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1.
  • Ekberg, Lars Peter, 1955- (författare)
  • Development of ultra-precision tools for metrology and lithography of large area photomasks and high definition displays
  • 2013
  • Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Large area flat displays are nowadays considered being a commodity. After the era of bulky CRT TV technology, LCD and OLED have taken over as the most prevalent technologies for high quality image display devices. An important factor underlying the success of these technologies has been the development of high performance photomask writers in combination with a precise photomask process. Photomask manufacturing can be regarded as an art, highly dependent on qualified and skilled workers in a few companies located in Asia. The manufacturing yield in the photomask process depends to a great extent on several steps of measurements and inspections. Metrology, which is the focus of this thesis, is the science of measurement and is a prerequisite for maintaining high quality in all manufacturing processes. The details and challenges of performing critical measurements over large area photomasks of square meter sizes will be discussed. In particular the development of methods and algorithms related to the metrology system MMS15000, the world standard for large area photomask metrology today, will be presented.The most important quality of a metrology system is repeatability. Achieving good repeatability requires a stable environment, carefully selected materials, sophisticated mechanical solutions, precise optics and capable software. Attributes of the air including humidity, CO2 level, pressure and turbulence are other factors that can impact repeatability and accuracy if not handled properly. Besides the former qualities, there is also the behavior of the photomask itself that needs to be carefully handled in order to achieve a good correspondence to the Cartesian coordinate system. An uncertainty specification below 100 nm (3σ) over an area measured in square meters cannot be fulfilled unless special care is taken to compensate for gravity-induced errors from the photomask itself when it is resting on the metrology tool stage. Calibration is therefore a considerable challenge over these large areas. A novel method for self-calibration will be presented and discussed in the thesis. This is a general method that has proven to be highly robust even in cases when the self-calibration problem is close to being underdetermined.A random sampling method based on massive averaging in the time domain will be presented as the solution for achieving precise spatial measurements of the photomask patterns. This method has been used for detection of the position of chrome or glass edges on the photomask with a repeatability of 1.5 nm (3σ), using a measurement time of 250 ms. The method has also been used for verification of large area measurement repeatability of approximately 10 nm (3σ) when measuring several hundred measurement marks covering an area of 0.8 x 0.8 m2.The measurement of linewidths, referred to in the photomask industry as critical dimension (CD) measurements, is another important task for the MMS15000 system. A threshold-based inverse convolution method will be presented that enhances resolution down to 0.5 µm without requiring a change to the numerical aperture of the system.As already mentioned, metrology is very important for maintaining high quality in a manufacturing environment. In the mask manufacturing industry in particular, the cost of poor quality (CoPQ) is extremely high. Besides the high materials cost, there are also the stringent requirements placed on CD and mask overlay, along with the need for zero defects that make the photomask industry unique. This topic is discussed further, and is shown to be a strong motivation for the development of the ultra-precision metrology built into the MMS15000 system.
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3.
