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| 2. |
- Åman, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Recent developments in large-area photomasks for display applications
- 2001
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Ingår i: Journal of the Society for Information Display. - San Jose, CA : Wiley. - 1071-0922. ; 9:1, s. 3-8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- One of the most critical areas in the manufacturing process for FPD panels or shadow masks for CRTs is lithography. Most existing lithography technologies require high-quality large-area photomasks. The requirements on these photomasks include positioning accuracy (registration) and repeatability (overlay), systematic image quality errors ("mura" or display quality), and resolution (minimum feature size). The general trend toward higher resolution and improved performance, e.g., for TFT desktop monitors, has put a strong focus on the specifications for large-area-display photomasks. This article intends to give an overview of the dominant issues for large-area-display photomasks, and illustrates differences compared with other applications. The article will also present state-of-the-art methods and trends. In particular, the aspects of positioning accuracy over large areas and systematic image-quality errors will be described. New qualitative and objective methods have been developed as means to capture systematic image-quality errors. Results indicating that errors below 25 nm can be found early in the manufacturing process is presented, thus allowing inspection for visual effects before the actual display is completed. Positioning accuracy below 400 nm (3 sigma) over 720 × 560 mm have been achieved. These results will in the future be extended up toward 1 × 1 m for generation 4 in TFT-LCD production.
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| 3. |
- Afshari, Alireza, 1956, et al.
(författare)
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Impact of Ventilation Rate, Ozone and Limonene on Perceived Air Quality in Offices
- 2002
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the Indoor Air 2002 Conference.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The objective of this study has been to clarify to what extent ozone (03) and 03 !limonene in interaction with surface materials has an impact on the indoor air quality in typical low-polluting offices at various, realistic air change rates. Changes of environmental conditions were performed seven days before the chemical sampling. Organic compounds were collected on Tenax TA adsorbent tubes and the samples were analysed by gas chromatography with flame ionisation and mass selective detectors. The concentration of Total Volatile Organic Compounds were asexpected found to be inversely proportional to air change rates. Aldehydes and organic acids werefound at increased levels when the air change rate was decreased from 1.0 h1 to 0.3 h1. Increased ventilation rate to 3.0 h1 did not induce additional changes in the chemical composition of aldehydes and organic acids. The fractions of aldehydes and organic acids relative to nonreactive alkanes indicated that chemical transformation in the indoor environment indeed took place; however, it could not be clearly specified whether the chemical changes were of homogeneous or heterogeneous character. The effects of 03 and 03 /limonene in interaction with surface materials in the offices over seven weeks showed different reaction pattems depending material and treatment.
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| 5. |
- Ekberg, Lena, et al.
(författare)
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Meningen med semantiken
- 2003
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Ingår i: Grammatik i fokus : festskrift till Christer Platzack den 18 november 2003 = Grammar in focus : festschrift for Christer Platzack 18 November 2003. Vol. 1. - 9163145707
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
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| 6. |
- Gardeback, M., et al.
(författare)
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Splanchnic blood flow and oxygen uptake during cardiopulmonary bypass
- 2002
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Ingår i: Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia. - : Elsevier BV. - 1053-0770 .- 1532-8422. ; 16:3, s. 308-315
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: To measure splanchnic blood flow (SBF) with 2 indicator dilution techniques during and after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), to compare the results with transesophageal echocardiography Doppler-measured right hepatic vein (RHV) flow, and to study gastric tonometry data in the same patients. Design: Single-arm prospective study. Setting: University hospital operating room and intensive care unit. Participants: Ten adult patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Interventions: SBF was measured using constant rate in fusion of indocyanine green dye and low-dose ethanol from induction of anesthesia until end of hypothermic CPB. The infusion of ethanol was continued, and SBF was measured postoperatively at 2, 3, and 4 hours after CPB. Simultaneously, RHV flow, splanchnic oxygen delivery and uptake, and gastric mucosal pH were calculated. Measurements and Main Results: SBF, RHV flow, and gastric mucosal pH remained unchanged during the study period. SBF measured with indocyanine green was 765 +/- 88 (SEM) mL/min after induction of anesthesia. SBF before CPB measured with ethanol was 985 +/- 218 mL/min. There was no significant difference between the methods. RHV flow was 450 +/- 87 mL/min after induction of anesthesia. There was no correlation between individual values of RHV flow and SBF. Splanchnic oxygen uptake was 52 +/- 7.8 mL/min after induction of anesthesia and decreased to 28 +/- 2.6 mL/min during CPB. Gastric mucosal pH was 7.32 +/- 0.02 after induction of anesthesia and showed no correlation to SBF or to splanchnic oxygen uptake. Conclusion: SBT did-not decrease during CPB. SBF could be measured with ethanol with reasonable accuracy. Transesophageal echocardiography assessment of RHV flow was not suitable to quantify SBF in the individual patient, but could be used to follow relative changes.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Kvernes, Magdalena, 1969, et al.
(författare)
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När ventilationen skall tjäna allergikern
- 2002
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Ingår i: Miljöforskning för ett uthålligt samhälle. ; :3, s. 16-17
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 10. |
- Matson, Uve, 1977, et al.
