| 1. |
- Bui, Thuy T., et al.
(författare)
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Estimating uptake of phthalate ester metabolites into the human nail plate using pharmacokinetic modelling
- 2017
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Ingår i: Environment International. - : Elsevier BV. - 0160-4120 .- 1873-6750. ; 100, s. 148-155
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There is a lack of knowledge regarding uptake of phthalate esters (PEs) and other chemicals into the human nail plate and thus, clarity concerning the suitability of human nails as a valid alternative matrix for monitoring longterm exposure. In particular, the relative importance of internal uptake of phthalate metabolites (from e.g. blood) compared to external uptake pathways is unknown. This study provides first insights into the partitioning of phthalate-metabolites between blood and nail using pharmacokinetic (PK) modelling and biomonitoring data from a Norwegian cohort. A previously published PK model (Lorber PK model) was used in combination with measured urine data to predict serum concentrations of DEHP and DnBP/DiBP metabolites at steady state. Then, partitioning between blood and nail was assessed assuming equilibrium conditions and treating the nail plate as a tissue, assuming a fixed lipid and water content. Although calculated as a worst-case scenario at equilibrium, the predicted nail concentrations of metabolites were lower than the biomonitoring data by factors of 44 to 1300 depending on the metabolite. It is therefore concluded that internal uptake of phthalate metabolites from blood into nail is a negligible pathway and does not explain the observed nail concentrations. Ingtead, external uptake pathways are more likely to dominate, possibly through deposition of phthalates onto the skin/nail and subsequent metabolism. Modelling gaseous diffusive uptake of PEs from air to nail revealed that this pathway is unlikely to be important. Experimental quantification of internal and external uptake pathways of phthalates and their metabolites into the human nail plate is needed to verify these modelling results. However, based on this model, human nails are not a good indicator of internal human exposure for the phthalate esters studied.
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| 2. |
- Bui, Thuy T., et al.
(författare)
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Human exposure, hazard and risk of alternative plasticizers to phthalate esters
- 2016
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Ingår i: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 541, s. 451-467
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Alternative plasticizers to phthalate esters have been used for over a decade, but data regarding emissions, human exposure and health effects are limited. Here we review 20 alternative plasticizers in current use and their human exposure, hazard and risk. Physicochemical properties are collated for these diverse alternatives and log K-OW values range over 15 orders of magnitude and log K-AW and log K-OA values over about 9 orders of magnitude. Most substances are hydrophobic with low volatility and are produced in high volumes for use in multiple applications. There is an increasing trend in the total use of alternative plasticizers in Sweden compared to common phthalate esters in the last 10 years, especially for DINCH. Evaluative indoor fate modeling reveals that most alternatives are distributed to vertical surfaces (e.g. walls or ceilings). Only TXIB and GTA are predicted to be predominantly distributed to indoor air. Human exposure data are lacking and clear evidence for human exposure only exists for DEHT and DINCH, which show increasing trends in body burdens. Human intake rates are collected and compared with limit values with resulting risk ratios below 1 except for infant's exposure to ESBO. PBT properties of the alternatives indicate mostly no reasons for concern, except that TEHPA is estimated to be persistent and TCP toxic. A caveat is that non-standard toxicological endpoint results are not available and, similar to phthalate esters, the alternatives are likely pseudo-persistent. Keydata gaps for more comprehensive risk assessment are identified and include: analytical methods to measure metabolites in biological fluids and tissues, toxicological information regarding non-standard endpoints such as endocrine disruption and a further refined exposure assessment in order to consider high risk groups such as infants, toddlers and children.
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| 3. |
- Bui, Thuy T., et al.
(författare)
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Probing the relationship between external and internal human exposure of organophosphate flame retardants using pharmacokinetic modelling
- 2017
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Ingår i: Environmental Pollution. - : Elsevier BV. - 0269-7491 .- 1873-6424. ; 230, s. 550-560
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Human external exposure (i.e. intake) of organophosphate flame retardants (PFRs) has recently been quantified, but no link has yet been established between external and internal exposure. In this study, we used a pharmacokinetic (PK) model to probe the relationship between external and internal exposure data for three PFRs (EHDPHP, TNBP and TPHP) available for a Norwegian cohort of 61 individuals from 61 different households. Using current literature on metabolism of PFRs,, we predicted the metabolite serum/urine concentrations and compared it to measured data from the study population. Unavailable parameters were estimated using a model fitting approach (least squares method) after assigning reasonable constraints on the ranges of fitted parameters. Results showed an acceptable comparison between PK model estimates and measurements (<10-fold deviation) for EHDPHP. However, a deviation of 10-1000 was observed between PM model estimates and measurements for TNBP and TPHP. Sensitivity and uncertainty analysis on the PK model revealed that EHDPHP results showed higher uncertainty than TNBP or TPHP. However, there are indications that (1) current biomarkers of exposure (i.e. assumed metabolites) for TNBP and TPHP chemicals might not be specific and ultimately affecting the outcome of the modelling and (2) some exposure pathways might be missing. Further research, such as in vivo laboratory metabolism experiments of PFRs including identification of better biomarkers will reduce uncertainties in human exposure assessment.