  • Ekberg, Peter, et al. (författare)
  • A Large-area ultra-precision 2D geometrical measurement technique based on statistical random phase detection
  • 2012
  • Ingår i: Measurement science and technology. - : Institute of Physics Publishing (IOPP). - 0957-0233 .- 1361-6501. ; 23:3
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The manufacturing of high-quality chrome masks used in the display industry for the manufacturing of liquid crystals, organic light emission diodes and other display devices would not be possible without high-precision large-area metrology. In contrast to the semiconductor industry where 6' masks are most common, the quartz glass masks for the manufacturing of large area TVs can have sizes of up to 1.6 x 1.8 m(2). Besides the large area, there are demands of sub-micrometer accuracy in 'registration', i.e. absolute dimensional measurements and nanometer requirements for 'overlay', i.e. repeatability. The technique for making such precise measurements on large masks is one of the most challenging tasks in dimensional metrology today. This paper presents a new approach to two-dimensional (2D) ultra-precision measurements based on random sampling. The technique was recently presented for ultra-precise one-dimensional (1D) measurement. The 1D method relies on timing the scanning of a focused laser beam 200 mu m in the Y-direction from an interferometrically determined reference position. This microsweep is controlled by an acousto-optical deflector. By letting the microsweep scan from random X-positions, we can build XY-recordings through a time-to-space conversion that gives very precise maps of the feature edges of the masks. The method differs a lot from ordinary image processing methods using CCD or CMOS sensors for capturing images in the spatial domain. We use events grabbed by a single detector in the time domain in both the X-and Y-directions. After a simple scaling, we get precise and repeatable spatial information. Thanks to the extremely linear microsweep and its precise power control, spatial and intensity distortions, common in ordinary image processing systems using 2D optics and 2D sensors, can be practically eliminated. Our 2D method has proved to give a standard deviation in repeatability of less than 4 nm (1 sigma) in both the X-and Y-directions over an area of approximately 0.8 x 0.8 m(2). Only feature edges are recorded, so all irrelevant information in areas containing constant intensity are filtered out already by the hardware. This relaxes the demands and complexity of the data channel dramatically compared to conventional imaging systems.
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4.
  • Ekberg, Peter, et al. (författare)
  • A new general approach for solving the self-calibration problem on large area 2D ultra-precision coordinate measurement machines
  • 2014
  • Ingår i: Measurement science and technology. - : IOP Publishing. - 0957-0233 .- 1361-6501. ; 25:5, s. 055001-
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The manufacturing of flat panel displays requires a number of photomasks for the placement of pixel patterns and supporting transistor arrays. For large area photomasks, dedicated ultra-precision writers have been developed for the production of these chromium patterns on glass or quartz plates. The dimensional tolerances in X and Y for absolute pattern placement on these plates, with areas measured in square meters, are in the range of 200-300 nm (3 sigma). To verify these photomasks, 2D ultra-precision coordinate measurement machines are used having even tighter tolerance requirements. This paper will present how the world standard metrology tool used for verifying large masks, the Micronic Mydata MMS15000, is calibrated without any other references than the wavelength of the interferometers in an extremely well-controlled temperature environment. This process is called self-calibration and is the only way to calibrate the metrology tool, as no square-meter-sized large area 2D traceable artifact is available. The only parameter that cannot be found using self-calibration is the absolute length scale. To make the MMS15000 traceable, a 1D reference rod, calibrated at a national metrology lab, is used. The reference plates used in the calibration of the MMS15000 may have sizes up to 1 m(2) and a weight of 50 kg. Therefore, standard methods for self-calibration on a small scale with exact placements cannot be used in the large area case. A new, more general method had to be developed for the purpose of calibrating the MMS15000. Using this method, it is possible to calibrate the measurement tool down to an uncertainty level of <90 nm (3 sigma) over an area of (0.8 x 0.8) m(2). The method used, which is based on the concept of iteration, does not introduce any more noise than the random noise introduced by the measurements, resulting in the lowest possible noise level that can be achieved by any self-calibration method.
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5.
  • Ekberg, Peter, et al. (författare)
  • Ultra-precision geometrical measurement technique based on a statistical random phase clock combined with acoustic-optical deflection
  • 2010
  • Ingår i: Measurement science and technology. - : IOP Publishing. - 0957-0233 .- 1361-6501. ; 21:12, s. 125103-
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Mask writers and large area measurements systems are key systems for production of large liquid crystal displays (LCD) and image devices. With position tolerances in the sub-mu m range over square meter sized masks, the metrology challenges are indeed demanding. Most systems used for this type of measurement rely on a microscope camera imaging system, provided with a charge coupled device, a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor sensor or a time delay and integration sensor to transform the optical image to a digital gray-level image. From this image, processing algorithms are used to extract information such as location of edges. The drawback of this technique is the vast amount of data captured but never used. This paper presents a new approach for ultra-high-precision lateral measurement at nm-levels of chrome/glass patterns separated by centimeters, so called registration marks, on masks used for the LCD manufacturing. Registration specifications demand a positioning accuracy <200 nm and critical dimensions, i.e. chrome line widths, which need to be accurate in the 80 nm range. This accuracy has to be achieved on glass masks of 2.4 x 1.6 m(2) size. Our new measurement method is based on nm-precise lateral scanning of a focused laser beam combined with statistical random phase sampling of the reflected signal. The precise scanning is based on an extremely accurate time measuring device controlling an acousto optic deflector crystal. The method has been successfully applied in measuring the 4 mu m pitch of reference gratings at standard deviations sigma of 0.5 nm and registration marks separated by several cm at standard deviations of 23 nm.