(författare)
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Indoor and outdoor measurements of ultra fine particles in a medium-size and large city
- 2003
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Ingår i: Healthy Buildings 2003 - Proceedings 7th International Conference.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The concentrations of ultra fine particles (UFPs) were measured in the medium-size city ofGothenburg, Sweden, in the large city of Copenhagen and at a rural site in Denmark. InGothenburg, field measurements were conducted both in several residential and officebuildings, while in Denmark measurements comprise two office buildings, one of themlocated at a rural site. Concentrations of UFPs were measured simultaneously indoors andoutdoors. The results revealed that outdoor levels are major contributors to the indoor particlenumber concentration and the variability in concentrations is less pronounced indoors whenno indoor sources are present. The magnitude of UFP concentrations is higher in the large citycompared to the medium-size city. The results showed that in the Gothenburg office buildingsthe UFP concentrations indoors were fairly correlated to that outdoors. Another differencebetween Danish and Swedish offices is that in Denmark tobacco smoking is a main indoorsource of UFPs. The results from a Swedish residential building show that the indoorconcentration was strongly influenced by the indoor activity, e.g. cooking, ironing and byoutdoor levels mainly during window airing.
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| 11. |
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| 14. |
- Sundman, Eva, et al.
(författare)
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Pharyngeal function and airway protection during subhypnotic concentrations of propofol, isoflurane, and sevoflurane: volunteers examined by pharyngeal videoradiography and simultaneous manometry
- 2001
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Ingår i: Anesthesiology. - : Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). - 1528-1175 .- 0003-3022. ; 95:5, s. 1125-1132
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Anesthetic agents alter pharyngeal function with risk of impaired airway protection and aspiration. This study was performed to evaluate pharyngeal function during subhypnotic concentrations of propofol, isoflurane, and sevoflurane and to compare the drugs for possible differences in this respect. METHODS: Forty-five healthy volunteers were randomized to receive propofol, isoflurane, or sevoflurane. During series of liquid contrast bolus swallowing, fluoroscopy and simultaneous solid state videomanometry was used to study the incidence of pharyngeal dysfunction, the initiation of swallowing, and the bolus transit time. Pressure changes were recorded at the back of the tongue, the pharyngeal constrictor muscles, and the upper esophageal sphincter. After control recordings, the anesthetic was delivered, and measurements were made at 0.50 and 0.25 predicted blood propotol concentration (Cp50(asleep)) for propofol and 0.50 and 0.25 minimum alveolar concentration (MAC)(awake) for the inhalational agents. Final recordings were made 20 min after the end of anesthetic delivery. RESULTS: All anesthetics caused an increased incidence of pharyngeal dysfunction with laryngeal bolus penetration. Propofol increased the incidence from 8 to 58%, isoflurane from 4 to 36%, and sevoflurane from 6 to 35%. Propofol in 0.50 and 0.25 Cp50(asleep) had the most extensive effect on the pharyngeal contraction patterns (P < 0.05). The upper esophageal sphincter resting tone was markedly reduced from 83 +/- 36 to 39 +/- 19 mmHg by propofol (P < 0.001), which differed from isoflurane (P = 0.03). Sevoflurane also reduced the upper esophageal sphincter resting tone from 65 +/- 16 to 45 +/- 18 mmHg at 0.50 MAC(awake)(P = 0.008). All agents caused a reduced upper esophageal sphincter peak contraction amplitude (P < 0.05), and the reduction was greatest in the propofol group (P = 0.002). CONCLUSION: Subhypnotic concentrations of propofol, isoflurane, and sevoflurane cause an increased incidence of pharyngeal dysfunction with penetration of bolus to the larynx. The effect on the pharyngeal contraction pattern was most pronounced in the propofol group, with markedly reduced contraction forces.
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| 15. |
- Tiderius, Carl Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Delayed gadolinium-enhanced MRI of cartilage (dGEMRIC) in early knee osteoarthritis.
- 2003
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Ingår i: Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. - : Wiley. - 1522-2594 .- 0740-3194. ; 49:3, s. 488-492
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Delayed contrast-enhanced MRI of cartilage (dGEMRIC) is a noninvasive technique to study cartilage glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content in vivo. This study evaluates dGEMRIC in patients with preradiographic degenerative cartilage changes. Seventeen knees in 15 patients (age 35-70) with arthroscopically verified cartilage changes (softening and fibrillations) in the medial or lateral femoral compartment, knee pain, and normal weight-bearing radiography were included. MRI (1.5 T) was performed precontrast and at 1.5 and 3 hr after an intravenous injection of Gd-DTPA2- at 0.3 mmol/kg body weight. T1 measurements were made in regions of interest in medial and lateral femoral cartilage using sets of five turbo inversion recovery images. Precontrast, R1 (R1 = 1/T1, 1/s) was slightly lower in diseased compared to reference compartment, indicating increased hydration (P = 0.01). Postcontrast, R1 was higher in diseased than in reference compartment at 1.5 hr, 3.45 ± 0.90 and 2.64 ± 0.58 (mean ± SD), respectively (P < 0.01), as well as at 3 hr, 2.94 ± 0.60 and 2.50 ± 0.37, respectively (P = 0.01). The washout of the contrast medium was faster in diseased cartilage as shown by a higher R1 at 1.5 than at 3 hr in the diseased but not in the reference compartment. In conclusion, dGEMRIC can identify GAG loss in early stage cartilage disease with a higher sensitivity at 1.5 than 3 hr.
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