| 1. |
- Asadpoordarvish, Amir, et al.
(författare)
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A Flexible Encapsulation Structure for Ambient-Air Operation of Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cells
- 2016
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Ingår i: Advanced Engineering Materials. - : Wiley. - 1438-1656 .- 1527-2648. ; 18:1, s. 105-110
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The emerging field of organic electronics is heralded because it promises low-cost and flexible devices, and it was recently demonstrated that a light-emitting electrochemical cell (LEC) can be fabricated with cost-efficient methods under ambient air. However, the LEC turns sensitive to oxygen and water during light-emission, and it is therefore timely to identify flexible encapsulation structures. Here, we demonstrate that a multilayer film, featuring a water and oxygen barrier property of ≈1 × 10–3 g/m2/day and ≈1 × 10–3 cm3/m2/bar/day respectively, is fit for this task. By sandwiching an LEC between such multilayer barriers, as attached by a UV-curable epoxy, we realize flexible LECs with performance on par with identical glass-encapsulated devices, and which remain functional after one year storage under air.
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| 2. |
- Asadpoordarvish, Amir, 1984-
(författare)
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Functional and Flexible Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cells
- 2015
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The introduction of artificial illumination has brought extensive benefits to mankind, and during the last years we have seen a tremendous progress in this field with the introduction of the energy-efficient light-emitting diode (LED) and the high-contrast organic LED display. These high-end technologies are, however, produced using costly and complex processes, and it is anticipated that the next big thing in the field will be the advent of a low-cost and “green” illumination technology, which can be fabricated in a cost- and material-efficient manner using non-toxic and abundant raw materials, and which features attractive form factors such as flexibility, robustness and light-weight. The light-emitting electrochemical cell (LEC) is a newly invented illumination technology, and in this thesis we present results that imply that it can turn the above vision into reality.The thin-film LEC comprises an active material sandwiched between a cathode and an anode as its key constituent parts. With the aid of a handheld air-brush, we show that functional large-area LECs can be fabricated by simply spraying three layers of solution -- forming the anode, active material, and cathode -- on top of a substrate. We also demonstrate that such “spray-sintered” LECs can feature multicolored emission patterns, and be fabricated directly on complex-shaped surfaces, with one notable example being the realization of a light-emission fork!Almost all LECs up-to-date have been fabricated on glass substrates, but for a flexible and light-weight emissive device, it is obviously relevant to identify more appropriate substrate materials. For this end, we show that it is possible to spray-coat the entire LEC directly on conventional copy paper, and that such paper-LECs feature uniform light-emission even under heavy bending and flexing.We have further looked into the fundamental aspects of the LEC operation and demonstrated that the in-situ doping formation, which is a characteristic and heralded feature of LECs, can bring problems in the form of doping-induced self-absorption. By quantitatively analyzing this phenomenon, we provided straightforward guidelines on how future efficiency-optimized LEC devices should be designed.The in-situ doping formation process brings the important advantage that LECs can be fabricated from solely air-stabile materials, but during light emission the device needs to be protected from the ambient air. We have therefore developed a functional glass/epoxy encapsulation procedure for the attainment of LEC devices that feature a record-long ambient-air operational lifetime of 5600 h. For the light-emission device of the future, it is however critical that the encapsulation is flexible, and in our last study, we show that the use of multi-layer barrier can result in high-performance flexible LECs.
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| 3. |
- Asadpoordarvish, Amir, 1984-, et al.
(författare)
-
Light-Emitting Paper
- 2015
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Ingår i: Advanced Functional Materials. - : Wiley. - 1616-301X .- 1616-3028. ; 25:21, s. 3238-3245
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A solution-based fabrication of flexible and light-weight light-emitting devices on paper substrates is reported. Two different types of paper substrates are coated with a surface-emitting light-emitting electrochemical cell (LEC) device: a multilayer-coated specialty paper with an intermediate surface roughness of 0.4 μm and a low-end and low-cost copy paper with a large surface roughness of 5 μm. The entire device fabrication is executed using a handheld airbrush, and it is notable that all of the constituent layers are deposited from solution under ambient air. The top-emitting paper-LECs are highly flexible, and display a uniform light emission with a luminance of 200 cd m−2 at a current conversion efficacy of 1.4 cd A−1.
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| 4. |
- Barzegar, Hamid Reza, et al.
(författare)
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Self-assembled PCBM nanosheets : a facile route to electronic layer-on-Layer heterostructures
- 2018
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Ingår i: Nano letters (Print). - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1530-6984 .- 1530-6992. ; 18:2, s. 1442-1447
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We report on the self-assembly of semicrystalline [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) nanosheets at the interface between a hydrophobic solvent and water, and utilize this opportunity for the realization of electronically active organic/organic molecular heterostructures. The self-assembled PCBM nanosheets can feature a lateral size of >1 cm2 and be transferred from the water surface to both hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces using facile transfer techniques. We employ a transferred single PCBM nanosheet as the active material in a field-effect transistor (FET) and verify semiconductor function by a measured electron mobility of 1.2 × 10–2 cm2 V–1 s–1 and an on–off ratio of ∼1 × 104. We further fabricate a planar organic/organic heterostructure with the p-type organic semiconductor poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) as the bottom layer and the n-type PCBM nanosheet as the top layer and demonstrate ambipolar FET operation with an electron mobility of 8.7 × 10–4 cm2 V–1 s–1 and a hole mobility of 3.1 × 10–4 cm2V–1 s–1.
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| 5. |
- Dahlberg, Tobias, et al.
(författare)
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3D printed water-soluble scaffolds for rapid production of PDMS micro-fluidic flow chambers
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : Nature Publishing Group. - 2045-2322. ; 8:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We report a novel method for fabrication of three-dimensional (3D) biocompatible micro-fluidic flow chambers in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) by 3D-printing water-soluble polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) filaments as master scaffolds. The scaffolds are first embedded in the PDMS and later residue-free dissolved in water leaving an inscription of the scaffolds in the hardened PDMS. We demonstrate the strength of our method using a regular, cheap 3D printer, and evaluate the inscription process and the channels micro-fluidic properties using image analysis and digital holographic microscopy. Furthermore, we provide a protocol that allows for direct printing on coverslips and we show that flow chambers with a channel cross section down to 40 x 300 μm can be realized within 60 min. These flow channels are perfectly transparent, biocompatible and can be used for microscopic applications without further treatment. Our proposed protocols facilitate an easy, fast and adaptable production of micro-fluidic channel designs that are cost-effective, do not require specialized training and can be used for a variety of cell and bacterial assays. To help readers reproduce our micro-fluidic devices, we provide: full preparation protocols, 3D-printing CAD files for channel scaffolds and our custom-made molding device, 3D printer build-plate leveling instructions, and G-code.
