| 1. |
- Echternach, Matthias, et al.
(författare)
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Laryngeal evidence for the first and second passaggio in professionally trained sopranos
- 2017
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Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library Science. - 1932-6203. ; 12:5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction Due to a lack of empirical data, the current understanding of the laryngeal mechanics in the passaggio regions (i.e., the fundamental frequency ranges where vocal registration events usually occur) of the female singing voice is still limited. Material and methods In this study the first and second passaggio regions of 10 professionally trained female classical soprano singers were analyzed. The sopranos performed pitch glides from A3 (f(o) = 220 Hz) to A4 (f(o) = 440 Hz) and from A4 (f(o) = 440 Hz) to A5 (f(o) = 880 Hz) on the vowel [i:]. Vocal fold vibration was assessed with trans-nasal high speed videoendoscopy at 20,000 fps, complemented by simultaneous electroglottographic (EGG) and acoustic recordings. Register breaks were perceptually rated by 12 voice experts. Voice stability was documented with the EGG-based sample entropy. Glottal opening and closing patterns during the passaggi were analyzed, supplemented with open quotient data extracted from the glottal area waveform. Results In both the first and the second passaggio, variations of vocal fold vibration patterns were found. Four distinct patterns emerged: smooth transitions with either increasing or decreasing durations of glottal closure, abrupt register transitions, and intermediate loss of vocal fold contact. Audible register transitions (in both the first and second passaggi) generally coincided with higher sample entropy values and higher open quotient variance through the respective passaggi. Conclusions Noteworthy vocal fold oscillatory registration events occur in both the first and the second passaggio even in professional sopranos. The respective transitions are hypothesized to be caused by either (a) a change of laryngeal biomechanical properties; or by (b) vocal tract resonance effects, constituting level 2 source-filter interactions.
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| 2. |
- Echternach, Matthias, et al.
(författare)
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Resonatory Properties in Professional Tenors Singing Above the Passaggio
- 2016
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Ingår i: Acta Acoustica united with Acustica. - 1610-1928 .- 1861-9959. ; 102:2, s. 298-306
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction: The question of formant tuning in male professional voices has been a matter of discussion for many years. Material and Methods: In this study four very successful Western classically trained tenors of different repertoire were analysed. They sang a scale on the vowel conditions /a,e,i,o,u/ from the pitch C4 (250 Hz) to A4 (440 Hz) in their stage voice avoiding a register shift to falsetto. Formant frequencies were calculated from inverse filtering of the audio signal and from two-dimensional MRI data. Results: Both estimations showed only for vowel conditions with low first formant (F1) a tuning F1 adjusted to the first harmonic. For other vowel conditions, however, no clear systematic formant tuning was observed. Conclusion: For most vowel conditions the data are not able to support the hypothesis of a systematic formant tuning for professional classically trained tenors.
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| 3. |
- Selamtzis, Andreas, 1984-, et al.
(författare)
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A comparison of electroglottographic and glottal area waveforms for phonation type differentiation in male professional singers
- 2018
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This study investigates the use of glottographic signals (EGG and GAW) to study phonation in different vibratory states as produced by professionally trained singers. Six western classical tenors were asked to phonate pitch glides from modal to falsetto phonation, or modal to their stage voice above the passaggio (SVaP). For each pitch glide the sample entropy (SampEn) of the EGG signal was calculated to establish a “ground truth” for the performed phonation type; the cycles before the maximum SampEn peak were labeled as modal, and the cycles after the peak as falsetto, or SVaP. Three classifications of vibratory state were performed using clustering: one based only on the EGG, one based on the GAW, and one based on their combi- nation. The classification error rate (clustering vs ground truth) was on average smaller than 10%, for any of the three settings, revealing no special advantage of the GAW over EGG, and vice versa. The EGG-based time domain metric analysis revealed a larger contact quotient and larger normalized EGG derivative peak ratio in modal, compared to SVaP and falsetto. The glottographic waveform comparison of SVaP with falsetto and modal suggests that SVaP resembles more falsetto than modal, though with a larger contact quotient.
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| 4. |
- Selamtzis, Andreas, et al.
(författare)
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A comparison of electroglottographic and glottal area waveforms for phonation type differentiation in male professional singers
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. - : Acoustical Society of America. - 0001-4966 .- 1520-8524. ; 144:6, s. 3275-3288
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study compares the use of electroglottograms (EGGs) and glottal area waveforms (GAWs) to study phonation in different vibratory states as produced by professionally trained singers. Six western classical tenors were asked to phonate pitch glides from modal to falsetto phonation, or from modal to their stage voice above the passaggio (SVaP). For each pitch glide the sample entropy (SampEn) of the EGG signal was calculated to detect the occurrence of phonatory instabilities and establish a ￜground truthￜ for the performed phonation type. The cycles before the maximum SampEn were labeled as modal, and the cycles after the peak were labeled as either falsetto, or SVaP. Three automatic categorizations of vibratory state were performed using clustering: one based only on the EGG, one based on the GAW, and one based on their combination. The error rate (clustering vs ground truth) was, on average, lower than 10% for all of the three settings, revealing no special advantage of the GAW over EGG, and vice vers...
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