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| 4. |
- Giovanoulis, Georgios, et al.
(författare)
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Multi-pathway human exposure assessment of phthalate esters and DINCH
- 2018
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Ingår i: Environment International. - : Elsevier BV. - 0160-4120 .- 1873-6750. ; 112, s. 115-126
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Phthalate esters are substances mainly used as plasticizers in various applications. Some have been restricted and phased out due to their adverse health effects and ubiquitous presence, leading to the introduction of alternative plasticizers, such as DINCH. Using a comprehensive dataset from a Norwegian study population, human exposure to DMP, DEP, DnBP, DiBP, BBzP, DEHP, DINP, DIDP, DPHP and DINCH was assessed by measuring their presence in external exposure media, allowing an estimation of the total intake, as well as the relative importance of different uptake pathways. Intake via different uptake routes, in particular inhalation, dermal absorption, and oral uptake was estimated and total intake based on all uptake pathways was compared to the calculated intake from biomonitoring data. Hand wipe results were used to determine dermal uptake and compared to other exposure sources such as air, dust and personal care products. Results showed that the calculated total intakes were similar, but slightly higher than those based on biomonitoring methods by 1.1 to 3 times (median), indicating a good understanding of important uptake pathways. The relative importance of different uptake pathways was comparable to other studies, where inhalation was important for lower molecular weight phthalates, and negligible for the higher molecular weight phthalates and DINCH. Dietary intake was the predominant exposure route for all analyzed substances. Dermal uptake based on hand wipes was much lower (median up to 2000 times) than the total dermal uptake via air, dust and personal care products. Still, dermal uptake is not a well-studied exposure pathway and several research gaps (e.g. absorption fractions) remain. Based on calculated intakes, the exposure for the Norwegian participants to the phthalates and DINCH was lower than health based limit values. Nevertheless, exposure to alternative plasticizers, such as DPHP and DINCH, is expected to increase in the future and continuous monitoring is required.
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| 5. |
- Liagkouridis, Ioannis, 1982-
(författare)
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Indoor emissions and fate of flame retardants : A modelling approach
- 2016
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- A significant number of consumer goods and building materials act as emission sources of flame retardants (FRs) in the indoor environment. As a result, FRs have become ubiquitous indoors raising concerns about human exposure and possible health implications. Once released indoors, FRs can escape to the outdoors where they can persist, be transported over long distances and present a threat to the environment. Despite the increasing number of studies reporting the occurrence of FRs in the indoor environment, the understanding of i) how and to what extent these chemicals are released from indoor sources, and ii) their subsequent fate indoors remains limited. The overarching objective of this thesis was to improve this understanding by assessing the indoor emissions and fate of FRs using a combination of multimedia modelling strategies and experimental/empirical approaches. Paper I identifies a number of knowledge gaps and limitations regarding indoor emissions and fate of FRs and the available modelling approaches. These include a limited understanding of the key emission mechanisms for low volatility FRs, uncertainties regarding indoor air/surface partitioning, poor characterization of dust and film dynamics and a significant lack of knowledge regarding indoor reaction/degradation processes. In Paper II we highlighted the serious scarcity in physicochemical property data for the alternative FRs and demonstrated the applicability of a simple QSPR technique for selecting reliable property estimates for chemical assessments. A modelling fate assessment indicated a strong partitioning to indoor surfaces and dust for most of the alternative FRs. Indications for POP (persistent organic pollutant)-like persistence and LRT (long-range transport) and bioaccumulative potential in the outdoor environment were also identified for many alternative FRs. Using an inverse modelling approach in Paper III we estimated 2 to 3 orders of magnitude higher emissions of organophosphate FRs (0.52 and 0.32 ng.h-1) than brominated FRs (0.083 μg.h-1 and 0.41 μg.h-1) in Norwegian households. An emission-to-dust signal was also identified for organophosphate FRs suggesting that direct migration to dust may be a key fate process indoors. No evidence of a direct source-to-dust transfer mechanism was seen in Paper IV where the chemical transfer between a product treated with an organophosphate FR and dust in direct contact was experimentally investigated. It was concluded though that direct contact between an FR source and dust can result in contamination hotspots indoors.