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6.
  • Ekberg, Peter, et al. (författare)
  • Z-correction, a method for achieving ultraprecise self-calibration on large area coordinate measurement machines for photomasks
  • 2014
  • Ingår i: Measurement science and technology. - : IOP Publishing. - 0957-0233 .- 1361-6501. ; 25:5, s. 055002-
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • High-quality photomasks are a prerequisite for the production of flat panel TVs, tablets and other kinds of high-resolution displays. During the past years, the resolution demand has become more and more accelerated, and today, the high-definition standard HD, 1920 x 1080 pixels(2), is well established, and already the next-generation so-called ultra-high-definition UHD or 4K display is entering the market. Highly advanced mask writers are used to produce the photomasks needed for the production of such displays. The dimensional tolerance in X and Y on absolute pattern placement on these photomasks, with sizes of square meters, has been in the range of 200-300 nm (3 sigma), but is now on the way to be <150 nm (3 sigma). To verify these photomasks, 2D ultra-precision coordinate measurement machines are used with even tighter tolerance requirements. The metrology tool MMS15000 is today the world standard tool used for the verification of large area photomasks. This paper will present a method called Z-correction that has been developed for the purpose of improving the absolute X, Y placement accuracy of features on the photomask in the writing process. However, Z-correction is also a prerequisite for achieving X and Y uncertainty levels <90 nm (3 sigma) in the self-calibration process of the MMS15000 stage area of 1.4 x 1.5 m(2). When talking of uncertainty specifications below 200 nm (3 sigma) of such a large area, the calibration object used, here an 8-16 mmthick quartz plate of size approximately a square meter, cannot be treated as a rigid body. The reason for this is that the absolute shape of the plate will be affected by gravity and will therefore not be the same at different places on the measurement machine stage when it is used in the self-calibration process. This mechanical deformation will stretch or compress the top surface (i.e. the image side) of the plate where the pattern resides, and therefore spatially deform the mask pattern in the X- and Y-directions. Errors due to this deformation can easily be several hundred nanometers. When Z-correction is used in the writer, it is also possible to relax the flatness demand of the photomask backside, leading to reduced manufacturing costs of the plates.
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7.
  • Moro, Elena, et al. (författare)
  • Long-Term Results of a Multicenter Study on Subthalamic and Pallidal Stimulation in Parkinson's Disease
  • 2010
  • Ingår i: Movement Disorders. - : Wiley. - 0885-3185. ; 25:5, s. 578-586
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • We report the 5 to 6 year follow-up of a multicenter study of bilateral subthalamic nucleus (STN) and globus pallidus internus (GPi) deep brain stimulation (DBS) in advanced Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. Thirty-live STN patients and 16 GPi patienis were assessed at 5 to 6 years after DBS surgery. Primary outcome measure was the stimulation effect on the motor Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) assessed with a prospective cross-over double-blind assessment without medications (stimulation was randomly switched on or off). Secondary outcomes were motor UPDRS changes with unblinded assessments in off- and on-medication states with and without stimulation, activities of daily living (ADL), anti-PD medications, and dyskinesias. In double-blind assessment, both STN and GPi DBS were significantly effective in improving the motor UPDRS scores (STN. P < 0.0001, 45.4%; GPi, P = 0.008, 20.0%) compared with of regardless of the sequence of stimulation. In open assessment. both STN- and GPi-DBS significantly improved the off-medication motor UPDRS when compared with before surgery (STN. P < 0.001, 50.5%; GPi, P = 0.002, 35.6%). Dyskinesias and ADL were significantly improved in both groups. Anti-PD medications were significantly reduced only in the STN group. Adverse events were more frequent in the STN group. These results confirm the long-term efficacy of STN and GPi DBS advanced PD. Although the surgical targets were not randomized, there was a trend to 1 better outcome of motor signs in the STN-DBS patients and fewer adverse events in the GPi-DBS group. (C) 2010 Movement Disorder Society
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8.