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| 6. |
- Ekeroth, Sebastian, 1988-, et al.
(författare)
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Catalytic nanotruss structures realized by magnetic self-assembly in pulsed plasma
- 2018
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Ingår i: Nano Letters. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1530-6984 .- 1530-6992. ; 18:5, s. 3132-3137
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Tunable nanostructures that feature a high surface area are firmly attached to a conducting substrate and can be fabricated efficiently over significant areas, which are of interest for a wide variety of applications in, for instance, energy storage and catalysis. We present a novel approach to fabricate Fe nanoparticles using a pulsed-plasma process and their subsequent guidance and self-organization into well-defined nanostructures on a substrate of choice by the use of an external magnetic field. A systematic analysis and study of the growth procedure demonstrate that nondesired nanoparticle agglomeration in the plasma phase is hindered by electrostatic repulsion, that a polydisperse nanoparticle distribution is a consequence of the magnetic collection, and that the formation of highly networked nanotruss structures is a direct result of the polydisperse nanoparticle distribution. The nanoparticles in the nanotruss are strongly connected, and their outer surfaces are covered with a 2 nm layer of iron oxide. A 10 μm thick nanotruss structure was grown on a lightweight, flexible and conducting carbon-paper substrate, which enabled the efficient production of H2 gas from water splitting at a low overpotential of 210 mV and at a current density of 10 mA/cm2.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Enevold, Jenny, 1981-
(författare)
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Structure and morphology control of organic semiconductors for functional optoelectronic applications
- 2019
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The functionality and application of organic semiconductors are largely dependent on their constituent structure and morphology. This thesis presents a number of functional and novel approaches for the control and tuning of structural and morphological features of a variety of organic semiconductor materials, and also demonstrates that these approaches can be utilized for improved device operation of field-effect transistors, organic solar cells and light-emitting electrochemical cells.The fullerene family is a particular group of closed-cage organic semiconductors, which can be photochemically coupled into larger dimeric or polymeric structures through the excitation of the fullerene molecules by light emission. In Paper I, we perform a detailed experimental and analytical investigation, which demonstrates that this photochemical monomer-to-dimer transformation requires that both constituent fullerene molecules are photoexcited. The direct consequence is that the initial probability for the photochemical transformation is dependent on the square of the light-emission intensity.The photochemical coupling of fullerene molecules commonly results in a distinctly lowered solubility in common hydrophobic solvents, which can be utilized for the direct patterning of fullerene films by resist-free lithography. In Paper II, we utilize this patterning opportunity for the fabrication of one-dimensional fullerene nano-stripes using two-beam laser interference lithography. A desired high contrast between the patterned and non-patterned fullerene regions is facilitated by the non-linear response of the photochemical transformation process, as predicted by the findings in Paper I. The patterned fullerene nano-stripes were utilized as the active material in field-effect transistors, which featured high electron mobility and large on-off ratio.This patterning was in Paper III extended into easy tunable two-dimensional fullerene structures by the design and development of an exposure setup, essentially comprising a laser and a spatial light modulator featuring >8 millions of independently controlled mirrors. With this approach, we could fabricate well-defined fullerene microdots over a several square-millimeter sized area, which was utilized as an internal out-coupling layer in a light-emitting electrochemical cell with significantly enhanced light output.Paper IV reports on the development of a new “spray-sintering” method for the cost-efficient solution-based deposition of the active material in light-emitting electrochemical cells. This carefully designed approach effectively resolves the issue with phase separation between the hydrophobic organic semiconductor and the hydrophilic electrolyte that results in a sub-par LEC performance, and also allows for the direct fabrication of LEC devices onto complex surfaces, including a stainless-steel fork.Paper V finally reports on the design and synthesis of a soluble small molecule, featuring a donor-acceptor-donor configuration. It acts as the donor when combined with a soluble fullerene acceptor in the active material of organic solar cells, and such devices with optimized donor/acceptor nanomorphology feature a high open-circuit voltage of ~1.0 V during solar illumination.
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| 9. |
- Gerz, Isabelle, et al.
(författare)
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Oligomer Electrolytes for Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cells : Influence of the End Groups on Ion Coordination, Ion Binding, and Turn-on Kinetics
- 2019
-
Ingår i: ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1944-8244 .- 1944-8252. ; 11:43, s. 40372-40381
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The electrolyte is an essential constituent of the light-emitting electrochemical cell (LEC), since its operating mechanism is dependent on the redistribution of mobile ions in the active layer. Recent developments of new ion transporters have yielded high-performance devices, but knowledge about the interactions between the ionic species and the ion transporters and the influence of these interactions on the LEC performance is lacking. We therefore present a combined computational and experimental effort that demonstrates that the selection of the end group in a star-branched oligomeric ion transporter based on trimethylolpropane ethoxylate has a paramount influence on the ionic interactions in the electrolyte and thereby also on the performance of the corresponding LECs. With hydroxyl end groups, the the salt is strongly coordinated to the ion transporter, which leads to suppression of ion pairing, but the penalty is a hindered ion release and a slow turn-on for the LEC devices. With methoxy end groups, an intermediate coordination strength is seen together with the formation of contact ion pairs, but the LEC performance is very good with fast turn-on. Using a series of ion transporters with alkyl carbonate end groups, the ion transporter:cation coordination strength is lowered further, but the turn-on kinetics are slower than what is seen for devices comprising the methoxy end-capped ion transporter.
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| 10. |
- Iqbal, Javed, et al.
(författare)
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An arylene-vinylene based donor-acceptor-donor small molecule for the donor compound in high-voltage organic solar cells
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells. - : Elsevier BV. - 0927-0248 .- 1879-3398. ; 155, s. 348-355
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A donor-acceptor-donor (D-A-D) molecule has been designed and synthesized for use as the electron donating material in solution-processed small-molecule organic solar cells (OSCs). The D-A-D molecule comprises a central electron-accepting (2Z,2'Z)-2,2'-(2,5-bis(octyloxy)-1,4-phenylene)bis(3-(thiophen-2-yl)acry lonitrile) (ZOPTAN) core, which is chemically connected to two peripheral and electron-donating triphenylamine (TPA) units. The ZOPTAN-TPA molecule features a low HOMO level of -5.2 eV and an optical energy gap of 2.1 eV. Champion OSCs based on a solution-processed and non-annealed active material blend of [6,6]-phenyl-C-61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) and ZOPTAN-TPA in a mass ratio of 2:1 exhibits a power conversion efficiency of 1.9% and a high open-circuit voltage of 1.0 V.
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| 11. |
- Jin, Xu, et al.