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| 6. |
- Liagkouridis, Ioannis, et al.
(författare)
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Physical-chemical properties and evaluative fate modelling of 'emerging' and 'novel' brominated and organophosphorus flame retardants in the indoor and outdoor environment
- 2015
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Ingår i: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 524, s. 416-426
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Several groups of flame retardants (FRs) have entered the market in recent years as replacements for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), but little is known about their physical-chemical properties or their environmental transport and fate. Here we make best estimates of the physical-chemical properties and undertake evaluative modelling assessments (indoors and outdoors) for 35 so-called 'novel' and 'emerging' brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and 22 organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs). A QSPR (Quantitative Structure-Property Relationship) based technique is used to reduce uncertainty in physical-chemical properties and to aid property selection for modelling, but it is evident that more, high quality property data are required for improving future assessments. Evaluative modelling results show that many of the alternative FRs, mainly alternative BFRs and some of the halogenated OPFRs, behave similarly to the PBDEs both indoors and outdoors. These alternative FRs exhibit high overall persistence (Pov), long-range transport potential (LRTP) and POP-like behaviour and on that basis cannot be regarded as suitable replacements to PBDEs. A group of low molecular weight alternative BFRs and non-halogenated OPFRs show a potentially better environmental performance based on Pov and LRTP metrics. Results must be interpreted with caution though since there are significant uncertainties and limited data to allow for thorough model evaluation. Additional environmental parameters such as toxicity and bioaccumulative potential as well as functionality issues should be considered in an industrial substitution strategy.
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| 7. |
- Liagkouridis, Ioannis, et al.
(författare)
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Relationships between estimated flame retardant emissions and levels in indoor air and house dust
- 2017
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Ingår i: Indoor Air. - : Hindawi Limited. - 0905-6947 .- 1600-0668. ; 27:3, s. 650-657
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A significant number of consumer goods and building materials can act as emission sources of flame retardants (FRs) in the indoor environment. We investigate the relationship between the emission source strength and the levels of 19 brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and seven organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) in air and dust collected in 38 indoor microenvironments in Norway. We use modeling methods to back-calculate emission rates from indoor air and dust measurements and identify possible indications of an emission-to-dust pathway. Experimentally based emission estimates provide a satisfactory indication of the relative emission strength of indoor sources. Modeling results indicate an up to two orders of magnitude enhanced emission strength for OPFRs (median emission rates of 0.083 and 0.41gh(-1) for air-based and dust-based estimates) compared to BFRs (0.52 and 0.37ngh(-1) median emission rates). A consistent emission-to-dust signal, defined as higher dust-based than air-based emission estimates, was identified for four of the seven OPFRs, but only for one of the 19 BFRs. It is concluded, however, that uncertainty in model input parameters could potentially lead to the false identification of an emission-to-dust signal.
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| 8. |
- Rydberg, Tomas, 1962, et al.
(författare)
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Estimating the environmental risk of the societal stock of additives in plastics by a chemical footprint approach
- 2015
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Ingår i: SETAC Europe 25th Annual Meeting.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Environmental risk posed by additives in products in the technosphere in general and in consumer products in particular, is an important issue that has been, so far, investigated to a relatively limited extent. Previous estimates of the national stock and emissions are available on national scale [1,2,3] but the challenge has remained to understand how important or significant these stocks and emissions are from a risk perspective. The research presented here approaches the challenge by assigning risk characterisation scores to the additives and comparing the outcome with corresponding risk characterisation for biocides. We used the previous estimates om stock and emissions of plastic additives. Data for use of biocides were extracted from the Swedish Chemicals Agency The risk characterisation was carried out by applying USETox characterisation factors (CF), The amount of each substance, has been multiplied with its corresponding CF from USETox. These substance specific risk scores were then added to the overall risk score. It is clear that there are many uncertainties in the calculations. For example the emission calculations in the overall society example seem unreasonably high, in the order of 2 % annually of the total stock. In other work applying an advanced emission model to a limited sample of products, the emission rate is in the order of 0.02 % annually. This indicates that the overall society-wide emissions could be in the order of 500 tons rather than 47000 tons. For the risk scores, the uncertainty is even bigger, as the uncertainty of the CFs themselves come into play, as well as the incomplete availability of CFs. The total risk score for the National total use of biocides is 9.3E+09 CTU. This is to be compared with the risk scores as calculated for the additives, which is 1.3E+12 CTU for the total stock of additives and 3E+10 CTU for the emissions, or possible a factor 100 lower if assuming a similar overestimation as for emissions. The results are very sensitive to the identified uncertainties, and also to lack of CFs for possibly important substances, both among the additives and the biocides.
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| 9. |
- Baresel, Christian, et al.
