| 1. |
- Kirchhof, Paulus, et al.
(författare)
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Comprehensive risk reduction in patients with atrial fibrillation : emerging diagnostic and therapeutic options - a report from the 3rd Atrial Fibrillation Competence NETwork/European Heart Rhythm Association consensus conference
- 2012
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Ingår i: Europace. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1099-5129 .- 1532-2092. ; 14:1, s. 8-27
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- While management of atrial fibrillation (AF) patients is improved by guideline-conform application of anticoagulant therapy, rate control, rhythm control, and therapy of accompanying heart disease, the morbidity and mortality associated with AF remain unacceptably high. This paper describes the proceedings of the 3rd Atrial Fibrillation NETwork (AFNET)/European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) consensus conference that convened over 60 scientists and representatives from industry to jointly discuss emerging therapeutic and diagnostic improvements to achieve better management of AF patients. The paper covers four chapters: (i) risk factors and risk markers for AF; (ii) pathophysiological classification of AF; (iii) relevance of monitored AF duration for AF-related outcomes; and (iv) perspectives and needs for implementing better antithrombotic therapy. Relevant published literature for each section is covered, and suggestions for the improvement of management in each area are put forward. Combined, the propositions formulate a perspective to implement comprehensive management in AF.
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| 2. |
- Clemens, John, et al.
(författare)
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New-generation vaccines against cholera
- 2011
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Ingår i: NATURE REVIEWS GASTROENTEROLOGY & HEPATOLOGY. - 1759-5045. ; 8:12, s. 701-710
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cholera is a major global health problem, causing approximately 100,000 deaths annually, about half of which occur in sub-Saharan Africa. Although early-generation parenteral cholera vaccines were abandoned as public health tools owing to their limited efficacy, newer-generation oral cholera vaccines have attractive safety and protection profiles. Both killed and live oral vaccines have been licensed, although only killed oral vaccines are currently manufactured and available. These killed oral vaccines not only provide direct protection to vaccinated individuals, but also confer herd immunity. The combination of direct vaccine protection and vaccine herd immunity effects makes these vaccines highly cost-effective and, therefore, attractive for use in developing countries. Administration of these oral vaccines does not require qualified medical personnel, which makes their use practical--even in developing countries. Although new-generation oral cholera vaccines should not be considered in isolation from other preventive approaches, especially improved water quality and sanitation, they represent important tools in the public health armamentarium to control both endemic and epidemic cholera.
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| 3. |
- Clemens, John, et al.
(författare)
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When, How, and Where can Oral Cholera Vaccines be Used to Interrupt Cholera Outbreaks?
- 2014
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Ingår i: Cholera Outbreaks. - Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg. - 0070-217X. ; 379, s. 231-258
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cholera continues to be a major global health problem, at times causing major and prolonged outbreaks in both endemic and nonendemic settings in developing countries. While improved water quality, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) will provide the ultimate solution to prevention of this disease burden, this is a far-off goal for most developing countries. Oral cholera vaccines (OCVs) have been demonstrated to be effective in the control of cholera outbreaks, and constitute useful tools to be used in conjunction with efforts to improve WASH. Two killed OCVs are prequalified by WHO for purchase by UN agencies for international use. Recently, WHO has launched a global stockpile of killed OCVs for use to control outbreaks. Rational deployment of OCV from this stockpile will require consideration of costs, feasibility, disease epidemiology, and the protective characteristics of the vaccine deployed, as well as effective and rapid coordination of processes and logistics used to make decisions on deployment and delivery of the vaccine to the population in need. Despite not having data on all the questions of relevance as to how to use OCVs to control cholera outbreaks in different settings, there is clearly more than enough evidence to initiate their use, as answers to remaining questions and refinement of policies will mainly come with experience.
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| 4. |
- Dunlop, Malcolm G, et al.
(författare)
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Cumulative impact of 10 common genetic variants on colorectal cancer risk in 42,333 individuals from eight populations
- 2012
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Ingår i: Gut. - Stockholm : Karolinska Institutet, Dept of Molecular Medicine and Surgery. - 1468-3288 .- 0017-5749.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: Colorectal cancer (CRC) has a substantial heritable component. Common genetic variation has been shown to contribute to CRC risk. A study was conducted in a large multi-population study to assess the feasibility of CRC risk prediction using common genetic variant data combined with other risk factors. A risk prediction model was built and applied to the Scottish population using available data. DESIGN: Nine populations of European descent were studied to develop and validate CRC risk prediction models. Binary logistic regression was used to assess the combined effect of age, gender, family history (FH) and genotypes at 10 susceptibility loci that individually only modestly influence CRC risk. Risk models were generated from case-control data incorporating genotypes alone (n=39 266) and in combination with gender, age and FH (n=11 324). Model discriminatory performance was assessed using 10-fold internal cross-validation and externally using 4187 independent samples. The 10-year absolute risk was estimated by modelling genotype and FH with age- and gender-specific population risks. RESULTS: The median number of risk alleles was greater in cases than controls (10 vs 9, p<2.2×10(-16)), confirmed in external validation sets (Sweden p=1.2×10(-6), Finland p=2×10(-5)). The mean per-allele increase in risk was 9% (OR 1.09; 95% CI 1.05 to 1.13). Discriminative performance was poor across the risk spectrum (area under curve for genotypes alone 0.57; area under curve for genotype/age/gender/FH 0.59). However, modelling genotype data, FH, age and gender with Scottish population data shows the practicalities of identifying a subgroup with >5% predicted 10-year absolute risk. CONCLUSION: Genotype data provide additional information that complements age, gender and FH as risk factors, but individualised genetic risk prediction is not currently feasible. Nonetheless, the modelling exercise suggests public health potential since it is possible to stratify the population into CRC risk categories, thereby informing targeted prevention and surveillance.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Kirchhof, Paulus, et al.