(författare)
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Challenging conventional wisdom : finding high-performance electrodes for light-emitting electrochemical cells
- 2018
-
Ingår i: ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1944-8244 .- 1944-8252. ; 10:39, s. 33380-33389
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The light-emitting electrochemical cell (LEC) exhibits capacity for efficient charge injection from two air stable electrodes into a single-layer active material, which is commonly interpreted as implying that the LEC operation is independent of the electrode selection. Here, we demonstrate that this is far from the truth and that the electrode selection instead has a strong influence on the LEC performance. We systematically investigate 13 different materials for the positive anode and negative cathode in a common LEC configuration with the conjugated polymer Super Yellow as the electroactive emitter and find that Ca, Mn, Ag, Al, Cu, indium tin oxide (ITO), and Au function as the LEC cathode, whereas ITO and Ni can operate as the LEC anode. Importantly, we demonstrate that the electrochemical stability of the electrode is paramount and that particularly electrochemical oxidation of the anode can prohibit the functional LEC operation. We finally report that it appears preferable to design the device so that the heights of the injection barriers at the two electrode/active material interfaces are balanced in order to mitigate electrode-induced quenching of the light emission. As such, this study has expanded the set of air-stable electrode materials available for functional LEC operation and also established a procedure for the evaluation and design of future efficient electrode materials.
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| 12. |
- Kaihovirta, Nikolai, et al.
(författare)
-
Self-absorption in a light-emitting electrochemical cell based on an ionic transition metal complex
- 2015
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Ingår i: Applied Physics Letters. - : AIP Publishing. - 0003-6951 .- 1077-3118. ; 106:10
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We report on the quantitative and qualitative effects of self-absorption in light-emitting electrochemical cells (LECs) based on ionic transition metal complexes (iTMCs), as measured in-situ during electric driving. A yellow-emitting iTMC-LEC comprising an active material thickness of 95 nm suffers a 4% loss of the emission intensity to self-absorption, whereas the same type of device but with a larger active-material thickness of 1 mu m will lose a significant 40% of the light intensity. We also find that the LEC-specific effect of doping-induced self-absorption can result in a drift of the emission spectrum with time for iTMC-LECs, but note that the overall magnitude of doping-induced self-absorption is much smaller than for conjugated-polymer LECs.
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| 13. |
- Keshmiri, Vahid, et al.
(författare)
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A Current Supply with Single Organic Thin-Film Transistor for Charging Supercapacitors
- 2016
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Ingår i: THIN FILM TRANSISTORS 13 (TFT 13). - : ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC. - 9781607687276 ; , s. 217-222
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present a current supply, comprising a single organic thin-film transistor (OTFT), for the charging of supercapacitors. The current supply takes power from the electric grid (115 V AC, US standard), converts the AC voltage to a quasi-constant DC current (similar to 0.1 mA) regardless of the impedance of the load, and charges the supercapacitor. Solution-processed OTFTs based on the popular polymeric semiconductor poly(3-hexylthiophene- 2,5-diyl) have been developed to rectify the 115 V AC voltage. A diodeconfigured OTFT was used as a half-wave rectifier. The single OTFT current supply was demonstrated to charge a 220 mF supercapacitor to 1 V directly using 115 V AC voltage as the input. This work paves the road towards all-printable supercapacitor energy-storage systems with integrated chargers, which enable direct charging from a power outlet.
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| 14. |
- Lanz, Thomas, et al.
(författare)
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A light–emission textile device : conformal spray-sintering of a woven fabric electrode
- 2016
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Ingår i: Flexible and Printed Electronics. - : Institute of Physics (IOP). - 2058-8585. ; 1:2
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We report on the realization of an ultra-flexible, light-weight and large-area emissive textile device. The anode and active material of a light-emitting electrochemical cell (LEC) were deposited by conformal spray-coating of a transparent fabric-based electrode, comprising a weave of fine Ag-coated Cu wires and poly(ethylene naphthalene) monofilament fibers embedded in a polyurethane matrix. The yellow-emitting textile featured low turn-on voltage (5 V), high maximum brightness (>4000 cd m−2), good efficiency (3.4 cd A−1), and reasonable lifetime (180 h at >100 cd m−2). Uniform emission to the eye was attained from thin and highly flexible textiles featuring a large emission area of 42 cm2, without resorting to planarization of the partially wavy-shaped (valley-to-peak height = 2.7 μm) fabric electrode. The key enabling factors for the functional emissive textile are the characteristic in situ electrochemical doping of LEC devices, the 'dry' spray-sintering deposition of the active material, and the attractive mechanical, electronic and optical properties of the fabric-based electrode.
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| 15. |
- Lanz, Thomas, et al.
(författare)
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On the asymmetric evolution of the optical properties of a conjugated polymer during electrochemical p- and n-type doping
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Journal of Materials Chemistry C. - : Royal Society of Chemistry. - 2050-7526 .- 2050-7534. ; 5:19, s. 4706-4715
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We report on the in situ measured evolution of the spectral complex refractive index of a prototypical conjugated polymer, a phenyl-substituted poly (para-phenylenevinylene) copolymer (Ph-PPV, “Super Yellow”), during electrochemical p- and n-type doping. We find that the real part of the refractive index is lowered in a significant and continuous fashion over essentially the entire visible range with doping, as exemplified by a drop in the peak value at ∼480 nm from 2.1 for pristine Ph-PPV to 1.8 at a p-type doping concentration of 0.2 dopants per repeat unit and an n-type doping concentration of 0.6 dopants per repeat unit. The imaginary part features a concomitant distinct bleaching of the high-energy π–π* transition and the emergence of a low-energy polaron band. Interestingly, we observe that the optical response of Ph-PPV to p-type and n-type doping is highly asymmetric, with the former resulting in much stronger changes and a distinct blue-shift of all optical transitions. We tentatively attribute this difference in response to larger effective size of the p-type polaron compared to the n-type polaron. We anticipate that the presented results should be of value for the rational design of emerging optical devices that utilize the doping capacity of conjugated polymers.
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| 16. |
- Larsen, Christian, et al.
(författare)
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Design, fabrication and application of organic power converters : Driving light-emitting electrochemical cells from the AC mains
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Organic electronics. - : Elsevier BV. - 1566-1199 .- 1878-5530. ; 45, s. 57-64
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The design, fabrication and operation of a range of functional power converter circuits, based on diode configured organic field-effect transistors as the rectifying unit and capable of transforming a high AC input voltage to a selectable DC voltage, are presented. The converter functionality is demonstrated by selecting and tuning its constituents so that it can effectively drive a low-voltage organic electronic device, a light-emitting electrochemical cell (LEC), when connected to high-voltage AC mains. It is established that the preferred converter circuit for this task comprises an organic full-wave rectifier and a regulation resistor but is void of a smoothing capacitor, and that such a circuit connected to the AC mains (230 V, 50 Hz) successfully can drive an LEC to bright luminance (360 cd m(-2)) and high efficiency (6.4 cd A(-1)).