(författare)
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Läkemedelsrester och andra skadliga ämnen i avloppsreningsverk - koncentrationer, kvantifiering, beteende och reningsalternativ
- 2015
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Många läkemedelsrester och andra prioriterade substanser passerar igenom dagens avloppsreningsverk (ARV) och hamnar antingen i slammet eller i recipienten, ibland i nivåer som kan påverka vattenlevande organismer. Substanser som släpps ut via avlopps-reningsverk kan också anrikas i den akvatiska näringskedjan och orsaka effekter i högre organismer såsom fiskätande fåglar eller däggdjur, inklusive människor. Studier har också visat att antibiotika som hamnar i miljön kan bidra till uppkomsten av antibiotikaresistenta gener i bakterier, vilket är ett allvarligt globalt hot mot möjligheten att bota livshotande sjukdomar. Eftersom nuvarande vattenreningstekniker har utvecklats främst för att avlägsna partikulärt material samt kväve och fosfor är de oftast inte anpassade för att rena bort mikrobiellt stabila kemiska föroreningar. Utvärderingar av effektiviteten hos olika behandlingstekniker för avlägsnande av sådana ämnen baseras vanligtvis på analyser av förekomst av ett ämne i inkommande och utgående vatten från reningsverket. Det finns dock problem med detta tillvägagångssätt eftersom vissa ämnen metaboliseras till potentiellt mer skadliga substanser, som då inte automatiskt fångas i analysen. Dessutom kan vissa ämnen spontant bildas i reningsverken, vilket kan resultera i högre nivåer i utgående än i inkommande vatten. Ett ytterligare problem är att de utgående koncentrationerna ibland kan vara lägre än detektions-gränserna, men trots det ändå vara högre än eller nära etablerade risknivåer. This report is only available in Swedish.
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| 10. |
- Baresel, Christian, et al.
(författare)
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Pharmaceutical residues and other emerging substances in the effluent of sewage treatment plants
- 2015
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Pharmaceutical residues and other emerging substances pass through modern sewage treatment plants (STPs) and end up in the receiving waters and sludge. In several studies, recipient concentrations have been detected with expected effects on aquatic organisms. Chemicals released via STPs may also enter the aquatic food-web and cause effects in higher organisms such as fish-eating birds or mammals including humans. Studies have also shown that antibiotics in the environment may contribute to the increase of antibiotic resistant genes in bacteria, which is a serious threat to our possibility to cure life-threatening diseases on the global scale. Current STP treatment technologies are usually not fit to remove microbial stable chemical pollutants and the evaluation of the removal efficiency of the STP systems applied today, is not complete. The evaluation of the removal efficiency of the substances in the STP systems is usually based on chemical analysis of the presence of certain substances in influent and effluent waters. However, there are difficulties associated with this approach, e.g. since some substances are metabolized into potentially more harmful substances which are not captured in the analysis unless they are actively sought for. Furthermore, some substances are formed in the STPs, resulting in higher levels in effluents than in influents. In addition, effluent concentrations may sometimes be lower than the analytical detection limits, yet still higher than or close to established risk concentrations emphasizing the need for developments of the analytical methods.
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
- Giovanoulis, Georgios, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluation of exposure to phthalate esters and DINCH in urine and nails from a Norwegian study population
- 2016
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Ingår i: Environmental Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0013-9351 .- 1096-0953. ; 151, s. 80-90
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Phthalate esters (PEs) and 1,2-cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester (DINCH) used as additives in numerous consumer products are continuously released into the environment, leading to subsequent human exposure which might cause adverse health effects. The human biomonitoring approach allows the detection of PEs and DINCH in specific populations, by taking into account all possible routes of exposure (e.g. inhalation, transdermal and oral) and all relevant sources (e.g. air, dust, personal care products, diet). We have investigated the presence of nine PE and two DINCH metabolites and their exposure determinants in 61 adult residents of the Oslo area (Norway). Three urine spots and fingernails were collected from each participant according to established sampling protocols. Metabolite analysis was performed by LC-MS/MS. Metabolite levels in urine were used to back-calculate the total exposure to their corresponding parent compound. The primary monoesters, such as monomethyl phthalate (MMP, geometric mean 89.7 ng/g), monoethyl phthalate (MEP, 104.8 ng/g) and mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP, 893 ng/g) were observed in higher levels in nails, whereas the secondary bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and DINCH oxidative metabolites were more abundant in urine (detection frequency 84-100%). The estimated daily intakes of PEs and DINCH for this Norwegian population did not exceed the established tolerable daily intake and reference doses, and the cumulative risk assessment for combined exposure to plasticizers with similar toxic endpoints indicated no health concerns for the selected population. We found a moderate positive correlation between MEP levels in 3 urine spots and nails (range: 0.56-0.68). Higher frequency of personal care products use was associated with greater MEP concentrations in both urine and nail samples. Increased age, smoking, wearing plastic gloves during house cleaning, consuming food with plastic packaging and eating with hands were associated with higher levels in urine and nails for some of the metabolites. In contrast, frequent hair and hand washing was associated with lower urinary levels of monoisobutyl phthalate (MiBP) and mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (5-OH-MEHP), respectively.
