| 1. |
- Alexander, M S, et al.
(författare)
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International standards to document remaining autonomic function after spinal cord injury.
- 2008
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Ingår i: Spinal cord : the official journal of the International Medical Society of Paraplegia. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1362-4393. ; 47:1, s. 36-43
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- STUDY DESIGN: Experts opinions consensus. OBJECTIVE: To develop a common strategy to document remaining autonomic neurologic function following spinal cord injury (SCI). BACKGROUND AND RATIONALE: The impact of a specific SCI on a person's neurologic function is generally described through use of the International Standards for the Neurological Classification of SCI. These standards document the remaining motor and sensory function that a person may have; however, they do not provide information about the status of a person's autonomic function. METHODS: Based on this deficiency, the American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) and the International Spinal Cord Society (ISCoS) commissioned a group of international experts to develop a common strategy to document the remaining autonomic neurologic function. RESULTS: Four subgroups were commissioned: bladder, bowel, sexual function and general autonomic function. On-line communication was followed by numerous face to face meetings. The information was then presented in a summary format at a course on Measurement in Spinal Cord Injury, held on June 24, 2006. Subsequent to this it was revised online by the committee members, posted on the websites of both ASIA and ISCoS for comment and re-revised through webcasts. Topics include an overview of autonomic anatomy, classification of cardiovascular, respiratory, sudomotor and thermoregulatory function, bladder, bowel and sexual function. CONCLUSION:This document describes a new system to document the impact of SCI on autonomic function. Based upon current knowledge of the neuroanatomy of autonomic function this paper provides a framework with which to communicate the effects of specific spinal cord injuries on cardiovascular, broncho-pulmonary, sudomotor, bladder, bowel and sexual function.
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| 2. |
- Angelopoulos, V., et al.
(författare)
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First Results from the THEMIS Mission
- 2008
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Ingår i: Space Science Reviews. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0038-6308 .- 1572-9672. ; 141:1-4, s. 453-476
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- THEMIS was launched on February 17, 2007 to determine the trigger and large-scale evolution of substorms. During the first seven months of the mission the five satellites coasted near their injection orbit to avoid differential precession in anticipation of orbit placement, which started in September 2007 and led to a commencement of the baseline mission in December 2007. During the coast phase the probes were put into a string-of-pearls configuration at 100 s of km to 2 R-E along-track separations, which provided a unique view of the magnetosphere and enabled an unprecedented dataset in anticipation of the first tail season. In this paper we describe the first THEMIS substorm observations, captured during instrument commissioning on March 23, 2007. THEMIS measured the rapid expansion of the plasma sheet at a speed that is commensurate with the simultaneous expansion of the auroras on the ground. These are the first unequivocal observations of the rapid westward expansion process in space and on the ground. Aided by the remote sensing technique at energetic particle boundaries and combined with ancillary measurements and MHD simulations, they allow determination and mapping of space currents. These measurements show the power of the THEMIS instrumentation in the tail and the radiation belts. We also present THEMIS Flux Transfer Events (FTE) observations at the magnetopause, which demonstrate the importance of multi-point observations there and the quality of the THEMIS instrumentation in that region of space.
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| 3. |
- Johansson, T., et al.
(författare)
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Observation of an inner magnetosphere electric field associated with a BBF-like flow and PBIs
- 2009
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Ingår i: Annales Geophysicae. - : Copernicus GmbH. - 0992-7689 .- 1432-0576. ; 27:4, s. 1489-1500
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Themis E observed a perpendicular (to the magnetic field) electric field associated with an Earthward plasma flow at XGSM=-9.6 R-E on 11 January 2008. The electric field observation resembles Cluster observations closer to Earth in the auroral region. The fast plasma flow shared some characteristics with bursty bulk flows (BBFs) but did not meet the usual criteria in maximum velocity and duration to qualify as one. Themis C observed the same flow further downtail but Themis D, separated by only 1 R-E in azimuthal direction from Themis E, did not. At the time of the electric field and ion flow event, the all-sky imager and ground-based magnetometer at Rankin Inlet observed Poleward Boundary Intensifications (PBIs) and a negative bay signature. None of the other Themis ground-based observatories recorded any significant auroral or magnetic field activity, indicating that this was a localized activity. The joint Themis in situ and ground-based observations suggest that the two observations are related. This indicates that auroral electric fields can extend to regions much farther out than previously seen in Cluster observations.
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