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| 17. |
- Lindh, E. Mattias, 1986-
(författare)
-
Bilayer Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cells for Signage and Lighting Applications
- 2016
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Artificial light surrounds us in a manifold of shapes. It is mainly utilized for illumination, but also for graphical communication of complex and evolving messages and information, among other things. It can be generated in different ways with incandescent lamps and fluorescent tubes constituting two common examples. Organic solid state light-generation technologies, which boast advantages such as solution processability, thin and flexible form factors, and large versatility, are modern additions to the field. But regardless of the means of generation, whenever light is to be used to communicate information, as signage or displays, it needs to be patterned. Unfortunately patterning is often complicated and expensive from a fabrication point of view, or renders the devices inefficient. To bridge the gap between present technologies and the need for low-cost and low-complexity patterned light emitters, it is important to develop new device architectures and/or fabrication procedures.In this thesis we show that patterned light emission can be attained from solution processable bilayer light-emitting electrochemical cells (LECs), in which the bilayer stack comprises an electrolyte and an organic semiconductor as the first and second layer, respectively. We investigate a subtractive direct-write approach, in which electrolyte is displaced and patterned by the contact motion of a thin stylus, as well as an additive inkjet-patterning technique. Both result in electroluminescent patterns, e.g., light-emitting sketches and microscopic signage with high pixel density. But they can also build macroscopic patterned regions with homogeneous emission depending on the design of electrolyte features. Using an in-operando optical microscopy study we have investigated the operational physics and some limiting factors of the bilayer LECs. More specifically we find that the electrolyte film homogeneity is a key property for high optical quality, and that the emitting region is defined by the location of the interfaces between electrolyte, anode, and organic semiconductor. We observe that the cationic diffusion length is less than one micrometer in our employed organic semiconductors, and rationalize the localized emission by cationic electric double-layer formation at the cathode, and the electronically insulating electrolyte at the anode.To date, the presented luminescent signage devices feature high-resolution patterns, in both pixelated and line-art form, and show great robustness in terms of fabrication and material compatibility. Being LECs, they have the potential for truly low-cost solution processing, which opens up for new applications and implementations. However, these first reports on patterned bilayer LECs leave plenty of room for improvements of the optical and electronic characteristics. For instance, if the optoelectronic properties of the devices were better understood, a rational design of microscopic electrolyte features could provide for both more efficient LECs, and for more homogeneous light emission from the patterned regions.
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| 18. |
- Lindh, Erik Mattias, 1986-, et al.
(författare)
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Luminescent line art by direct-write patterning
- 2016
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Ingår i: Light: Science & Applications. - : Nature Publishing Group. - 2047-7538. ; 5
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present a direct-write patterning method for the realization of electroluminescent (EL) line art using a surface-emissive light-emitting electrochemical cell with its electrolyte and EL material separated into a bilayer structure. The line-art emission isachieved through subtractive patterning of the electrolyte layer with a stylus, and the single-step patterning can be either manual for personalization and uniqueness or automated for high throughput and repeatability. We demonstrate that the light emission is effectuated by cation-assisted electron injection in the patterned regions and that the resulting emissive lines can be as narrow as a few micrometers. The versatility of the method is demonstrated through the attainment of a wide range of light-emission patterns and colors using a variety of different materials. We propose that this low-voltage-driven and easy-to-modify luminescent line-art technology could be of interest for emerging applications, such as active packaging and personalized gadgets.
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| 19. |
- Lindh, E. Mattias, 1986-
(författare)
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On the operation of light-emitting electrochemical cells
- 2019
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- We are in the midst of a technological revolution that permeates nearly all human activities; artificial light is one of the most visible contributors in this societal change. If more efficient, green, and versatile light sources can be developed, they might improve the life of millions of people around the world while causing minimal damage to our climate and environment. The unique operational mechanism of the light-emitting electrochemical cell (LEC) makes it an ideal fit for some unconventional and emerging uses of light, in for example medicine and security.By exploiting this operational mechanism, in which mobile ions enable electrochemical doping of a luminescent polymer, we have designed and fabricated new bilayer LEC architectures. The bilayer LEC features patterned light emission that is easily adjustable during fabrication, and that can be configured to suit new applications of light. Given the light-emitting nature of the LEC, it is somewhat surprising that the optical understanding of its operation is rather limited. To fill this knowledge gap, we investigate how the optical properties of the luminescent polymer respond to electrochemical doping. We find that the complex-refractive index spectrum in the active layer of an LEC, as a direct result of the doping, varies in both space and time. The thin-film structure of an LEC implies that computational predictions of its luminous output need to consider internal reflections and interference. Finally, we implement a doping dependent optical thin-film simulation model. It enables us to precisely replicate the experimental luminance and angle-dependent emission spectrum for a range of LECs with different thicknesses. Using the model we can also identify and quantify many of the different optical loss mechanisms in LECs, which has not previously been done. The insights that we have collected on the path towards our present model will be useful for computational determination of device parameters that are otherwise difficult to acquire.The improved understanding of the optical operation of LECs is important for the maturation of the technology, as it facilitates formulation of relevant and accurate research questions. Hopefully, our results will accelerate the development of the field, so that useful products based on this technology can become available in the not too distant future.
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| 20. |
- Lindh, E. Mattias, 1986-, et al.
(författare)
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Optical analysis of light-emitting electrochemical cells
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : Nature Publishing Group. - 2045-2322. ; 9
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The light-emitting electrochemical cell (LEC) is a contender for emerging applications of light, primarily because it offers low-cost solution fabrication of easily functionalized device architectures. The attractive properties originate in the in-situ formation of electrochemically doped transport regions that enclose an emissive intrinsic region, but the understanding of how this intricate doping structure affects the optical performance of the LEC is largely lacking. We combine angle- and doping-dependent measurements and simulations, and demonstrate that the emission zone in our high-performance LEC is centered at ~30% of the active-layer thickness (dal) from the anode. We further find that the emission intensity and efficiency are undulating with dal, and establish that the first emission maximum at dal ~ 100 nm is largely limited by the lossy coupling of excitons to the doping regions, whereas the most prominent loss channel at the second maximum at dal ~ 300 nm is wave-guided modes.
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| 21. |
- Lindh, E. Mattias, et al.