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| 15. |
- Giovanoulis, Georgios, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluation of exposure to phthalate esters and DINCH in urine and nails from a Norwegian study population
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Environmental Research. - 0013-9351 .- 1096-0953. ; :151, s. 80-90
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Phthalate esters (PEs) and 1,2-cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester (DINCH) used as additives innumerous consumer products are continuously released into the environment, leading to subsequenthuman exposure which might cause adverse health effects. The human biomonitoring approach allows thedetection of PEs and DINCH in specific populations, by taking into account all possible routes of exposure(e.g. inhalation, transdermal and oral) and all relevant sources (e.g. air, dust, personal care products, diet). We have investigated the presence of nine PE and two DINCH metabolites and their exposure determi-nants in 61 adult residents of the Oslo area (Norway). Three urine spots andfingernails were collectedfrom each participant according to established sampling protocols. Metabolite analysis was performed byLC-MS/MS. Metabolite levels in urine were used to back-calculate the total exposure to their correspondingparent compound. The primary monoesters, such as monomethyl phthalate (MMP, geometric mean89.7 ng/g), monoethyl phthalate (MEP, 104.8 ng/g) and mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP, 89.3 ng/g) wereobserved in higher levels in nails, whereas the secondary bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and DINCHoxidative metabolites were more abundant in urine (detection frequency 84–100%). The estimated daily intakes of PEs and DINCH for this Norwegian population did not exceed the established tolerable dailyintake and reference doses, and the cumulative risk assessment for combined exposure to plasticizers withsimilar toxic endpoints indicated no health concerns for the selected population. We found a moderatepositive correlation between MEP levels in 3 urine spots and nails (range: 0.56–0.68). Higher frequency ofpersonal care products use was associated with greater MEP concentrations in both urine and nail samples.Increased age, smoking, wearing plastic gloves during house cleaning, consuming food with plasticpackaging and eating with hands were associated with higher levels in urine and nails for some of themetabolites. In contrast, frequent hair and hand washing was associated with lower urinary levels ofmonoisobutyl phthalate (MiBP) and mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (5-OH-MEHP), respectively.
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
- Hansson, Katarina, et al.
(författare)
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Sammanställning av befintlig kunskap om föroreningskällor till PFAS-ämnen i svensk miljö
- 2016
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Användning av brandskum kan ses som den mest betydande PFAS-källan direkt till miljön ur ett historiskt perspektiv, och fortfarande idag innehåller brandskum per- och polyfluorerade ämnen även om innehållet har modifierats efter PFOS-förbudet 2011. Den sannolikt mest betydande PFAS-källan idag är därför förorenad mark kring de brandövningsplatser där PFAS-innehållande brandskum har använts frekvent under årtionden. De totala historiska och nutida utsläppen till följd av användning av brandskum har inte kunnat kvantifieras, men en grov värsta-falls-uppskattning om hur mycket PFAS som kan ha släppts ut vid brandsläckningsarbeten i samband med olycksbränder gjordes. Med de antaganden som gjordes uppskattades medelutsläppen under från 1998-2011 till ca 45 kg/år (summa 16 PFAS). En grov uppskattning av utsläpp i samband med brandövningar på flygplatser gjordes också, vilket resulterade i uppskattade utsläpp av enbart PFOS motsvarande 25-350 kg/år. Utöver användningen av brandskum har den begränsade tillgängliga information avseende mängder PFAS i varor och produkter inneburit att kvantifieringen av PFAS-flöden från övriga enskilda produktgrupper via avfallsled och vidare till miljö inte varit möjlig. Utifrån användningsområden som identifierats av KEMI (2015) har en kvalitativ bedömning av relevanta avfallsflöden genomförts, vilken visar att de varor och produkter som kan innehålla PFAS med största sannolikhet kommer att skickas till förbränning, hanteras som farligt avfall eller återanvändas alternativt återvinnas. Vid förbränning (vilket också inkluderar det som hanteras som farligt avfall i stor utsträckning) är utsläppen av PFAS till miljön små. Återanvändning innebär att man använder produkten för samma ändamål som den var tänkt och spridningsförfarandet blir då också samma. Vid återvinning ombearbetas materialet så att det kan användas i nya produkter. Vid viss typ av återvinning t.ex. av plaster kan det innebära att PFAS finns kvar i materialet. Den viktigaste transportvägen av PFAS från samhället ut i miljön, utöver den direkta spridningen via brandskum är sannolikt via reningsverken. Där kanaliseras många samlade utsläpp från produkter via hushåll, industrier och via lakvatten, samtidigt som PFAS-förorenat dricksvatten i urbana miljöer kan återcirkulera via reningsverken och därmed transporteras från grundvatten till ytvatten via dricksvattennätet och avloppsreningsverk. Utsläppen av PFAS (15 st) via utgående avloppsvatten från samtliga svenska reningsverk uppskattades till ca 70 kg/år, sett över åren 2006-2013, varav PFOS utgjorde cirka 10 procent. This report is only available in Swedish. English summary is available in the report.
