6426. ; 20:7, s. 941-945
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- With the development of data transmission and Web Service technology, XML is widely used in all kinds of information transformation. So, Security in XML data transmission is very important, nowadays, in most of the sensitive issue like Bank transaction, online transaction, e-commerce, Diplomatic data etc. For secure XML Transaction, several methods are proposed. In this paper we have proposed the XML's security encryption based on the importance and sensitivity of data.
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| 16. |
- Coresh, Josef, et al.
(författare)
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Decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate and subsequent risk of end-stage renal disease and mortality
- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA). - : American Medical Association (AMA). - 0098-7484 .- 1538-3598. ; 311:24, s. 2518-2531
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- IMPORTANCE: The established chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression end point of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) or a doubling of serum creatinine concentration (corresponding to a change in estimated glomerular filtration rate [GFR] of −57% or greater) is a late event.OBJECTIVE: To characterize the association of decline in estimated GFR with subsequent progression to ESRD with implications for using lesser declines in estimated GFR as potential alternative end points for CKD progression. Because most people with CKD die before reaching ESRD, mortality risk also was investigated.DATA SOURCES AND STUDY SELECTION: Individual meta-analysis of 1.7 million participants with 12,344 ESRD events and 223,944 deaths from 35 cohorts in the CKD Prognosis Consortium with a repeated measure of serum creatinine concentration over 1 to 3 years and outcome data.DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: Transfer of individual participant data or standardized analysis of outputs for random-effects meta-analysis conducted between July 2012 and September 2013, with baseline estimated GFR values collected from 1975 through 2012.MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: End-stage renal disease (initiation of dialysis or transplantation) or all-cause mortality risk related to percentage change in estimated GFR over 2 years, adjusted for potential confounders and first estimated GFR.RESULTS: The adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) of ESRD and mortality were higher with larger estimated GFR decline. Among participants with baseline estimated GFR of less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m2, the adjusted HRs for ESRD were 32.1 (95% CI, 22.3-46.3) for changes of −57% in estimated GFR and 5.4 (95% CI, 4.5-6.4) for changes of −30%. However, changes of −30% or greater (6.9% [95% CI, 6.4%-7.4%] of the entire consortium) were more common than changes of −57% (0.79% [95% CI, 0.52%-1.06%]). This association was strong and consistent across the length of the baseline period (1 to 3 years), baseline estimated GFR, age, diabetes status, or albuminuria. Average adjusted 10-year risk of ESRD (in patients with a baseline estimated GFR of 35 mL/min/1.73 m2) was 99% (95% CI, 95%-100%) for estimated GFR change of −57%, was 83% (95% CI, 71%-93%) for estimated GFR change of −40%, and was 64% (95% CI, 52%-77%) for estimated GFR change of −30% vs 18% (95% CI, 15%-22%) for estimated GFR change of 0%. Corresponding mortality risks were 77% (95% CI, 71%-82%), 60% (95% CI, 56%-63%), and 50% (95% CI, 47%-52%) vs 32% (95% CI, 31%-33%), showing a similar but weaker pattern.CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Declines in estimated GFR smaller than a doubling of serum creatinine concentration occurred more commonly and were strongly and consistently associated with the risk of ESRD and mortality, supporting consideration of lesser declines in estimated GFR (such as a 30% reduction over 2 years) as an alternative end point for CKD progression.
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| 17. |
- Dent, T, et al.
(författare)
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Stratified cancer screening: the practicalities of implementation
- 2013
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Ingår i: Public health genomics. - : S. Karger AG. - 1662-8063 .- 1662-4246. ; 16:3, s. 94-99
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- <b><i>Background:</i></b> Improving understanding of the genetic basis of disease susceptibility enables us to estimate individuals' risk of developing cancer and offer them disease prevention, including screening, stratified to reflect that risk. Little attention has so far been given to the implementation of stratified screening. This article reviews the issues that would arise in delivering such tailored approaches to prevention in practice. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Issues analysed include the organisational context within which implementation of stratified prevention would occur, how the offer of screening would be made, making sure consent is adequately informed, how individuals' risk would be assessed, the age at which risk estimation should occur, and the potential use of genetic data for other purposes. The review also considers how management might differ depending on individuals' risk, how their results would be communicated and their follow-up arranged, and the different issues raised by modification of an existing screening programme, such as that for breast cancer, and the establishment of a new one, for example for prostate cancer. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> Stratified screening based on genetic testing is a radically new approach to prevention. Various organisational issues would need to be considered before it could be introduced, and a number of questions require further research.
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| 18. |
- Kawser, Mohammad T, et al.
(författare)
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Performance Comparison among MIMO Techniques at Different Interference Levels for LTE
- 2011
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Ingår i: Communication and Networking. - Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg. - 9783642271922 ; , s. 103-110
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- MIMO technique (multi antenna transmission and reception) is a keyfeature of long term evolution (LTE) which ensures higher spectral efficiencyand better multiuser flexibility making a cellular system spectrally efficient butinherently densely populated and interference-limited. Performance of spatialmultiplexing MIMO techniques degrades with the introduction of interferencein the system. To choose optimum MIMO mode it is worthwhile to analyze theUE (user equipment) throughput under different interference scenarios beforephysical implementation of a system. This paper contains a comparative studyof MIMO technique performances in terms of UE throughput under twodifferent UE speeds and interference scenarios.
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