(författare)
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The Weak Microcavity as an Enabler for Bright and Fault-tolerant Light-emitting Electrochemical Cells
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : Nature Publishing Group. - 2045-2322. ; 8
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The light-emitting electrochemical cell (LEC) is functional at substantial active-layer thickness, and is as such heralded for being fit for low-cost and fault-tolerant solution-based fabrication. We report here that this statement should be moderated, and that in order to obtain a strong luminous output, it is fundamentally important to fabricate LEC devices with a designed thickness of the active layer. By systematic experimentation and simulation, we demonstrate that weak optical microcavity effects are prominent in a common LEC system, and that the luminance and efficiency, as well as the emission color and the angular intensity, vary in a periodic manner with the active-layer thickness. Importantly, we demonstrate that high-performance light-emission can be attained from LEC devices with a significant active-layer thickness of 300 nm, which implies that low-cost solution-processed LECs are indeed a realistic option, provided that the device structure has been appropriately designed from an optical perspective.
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| 22. |
- Lundberg, Petter, et al.
(författare)
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Thermally activated delayed fluorescence with 7% external quantum efficiency from a light-emitting electrochemical cell
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Nature Communications. - : Nature Publishing Group. - 2041-1723. ; 10
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We report on light-emitting electrochemical cells, comprising a solution-processed single-layer active material and air-stabile electrodes, that exhibit efficient and bright thermally activated delayed fluorescence. Our optimized devices delivers a luminance of 120 cd m−2 at an external quantum efficiency of 7.0%. As such, it outperforms the combined luminance/efficiency state-of-the art for thermally activated delayed fluorescence light-emitting electrochemical cells by one order of magnitude. For this end, we employed a polymeric blend host for balanced electrochemical doping and electronic transport as well as uniform film formation, an optimized concentration (<1 mass%) of guest for complete host-to-guest energy transfer at minimized aggregation and efficient emission, and an appropriate concentration of an electrochemically stabile electrolyte for desired doping effects. The generic nature of our approach is manifested in the attainment of bright and efficient thermally activated delayed fluorescence emission from three different light-emitting electrochemical cells with invariant host:guest:electrolyte number ratio.
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| 23. |
- Lundberg, Petter, et al.
(författare)
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Toward Efficient and Metal-Free Emissive Devices : A Solution Processed Host Guest Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cell Featuring Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence
- 2017
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Ingår i: ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces. - : AMER CHEMICAL SOC. - 1944-8244 .- 1944-8252. ; 9:34, s. 28810-28816
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The next generation of emissive devices should preferably be efficient, low-cost, and environmentally sustainable, and as such utilize all electrically generated excitons (both singlets and triplets) for the light emission, while being free from rare metals such as iridium. Here, we report on a step toward this vision through the design, fabrication, and operation of a host guest light-emitting electrochemical cell (LEC) featuring an organic thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) guest that harvests both singlet and triplet excitons for the emission. The rare-metal-free active material also consists of a polymeric electrolyte and a polymeric compatibilizer for the facilitation of a cost-efficient and scalable solution-based fabrication, and for the use of air-stable electrodes. We report that such TADF-LEC devices can deliver uniform green light emission with a maximum luminance of 228 cd m(-2) when driven by a constant-current density of 770 A m(-2), and 760 cd m(-2) during a voltage ramp, which represents a one-order-of-magnitude improvement in comparison to previous TADF-emitting LECs.
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| 24. |
- Mindemark, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
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Electrolytes for High-Brightness, High-Efficiency Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cells: Going from Polymers to Oligomers
- 2017
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The light-emitting electrochemical cell (LEC), comprising, e.g., a conjugated light-emitting polymer in combination with an electrolyte, offers a promise of cheap and versatile light emission in a simple single-layer device with little dependence on active layer geometry or electrode work functions [1]. The defining feature of the LEC is the presence of mobile ions in the active layer that enables in situ electrochemical doping and p-n junction formation, which gives the LEC a unique set of operational features that distinguishes it from, e.g., the OLED. This includes ion transport-limited turn-on kinetics [2] and an apparent trade-off between brightness and efficiency [3].The mobile ions in an LEC may be provided by means of a polymer electrolyte, i.e., a salt solvated by a polymeric ion transporter, most typically the polyether PEO [2]. Here, we build upon our previous work on high-performance oligoether ion transporters [4] and explore ion transporters based on polycarbonate backbones. Using properly designed molecular structures, we demonstrate record-high current efficacy combined with long operational lifetimes and, most importantly, high-brightness operation. We further reveal distinct differences between polymeric and oligomeric ion transporters in terms of ion transport and phase compatibility and demonstrate how this affects the turn-on kinetics and device efficiency, paving the way for designing new generations of ion transporters for high-performance LECs using ion transporters beyond the polyether paradigm.References(a) Fresta, E.; Costa, R. D. J. Mater. Chem. C 2017, 5, 5643–5675; (b) Tang, S.; Edman, L. Top. Curr. Chem. 2016, 374, 40.Mindemark, J.; Edman, L. J. Mater. Chem. C 2016, 4, 420–432.van Reenen, S. et al. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2015, 25, 3066–3073.Mindemark, J. et al. Chem. Mater. 2016, 28, 2618–2623.
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| 25. |
- Mindemark, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
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High-Performance Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cells by Electrolyte Design
- 2016
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Ingår i: Chemistry of Materials. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0897-4756 .- 1520-5002. ; 28:8, s. 2618-2623
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Polymer light-emitting electrochemical cells (LECs) are inherently dependent on a suitable electrolyte for proper function. Here, we design and synthesize a series of alkyl carbonate-capped star-branched oligoether-based electrolytes with large electrochemical stability windows, facile ion release, and high compatibility with common light-emitting materials. LECs based on such designed electrolytes feature fast turn-on, a long operational lifetime of 1400 h at >100 cd m(-2) and a record-high power conversion efficiency of 18.1 lm W-1, when equipped with an external outcoupling film.
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| 26. |
- Mindemark, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
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Illuminating the electrolyte in light-emitting electrochemical cells
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Journal of Materials Chemistry C. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 2050-7526 .- 2050-7534. ; 4:3, s. 420-432
-
Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Light-emitting electrochemical cells (LECs) convert electric current to light within an active material comprising an electroluminescent organic semiconductor and an electrolyte. It is well established that it is the presence of this electrolyte that enabled the recent development of low-cost fabrication methods of functional LECs as well as the realisation of unique device architectures. At the same time, it should be acknowledged that the current lower performance of LECs in comparison to the more commonplace organic light-emitting diode, at least in part, is intimately linked to the utilisation of non-ideal electrolytes. In this review, we present the tasks that the electrolyte should fulfil during the various stages of LEC operation, and how the characteristics of the electrolyte can affect the LEC performance, specifically the turn-on time, the efficiency and the operational stability. We thereafter introduce the different classes of electrolytes that have been implemented in LEC devices up to date, and discuss how these electrolytes have been able to meet the specific requirements of the LEC technology.