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| 18. |
- Kademoglou, Katerina, et al.
(författare)
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In Vitro Inhalation Bioaccessibility of Phthalate Esters and Alternative Plasticizers Present in Indoor Dust Using Artificial Lung Fluids
- 2018
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Ingår i: Environmental Science and Technology Letters. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 2328-8930. ; 5:6, s. 329-334
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Phthalate esters (PEs) are used as plasticizers in consumer products. Their low migration stability has resulted in the classification of PEs as major indoor contaminants. Because of PE's ubiquity and adverse health effects on humans and especially children, non-phthalate alternative plasticizers have been introduced into the market. This is the first study of in vitro inhalation bioaccessibility of PEs (e.g., DMP, DEP, and DEHP) and alternative plasticizers (e.g., DEHT and DINCH) via indoor dust to assess inhalation as an alternative route of exposure. Two artificial lung fluids were used, mimicking two distinctively different pulmonary environments: (1) artificial lysosomal fluid (ALF, pH 4.5) representing the intracellular acidic lung fluid inhaled particle contact after phagocytosis by alveolar macrophages and (2) Gamble's solution (pH 7.4), the extracellular healthy fluid for deep lung deposition of dust. DMP and DEP were highly bioaccessible (>75%), whereas highly hydrophobic compounds such as DEHP, DINCH, and DEHT were <5% bioaccessible via both artificial lung fluids. Our findings show that the inhalation bioaccessibility of PEs is primarily governed by their hydrophobicity and water solubility. Further research is necessary to develop unified and biologically relevant inhalation bioaccessibility tests, employed as part of human risk assessment of volatile and semivolatile organic pollutants.
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| 19. |
- Loh Lindholm, Carina, et al.
(författare)
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Produktval av golv- och väggbeklädnader av PVC som innehåller DINP/DIDP
- 2016
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Inom byggsektorn finns flera frivilliga bedömningssystem som syftar till att fasa ut farliga ämnen från bygg- och anläggningsprodukter, t.ex. BASTA, Byggvarubedömningen och Sunda Hus. I Sverige har dessa system fått ett stort genomslag i arbetet med att välja material utan onödiga miljö- och hälsorisker genom att det har blivit ett starkt marknadskrav att de material som används i olika byggprojekt uppfyller kraven i något av dessa system. Fortfarande är det dock så att det finns byggprodukter som måste användas i dagens byggande som inte alltid klarar kraven i dessa system. Dessutom finns det ett intresse att använda återvunnet material som kan innehålla ämnen som inte accepteras. För de byggprodukter som inte klarar kraven i bedömningssystemen men som inte är ersättningsbara finns ett behov av trovärdig kunskap, information och stöd till hur man ska motivera och hantera avvikelser för dessa krav i samband med produktval. Vad som motiverar en avvikelse från kemikaliekrav ska avgöras inom respektive projekt eller organisation för vilka kemikaliekraven fastställts. En grund för vad som kan motivera en avvikelse föreslås här enligt följande: En acceptabel avvikelsehantering gentemot de kriterier som miljöbedömningssystemen ställer bygger på att de risker som innehållet av ett farligt ämne, som gör att bedömningssystemens kriterier inte uppnås, är kända och acceptabla i förhållande till de fördelar som användningen innebär. Vidare ska minst ett av följande villkor vara uppfyllt: • Det finns andra miljöfördelar med att använda materialen, som bedöms överväga riskerna med förekomsten av farliga ämnen. • Det går inte att ersätta materialet med andra materialslag eller alternativa tekniska lösningar utan att det får negativa konsekvenser avseende funktionen. • Det går inte att ersätta materialet med andra materialslag eller alternativa tekniska lösningar utan att det får negativa konsekvenser avseende kvalitet • Existerande alternativ finns inte tillgängligt på marknaden i tillräcklig omfattning • Existerande alternativ är inte ekonomiskt försvarbara Den här vägledningen har tagits fram i syfte att ge stöd för avvikelsehantering vid produktval av golv- och väggbeklädnader av PVC som innehåller de högmolekylära mjukgörarna DINP och/eller DIDP. DINP och DIDP klarar inte egenskapskraven i bedömningssystem som exempelvis BASTA och Byggvarubedömningen till följd av sina misstänkt hormonstörande egenskaper, vilket innebär att produkter som innehåller mer än 0,1 % av dessa ämnen inte godkänns. Den vägledning som presenteras här påverkar alltså inte de kriterier som används i dessa bedömningssystem utan är avsedd att ge stöd för hantering av undantag. DINP och DIDP har varit de två mest använda mjukgörarna i PVC-golv och väggbeklädnader i Sverige sedan början av 2000-talet. Från år 2011 har dock användningen kraftigt minskat då DINP och DIDP började bytas ut mot andra alternativ. Vid nyproduktion