(författare)
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Personalized management of atrial fibrillation : Proceedings from the fourth Atrial Fibrillation competence NETwork/European Heart Rhythm Association consensus conference
- 2013
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Ingår i: Europace. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1099-5129 .- 1532-2092. ; 15:11, s. 1540-1556
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The management of atrial fibrillation (AF) has seen marked changes in past years, with the introduction of new oral anticoagulants, new antiarrhythmic drugs, and the emergence of catheter ablation as a common intervention for rhythm control. Furthermore, new technologies enhance our ability to detect AF. Most clinical management decisions in AF patients can be based on validated parameters that encompass type of presentation, clinical factors, electrocardiogram analysis, and cardiac imaging. Despite these advances, patients with AF are still at increased risk for death, stroke, heart failure, and hospitalizations. During the fourth Atrial Fibrillation competence NETwork/European Heart Rhythm Association (AFNET/EHRA) consensus conference, we identified the following opportunities to personalize management of AF in a better manner with a view to improve outcomes by integrating atrial morphology and damage, brain imaging, information on genetic predisposition, systemic or local inflammation, and markers for cardiac strain. Each of these promising avenues requires validation in the context of existing risk factors in patients. More importantly, a new taxonomy of AF may be needed based on the pathophysiological type of AF to allow personalized management of AF to come to full fruition. Continued translational research efforts are needed to personalize management of this prevalent disease in a better manner. All the efforts are expected to improve the management of patients with AF based on personalized therapy.
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| 7. |
- Krückel, Clemens, 1984, et al.
(författare)
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Wavelength Conversion in Low Loss Si3N4 Waveguides
- 2014
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Ingår i: Optics InfoBase Conference Papers. - Washington, D.C. : OSA. - 2162-2701. ; 2014-January, s. SW3M.4-
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- We show wavelength conversion in a compact Si3N4 waveguide. Combining low loss, long length, relatively large nonlinear coefficient, high-power handling and absence of two-photon absorption, this platform is promising for integrated nonlinear optics applications.
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| 8. |
- Nygren, David, et al.
(författare)
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Remotely-sensed, nocturnal, dew point correlates with malaria transmission in Southern Province, Zambia: a time-series study
- 2014
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Ingår i: Malaria Journal. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1475-2875. ; 13
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Plasmodium falciparum transmission has decreased significantly in Zambia in the last decade. The malaria transmission is influenced by environmental variables. Incorporation of environmental variables in models of malaria transmission likely improves model fit and predicts probable trends in malaria disease. This work is based on the hypothesis that remotely-sensed environmental factors, including nocturnal dew point, are associated with malaria transmission and sustain foci of transmission during the low transmission season in the Southern Province of Zambia. Methods: Thirty-eight rural health centres in Southern Province, Zambia were divided into three zones based on transmission patterns. Correlations between weekly malaria cases and remotely-sensed nocturnal dew point, nocturnal land surface temperature as well as vegetation indices and rainfall were evaluated in time-series analyses from 2012 week 19 to 2013 week 36. Zonal as well as clinic-based, multivariate, autoregressive, integrated, moving average ( ARIMAX) models implementing environmental variables were developed to model transmission in 2011 week 19 to 2012 week 18 and forecast transmission in 2013 week 37 to week 41. Results: During the dry, low transmission season significantly higher vegetation indices, nocturnal land surface temperature and nocturnal dew point were associated with the areas of higher transmission. Environmental variables improved ARIMAX models. Dew point and normalized differentiated vegetation index were significant predictors and improved all zonal transmission models. In the high-transmission zone, this was also seen for land surface temperature. Clinic models were improved by adding dew point and land surface temperature as well as normalized differentiated vegetation index. The mean average error of prediction for ARIMAX models ranged from 0.7 to 33.5%. Forecasts of malaria incidence were valid for three out of five rural health centres; however, with poor results at the zonal level. Conclusions: In this study, the fit of ARIMAX models improves when environmental variables are included. There is a significant association of remotely-sensed nocturnal dew point with malaria transmission. Interestingly, dew point might be one of the factors sustaining malaria transmission in areas of general aridity during the dry season.
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| 9. |
- Rohringer, Nina, et al.
(författare)
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Atomic and Molecular Inner-Shell X-Ray Lasers
- 2012
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Optics 2012/Laser Science XXVIII. - : OSA. - 9781557529565
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present experimental results on the first realization of an atomic inner-shell x-ray laser and x-ray Raman laser in the KeV photon-energy regime in Neon. Extension of the scheme to diatomic molecules is discussed.
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