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| 27. |
- Mindemark, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
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Ion Transport beyond the Polyether Paradigm : Introducing Oligocarbonate Ion Transporters for Efficient Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cells
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Advanced Functional Materials. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 1616-301X .- 1616-3028. ; 28:32
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The light-emitting electrochemical cell (LEC) is fundamentally dependent on mobile ions for its operation. In polymer LECs, the mobile ions are commonly provided by dissolving a salt in an ion transporter, with the latter almost invariably being an ether-based compound. Here, the synthesis, characterization, and application of a new class of carbonate-based ion transporters are reported. A polymer LEC, comprising a star-branched oligocarbonate endowed with aliphatic side groups as the ion transporter, features a current efficacy of 13.8 cd A(-1) at a luminance of 1060 cd m(-2), which is a record-high efficiency/luminance combination for a singlet-emitting LEC. It is further established that the design principles of a high-performance carbonate ion transporter constitute the selection of an oligomeric structure over a corresponding polymeric structure and the endowment of the oligomer with functional side chains to render it compatible with the polymeric emitter.
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| 28. |
- Mone, Mariza, 1992, et al.
(författare)
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Star-Shaped Diketopyrrolopyrrole-Zinc Porphyrin that Delivers 900 nm Emission in Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cells
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Chemistry of Materials. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0897-4756 .- 1520-5002. ; 31:23, s. 9721-9728
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The development and application of a deep near-infrared (NIR) emitting star-shaped diketopyrrolopyrrole–Zn-porphyrin compound, ZnP(TDPP)4, is reported. The structure, conjugation, and planarity of the porphyrin compound were carefully tuned by molecular design, which resulted in a low-energy photoluminescence peak at 872 nm. The ZnP(TDPP)4 compound was employed as the emissive guest in light-emitting electrochemical cells (LECs), which also comprised the conjugated polymer poly[1,3-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-5-(5-(6-methyl-4,8-bis(5-(tributylsilyl)thiophen-2-yl)benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophen-2-yl)thiophen-2-yl)-7-(5-methylthiophen-2-yl)-4H,8H-benzo[1,2-c:4,5-c′]dithiophene-4,8-dione] (PBDTSi-BDD) as the majority host, an ionic liquid as the electrolyte, and two air-stabile electrodes. These systematically optimized host–guest LECs featured a peak electroluminescence at 900 nm, which was delivered at a significant radiance of 36 μW/cm2 and at a low drive voltage of 3.8 V. It is notable that this is the most redshifted NIR emission attained from an LEC device to date, and as such, this work introduces Zn porphyrins as a sustainable and tunable option for emerging emissive NIR applications.
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| 29. |
- Murto, Petri Henrik, 1984, et al.
(författare)
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Incorporation of Designed Donor−Acceptor−Donor Segments in a Host Polymer for Strong Near-Infrared Emission from a Large-Area Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cell
- 2018
-
Ingår i: ACS Applied Energy Materials. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 2574-0962. ; 1:4, s. 1753-1761
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cost-efficient thin-film devices that emit in the nearinfrared (NIR) range promise a wide range of important applications. Here, the synthesis and NIR application of a series of copolymers comprising poly[indacenodithieno[3,2- b ]thiophene-2,8-diyl] (PIDTT) as the host and different donor−acceptor−donor (DAD) segments as the guest are reported. We find that a key design criterion for efficient solid-state host-to-guest energy transfer is that the DAD conformation is compatible with the conformation of the host. Such host−guest copolymers are evaluated as the emitter in light-emitting electrochemical cells (LECs) and organic light-emitting diodes, and the best performance is invariably attained from the LEC devices because of the observed balanced electrochemical doping that alleviates issues with a noncentered emission zone. An LEC device comprising a host−guest copolymer with 4,4-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-4 H -silolo[3,2- b :4,5- b′ ]dithiophene as the donor and benzo[ c ][1,2,5]thiadiazole as the acceptor delivers an impressive near-infrared (NIR) performance in the form of a high radiance of 1458 μ W/cm2 at a peak wavelength of 725 nm when driven by a current density of 500 mA/cm2, a second-fast turn-on, and a good stress stability as manifested in a constant radiance output during 3 days of uninterrupted operation. The high-molecular-weight copolymer features excellent processability, and the potential for low-cost and scalable NIR applications is verified through a spray-coating fabrication of a >40 cm2 large-area device, which emits intense and uniform NIR light at a low drive voltage of 4.5 V.
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| 30. |
- Sandström, Andreas, et al.
(författare)
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Towards High-Throughput Coating and Printing of Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cells : A Review and Cost Analysis of Current and Future Methods
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Energy Technology. - : Wiley. - 2194-4288. ; 3:4, s. 329-339
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- A revolution is ongoing in the field of artificial light emission, with two prime examples being the quickly growing application of the energy-efficient light-emitting diode (LED) in illumination and the introduction of the high-contrast organic LED (OLED) display in various handheld appliances. It is anticipated that the next big breakthrough will constitute the emergence of a true low-cost technology, which features novel and attractive form factors such as flexibility, light-weight, and large-area emission. To realize this challenging vision, it is mandatory to identify an emissive technology that can be fabricated in a low-energy and material-conservative manner. In this context, recent demonstrations of a roll-to-roll (R2R) compatible coating and printing of thin-film light-emitting electrochemical cells (LECs) on flexible substrates are highly interesting. Here, we review these achievements, and perform a first analysis of the merits of different LEC fabrication methods with regard to material consumption, capital investment, running cost, and throughput. Among our findings we mention a fault-tolerant, small-volume batch fabrication of LEC devices using spray sintering, which can be executed at a low installment cost of 100000Euro, but where the large-area devices currently carry a fabrication cost tag of 14000Eurom(-2). The true appeal of the technology is, therefore, better visualized in the high-volume R2R-coating scenario, for which the installment cost is 20times higher, but where the projected price tag is much more attractive (11Euro per m(2)). If such flexible and light-weight (and potentially metal-free) sheets are driven at a luminance of 1000cdm(-2), the cost per lumen is a mere 0.0036Eurolm(-1), which is one order of magnitude lower than the projected future costs for LEDs and OLEDs.