finns därmed alternativ till DINP och DIDP som är godkända i bedömningssystemen. Alternativ saknas dock vid användning av återvunnen råvara, då det fortfarande inte finns tillräckliga mängder återvunnen råvara fria från DINP och DIDP. Motivet för att ta fram en vägledning för avvikelsehantering för DINP och DIDP är att det finns miljö- och resursfördelar i användning av återvunnet material, där dessa komponenter ingår. Om inblandning av återvunnet material sker vid nyproduktion behövs stöd vid produktval, trots att fungerande alternativ till DINP och DIDP redan finns på marknaden. Riskerna med innehållet i DINP och DIDP i golv- och väggbeklädnader av PVC bör ställas i relation till den miljönytta som återvinningen ger. Miljönyttan med återvinning är framförallt en besparing av naturresurser, både i form av material- och energiresurser samt den klimatnytta som den minskade energianvändningen ger upphov till.
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| 20. |
- Norström, Karin, et al.
(författare)
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Risks and Effects of the dispersion of PFAS on Aquatic, Terrestrial and Human populations in the vicinity of International Airports
- 2015
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Due to the historical usage of aqueous film forming foams (AFFF) which contained per- and polyfluorinated alkylated substances (PFAS) at fire drills at Göteborg Landvetter Airport and Stockholm Arlanda Airport, elevated PFAS concentrations were found in surface waters and fish in the vicinity of these airports. As a result of these findings, Swedavia Swedish Airport and IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute Ltd IVL initiated the co-financed project Risks and Effects of the dispersion of PFAS on Aquatic, Terrestrial and Human Populations in the vicinity of international airports (RE-PATH) to study the long-term consequences of the releases of PFAS from firefighting training sites. Since the project start in 2009, about 700 samples have been collected and analysed for their PFAS content. Toxicity tests have been performed to investigate potential influence of PFAS on reproduction, immobility and hatching frequency. The sediment-water balance has been studied to elucidate whether the PFAS accumulated in sediments contributes substantially to the water concentrations. The bioaccumulation and depletion potential was studied in goldfish, zebrafish and in crayfish. Furthermore, the load of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) to Lake Mälaren was estimated and compared to releases via other sources. A mass balance model was developed to investigate the distribution and the rate of decline of PFOS-levels in the environment around Stockholm Arlanda Airport. In this final report, the results from 2009 to 2014 are summarised. More details on methods and results are given in individual reports and publications (Woldegiorgis et al., 2010, Norström et al., 2011, Norström& Viktor, 2012, Norström et al., 2013, Ahrens et al., 2015). The main conclusions from the project are: Firefighting training sites are significant point sources contributing to the environmental contamination of PFAS in Sweden. Individual firefighting training sites contribute only by a small fraction of the total load of PFAS to the Swedish environment, but can locally cause elevated concentrations of PFOS in fish and water by up to a factor of 100, in comparison to reference areas. Den här rapporten finns endast på engelska. Svensk sammanfattning finns i rapporten.
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| 21. |
- Palm Cousins, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Emissions from Articles : Synthesis report of the ChEmiTecs Research Program
- 2018
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Organic Chemicals Emitted from Technosphere Articles (ChEmiTecs) was a research programme funded by the Swedish EPA which ran during the years 2008-2013. The goal of the programme was to improve the understanding of mechanisms, magnitude and implications of emissions of organic substances from technosphere articles. It was also aimed at supporting the development of Swedish and EU management programmes to minimise risks from harmful substances. ChEmiTecs has been the first research programme to assess, on the National scale, the magnitude of the problem of emissions of chemicals in materials and articles. The results now being published from the research programme are still of great interest both from a research- and from a policy perspective: For instance that even when accounting for article lifetime, normally more than 99 % of the added chemical additives remain in the products at the end-of-life, which means that the majority of the substances will enter the waste and recycling streams where they may be eliminated if the products are incinerated or re-circulated into new materials and products. Still, as the accumulated amount of additives is so large, the total molecular release to air of plastic and rubber additives from the total stock of articles in Sweden in the use phase during one year has been estimated to be in the order of 500 tonnes.