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| 31. |
- Sandström, Robin, 1988-
(författare)
-
Innovations in nanomaterials for proton exchange membrane fuel cells
- 2019
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Hydrogen technologies are rapidly receiving increased attention as it offers a renewable energy alternative to the current petroleum-based fuel infrastructure, considering that continued large-scale use of such fossil fuels will lead to disastrous impacts on our environment. The proton exchange membrane fuel cell should play a significant role in a hydrogen economy since it enables convenient and direct conversion of hydrogen into electricity, thus allowing the use of hydrogen in applications particularly suited for the transportation industry. To fully realize this, multiple engineering challenges as well as development of advanced nanomaterials must however be addressed.In this thesis, we present discoveries of new innovative nanomaterials for proton exchange membrane fuel cells by targeting the entire membrane electrode assembly. Conceptually, we first propose new fabrication techniques of gas diffusion electrodes based on helical carbon nanofibers, where an enhanced three-phase boundary was noted in particular for hierarchical structures. The cathode catalyst, responsible for facilitating the sluggish oxygen reduction reaction, was further improved by the synthesis of platinum-based nanoparticles with an incorporated secondary metal (iron, yttrium and cobalt). Here, both solvothermal and high-temperature microwave syntheses were employed. Catalytic activities were improved compared to pure platinum and could be attributed to favorably shifted oxygen adsorption energies as a result of successful incorporation of the non-precious metal. As best exemplified by platinum-iron nanoparticles, the oxygen reduction reaction was highly sensitive to both metal composition and the type of crystal structure. Finally, a proton exchange membrane based on fluorine and sulfonic acid functionalized graphene oxide was prepared and tested in hydrogen fuel cell conditions, showing improvements such as lowered hydrogen permeation and better structural stability. Consequently, we have demonstrated that there is room for improvement of multiple components, suggesting that more powerful fuel cells can likely be anticipated in the future.
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| 32. |
- Shafikov, Marsel Z., et al.
(författare)
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An efficient heterodinuclear Ir(III)/Pt(II) complex : synthesis, photophysics and application in light-emitting electrochemical cells
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Journal of Materials Chemistry C. - : ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY. - 2050-7526 .- 2050-7534. ; 7:34, s. 10672-10682
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We report on the design, synthesis, characterization and successful application of a heterodinuclear Ir(III)/Pt(II) complex endowed with two 4,6-diphenylpyrimidine ligands and two acetylacetonate ligands, with one of the former being the rigid bridging unit between the two metal centers. The heterodinuclear complex exhibits red phosphorescence with a high quantum yield of Phi(PL) = 85% and a short room-temperature decay time of tau = 640 ns in degassed toluene solution. The high efficiency of the spin-forbidden T-1 -> S-0 transition is demonstrated to originate in a strong spin-orbit coupling of the T-1 state with a manifold of excited singlet states, which contributes to the record-breaking zero-field splitting of the T-1 state of 240 cm(-1). The high-solubility and non-ionic hetero-dinuclear complex was employed as the emissive guest compound in host-guest light-emitting electrochemical cells, and such optimized devices delivered vibrant red emission (lambda(peak) = 615 nm) with a second-fast turn-on and a high external quantum efficiency of 2.7% at a luminance of 265 cd m(-2).
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| 33. |
- Sharifi, Tiva, et al.
(författare)
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Toward a Low-Cost Artificial Leaf : Driving Carbon-Based and Bifunctional Catalyst Electrodes with Solution-Processed Perovskite Photovoltaics
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Advanced Energy Materials. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 1614-6832 .- 1614-6840. ; 6:20, s. 1-10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Molecular hydrogen can be generated renewably by water splitting with an artificial-leaf device, which essentially comprises two electrocatalyst electrodes immersed in water and powered by photovoltaics. Ideally, this device should operate efficiently and be fabricated with cost-efficient means using earth-abundant materials. Here, a lightweight electrocatalyst electrode, comprising large surface-area NiCo2O4 nanorods that are firmly anchored onto a carbon-paper current collector via a dense network of nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes is presented. This electrocatalyst electrode is bifunctional in that it can efficiently operate as both anode and cathode in the same alkaline solution, as quantified by a delivered current density of 10 mA cm(-2) at an overpotential of 400 mV for each of the oxygen and hydrogen evolution reactions. By driving two such identical electrodes with a solution-processed thin-film perovskite photovoltaic assembly, a wired artificial-leaf device is obtained that features a Faradaic H-2 evolution efficiency of 100%, and a solar-to-hydrogen conversion efficiency of 6.2%. A detailed cost analysis is presented, which implies that the material-payback time of this device is of the order of 100 days.
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| 34. |
- Tang, Shi, et al.
(författare)
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Design rules for light-emitting electrochemical cells delivering bright luminance at 27.5 percent external quantum efficiency
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Nature Communications. - : Nature Publishing Group. - 2041-1723. ; 8
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The light-emitting electrochemical cell promises cost-efficient, large-area emissive applications, as its characteristic in-situ doping enables use of air-stabile electrodes and a solution-processed single-layer active material. However, mutual exclusion of high efficiency and high brightness has proven a seemingly fundamental problem. Here we present a generic approach that overcomes this critical issue, and report on devices equipped with air-stabile electrodes and outcoupling structure that deliver a record-high efficiency of 99.2 cd A(-1) at a bright luminance of 1910 cd m(-2). This device significantly outperforms the corresponding optimized organic light-emitting diode despite the latter employing calcium as the cathode. The key to this achievement is the design of the host-guest active material, in which tailored traps suppress exciton diffusion and quenching in the central recombination zone, allowing efficient triplet emission. Simultaneously, the traps do not significantly hamper electron and hole transport, as essentially all traps in the transport regions are filled by doping.
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| 35. |
- Tang, Shi, et al.
(författare)
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Intense and Stable Near-Infrared Emission from Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cells Comprising a Metal-Free Indacenodithieno[3,2-b]thiophene-Based Copolymer as the Single Emitter
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Chemistry of Materials. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1520-5002 .- 0897-4756. ; 29:18, s. 7750-7759
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We report on the synthesis, characterization, and application of a series of metal-free near-infrared (NIR) emitting alternating donor/acceptor copolymers based on indacenodithieno[3,2-b]thiophene (IDTT) as the donor unit. A light-emitting electrochemical cell (LEC), comprising a blend of the copolymer poly[indacenodithieno[3,2-b]thiophene-2,8-diyl-alt-2,3-diphenyl-5,8-di(thiophen-2-y1)- quinoxaline-5,5'-diy1] and an ionic liquid as the single-layer active material sandwiched between two air-stable electrodes, delivered NIR emission (lambda(peak) = 705 nm) with a high radiance of 129 mu W/cm(2) when driven by a low voltage of 3.4 V. The NIR-LEC also featured good stress stability, as manifested in that the peak NIR output from a nonencapsulated device after 24 h of continuous operation only had dropped by 3% under N-2 atmosphere and by 27% under ambient air. This work accordingly introduces IDTT-based donor/acceptor copolymers as functional metal-free electroluminescent materials in NIR-emitting devices and also provides guidelines for how future NIR emitters should be designed for further improved performance.
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| 36. |
- Tang, Shi, et al.
(författare)
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Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cells : A Review on Recent Progress
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Topics in Current Chemistry. - : Springer. - 2365-0869 .- 2364-8961. ; 374:4
-
Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The light-emitting electrochemical cell (LEC) is an area-emitting device, which features a complex turn-on process that ends with the formation of a p-n junction doping structure within the active material. This in-situ doping transformation is attractive in that it promises to pave the way for an unprecedented low-cost fabrication of thin and light-weight devices that present efficient light emission at low applied voltage. In this review, we present recent insights regarding the operational mechanism, breakthroughs in the development of scalable and adaptable solution-based methods for cost-efficient fabrication, and successful efforts toward the realization of LEC devices with improved efficiency and stability.
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| 37. |
- Tang, Shi, et al.
(författare)
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On the Design of Host-Guest Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cells : Should the Guest be Physically Blended or Chemically Incorporated into the Host for Efficient Emission?
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Advanced Optical Materials. - : Wiley-VCH Verlagsgesellschaft. - 2162-7568 .- 2195-1071. ; 7:18
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- It has recently been demonstrated that light-emitting electrochemical cells (LECs) can be designed to deliver strong emission with high efficiency when the charge transport is effectuated by a majority host and the emission is executed by a minority guest. A relevant question is then: should the guest be physically blended with or chemically incorporated into the host? A systematic study is presented that establishes that for near-infrared-(NIR-) emitting LECs based on poly(indacenodithieno[3,2-b]thiophene) (PIDTT) as the host and 4,7-bis(4,4-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-4H-silolo[3,2-b:4,5-b ']dithiophen-2-yl)benzo[c][1,2,5]-thiadiazole (SBS) as the guest the chemical-incorporation approach is preferable. The host-to-guest energy transfer in LEC devices is highly efficient at a low guest concentration of 0.5%, whereas guest aggregation and ion redistribution during device operation severly inhibits this transfer in the physical-blend devices. The chemical-incorporation approach also results in a redshifted emission with a somewhat lowered photoluminescence quantum yield, but the LEC performance is nevertheless very good. Specifically, an NIR-LEC device comprising a guest-dilute (0.5 molar%) PIDTT-SBS copolymer delivers highly stabile operation at a high radiance of 263 mu W cm(-2) (peak wavelength = 725 nm) and with an external quantum efficiency of 0.214%, which is close to the theoretical limit for this particular emitter and device geometry.
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| 38. |
- Tang, Shi, et al.
(författare)
-
On the selection of a host compound for efficient host-guest light-emitting electrochemical cells
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Journal of Materials Chemistry C. - : Royal Society of Chemistry. - 2050-7526 .- 2050-7534. ; 3:31, s. 8114-8120
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A light-emitting electrochemical cell (LEC) is characterized by its electrochemical doping operation that facilitates advantages as regards device fabrication and functionality, but it currently suffers from the drawback that the efficiency at significant luminance is not very high. A viable solution to this setback could be the implementation of a host-guest active material, where the majority host transports the electronic charge and the guest is a triplet emitter that features an appropriate energy structure for facile exciton transfer and trapping as well as for efficient light emission. Here, we demonstrate that an additional critical property of a functional host-guest LEC is that the host can be electrochemically p- and n-type doped, as can be deduced from screening studies on open planar devices and by cyclic voltammetry. LEC devices based on hosts that do not fulfill this fundamental criterion are shown to suffer from low luminance and poor efficiency, whereas host-guest LECs, based on a host material capable of electrochemical doping, exhibit a much improved luminance and efficiency, with the efficiency being well retained at high luminance values also.
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| 39. |
- Tang, Shi, et al.
(författare)
-
White Light from a Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cell : Controlling the Energy-Transfer in a Conjugated Polymer/Triplet-Emitter Blend
- 2015
-
Ingår i: ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1944-8244 .- 1944-8252. ; 7:46, s. 25955-25960
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We report on the attainment of broadband white light emission from a hostguest light-emitting electrochemical cell, comprising a blue-emitting conjugated polymer as the majority host and a red-emitting small-molecule triplet emitter as the minority guest. An analysis of the energy structure reveals that host-to-guest energy transfer can be effectuated by both Forster and Dexter processes, and through a careful optimization of the active material composition partial energy transfer and white emission is accomplished at a low guest concentration of 0.5%. By adding a small amount of a yellow-emitting conjugated polymer to the active material, white light emission with a high color rendering index of 79, and an efficiency of 4.3 cd/A at significant luminance (>200 cd/m2), is realized.
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| 40. |
- Wang, Jia, et al.
(författare)
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Combining an Ionic Transition Metal Complex with a Conjugated Polymer for Wide-Range Voltage-Controlled Light-Emission Color
- 2015
-
Ingår i: ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1944-8244 .- 1944-8252. ; 7:4, s. 2784-2789
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We report on voltage-controlled electroluminescence (EL) over a broad range of colors from a two-luminophor (2L) light-emitting electrochemical cell (LEC), comprising a blend of a majority blue-emitting conjugated polymer (blue-CP), a minority red-emitting ionic transition metal complex (red-iTMC), and an ion-transporting compound as the active layer. The EL color is reversibly shifted from red, over orange, pink, and white, to blue by simply changing the applied voltage from 3 to 7 V. An analysis of our results suggests that the low concentration of immobile cations intrinsic to this particular device configuration controls the electron injection and thereby the EL color: at low voltage, electrons are selectively injected into the low-barrier minority red-iTMC, but with increasing voltage the injection into the high-barrier majority blue-CP is gradually improved.
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| 41. |
- Xiong, Wenjing, 1989, et al.
(författare)
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Combining Benzotriazole and Benzodithiophene Host Units in Host-Guest Polymers for Efficient and Stable Near-Infrared Emission from Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cells
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Advanced Optical Materials. - : Wiley. - 2195-1071 .- 2162-7568. ; 7:15
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A set of host-guest copolymers with alternating benzodithiophene and benzotriazole (BTz) derivatives as host units and 4,7-bis(5-bromothiophen-2-yl)-benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole as the minority guest are synthesized, characterized, and evaluated for applications. A light-emitting electrochemical cell (LEC) comprising such a host-guest copolymer delivers fast-response near-infrared (NIR) emission peaked at 723 nm with a high radiance of 169 mu W cm(-2) at a low drive voltage of 3.6 V. The NIR-LEC also features good stability, as the peak NIR output only drops by 8% after 350 h of continuous operation. It is, however, found that the LEC performance is highly sensitive to the detailed chemical structure of the host backbone, and that the addition of electron-donating thiophene bridging units onto the BTz unit is highly positive while the inclusion of fluorine atoms results in a drastically lowered performance, presumably because of the emergence of hydrogen bonding within the active material.
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