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| 22. |
- Palm Cousins, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Options for increased low-risk recycling of building products
- 2016
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Materials containing chemical substances with hazardous properties may, under certain conditions generate undesirable emissions of such chemicals during the use phase, as well as during recycling and other types of waste treatment. Since recycling of materials is a key element in the movement towards a circular economy it is crucial that the recycling is conducted in way that minimizes the risk associated with exposure to hazardous chemicals. Construction and demolition waste is a category of products where large volumes of waste are managed. In addition, new construction is very resource- and energy-intensive, which is why increased recycling is desirable from a waste, energy and resource perspective. Meanwhile many of the older building products which are now appearing as waste due to demolition and re-construction, contain potentially harmful substances such as various plasticizers, flame retardants, anti-corrosion and waterproofing additives, etc. Chemicals which have been phased-out from new materials may thus remain in the technosphere due to recycling of older materials. The EU target for recycling of construction and demolition waste is set to 70 percent by the year 2020 and development of reliable procedures for waste management, recycling and risk assessment for this product group are desirable. Based on current knowledge on recycling methods for construction goods and chemical contents we have specifically studied four building product categories: PVC floor, plaster waste, flat glass and EPS boards which were selected based on a set of selected criteria. Opportunities and obstacles for increased recycling were highlighted for each product category. Specific attention was also given to the demolition process, as it precedes recycling and reuse of any type of construction material. The following aspects were studied: recyclability with current methods, pre-treatment requirements to guarantee safe materials, the possibility to carry out risk assessments with regard to hazardous substances and use area as well as recyclability for other purposes than the products’ original function. The study was mainly carried out through literature studies and interviews/visits with relevant actors. Out of the four product categories the largest potential for climate savings was estimated to arise from increased recycling of EPS, a material group with low content of hazardous chemicals (in Sweden and depending on the production year). Although the environmental burdens for the other product groups are lower in comparison to that of EPS, increasing recycling for these products would still carry with it significant climate savings. For product groups where recycling techniques and infrastructure are already in place i.e. for plaster and glass, increasing recycling rates could be achieved with relatively little effort. Increased selective demolition and on-site sorting of construction and demolition waste is of great importance to enable an increase of the recycling of building products, and also to better control the occurrence and flow of chemicals throughout the product lifetime and through waste and recycling stages. This is especially true for building products that already have a functioning recycling process with no significant problems regarding hazardous substances e.g. plaster boards and flat glass. Through selective demolition, it is possible to increase recycling rates in a relatively short time. However, even though selective demolition is often a requirement from ordering clients in demolition purchasing involving actors within the public sector, follow-ups are rare and most likely selective demolition does not occur to sufficient extent. The main obstacle to increased selective demolition is the lack of incentive due to the high cost compared to incineration of mixed fractions since the value of the sorted material is not sufficient to compete with conventional treatment. Much larger volumes of waste are needed for the value to be sufficient in relation to transportation costs (true for e.g. plastic). Lack of spacefor containers is also an obstacle. Therefore selective demolition is more common on larger demolition sites. Economic instruments need to be implemented to increase the application of selective demolition. The results from the project showed that hazardous chemicals are not the main obstacle to increased recycling of building products, rather it has to do with costs and access to recycling facilities. Thus economic instruments and improved logistics and infrastructure may promote increased recycling. Den här rapporten finns endast på engelska. Svensk sammanfattning finns i rapporten.
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| 23. |
- Palm Cousins, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Produktval av golv- och väggbeklädnader av PVC som innehåller DINP/DIDP
- 2016
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Inom byggsektorn finns flera frivilliga bedömningssystem som syftar till att fasa ut farliga ämnen från bygg- och anläggnings-produkter, såsom BASTA, Byggvarubedömningen och Sunda Hus. Fortfarande är det dock så att det finns byggprodukter som måste användas i dagens byggande som inte omfattas av systemen. Dessutom finns det ett intresse av att använda återvunnet material som kan innehålla ämnen som inte accepteras i bedömningssystemen. För de byggprodukter som inte klarar kraven men som inte är ersättningsbara finns ett behov av kunskap och stöd till hur man ska motivera och hantera avvikelser för dessa krav i samband med produktval.
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