  • Zackrisson, Björn, et al. (författare)
  • Two-year results from a Swedish study on conventional versus accelerated radiotherapy in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma - The ARTSCAN study
  • 2011
  • Ingår i: Radiotherapy and Oncology. - : Elsevier. - 0167-8140 .- 1879-0887. ; 100:1, s. 41-48
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background and purpose: Studies on accelerated fractionation (AF) in head and neck cancer have shown increased local control and survival compared with conventional fractionation (CF), while others have been non-conclusive. In 1998 a national Swedish group decided to perform a randomised controlled clinical study of AF. Materials and methods: Patients with verified squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity, oropharynx, larynx (except glottic T1-T2, N0) and hypopharynx were included. Patients with prior chemotherapy or surgery were excluded. Patients were randomised to either CF (2Gy/day, 5days/week for 7 weeks, total dose 68Gy) or to AF (1.1Gy+2.0Gy/day, 5days/week for 4.5weeks, total dose 68Gy). An extensive quality assurance protocol was followed throughout the study. The primary end point was loco-regional tumour control (LRC) at two years after treatment. RESULTS: The study was closed in 2006 when 750 patients had been randomised. Eighty-three percent of the patients had stages III-IV disease. Forty eight percent had oropharyngeal, 21% laryngeal, 17% hypopharyngeal and 14% oral cancers. There were no significant differences regarding overall survival (OS) or LRC between the two regimens. The OS at two years was 68% for AF and 67% for CF. The corresponding figures for LRC were 71% and 67%, respectively. There was a trend towards improved LRC for oral cancers treated (p=0.07) and for large tumours (T3-T4) (p=0.07) treated with AF. The AF group had significantly worse acute reactions, while there was no significant increase in late effects. Conclusion: Overall the AF regimen did not prove to be more efficacious than CF. However, the trend towards improved results in AF for oral cancers needs to be further investigated.  
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9.
  • Abrahamsson, Cecilia, et al. (författare)
  • TMD before and after correction of dentofacial deformities by orthodontic and orthognathic treatment
  • 2013
  • Ingår i: International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. - : Elsevier. - 0901-5027 .- 1399-0020. ; 46:6, s. 752-758
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Abstract The aims of the study were to investigate the alteration of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) after correction of dentofacial deformities by orthodontic treatment in conjunction with orthognathic surgery; and to compare the frequency of TMD in patients with dentofacial deformities with an age and gender matched control group. TMD were evaluated in 121 consecutive patients (treatment group), referred for orthognathic surgery, by a questionnaire and a clinical examination. 18 months after treatment, 81% of the patients completed a follow-up examination. The control group comprised 56 age and gender matched subjects, of whom 68% presented for follow-up examination. TMD were diagnosed according to research diagnostic criteria for TMD. At baseline examination, the treatment group had a higher frequency of myofascial pain (P=.035) and arthralgia (P=.040) than the control group. At follow-up, the frequencies of myofascial pain, arthralgia and disc displacement had decreased in the treatment group (P=.050, P=.004, P=.041, respectively). The frequency of TMD was comparable in the two groups at follow-up. Patients with dentofacial deformities, corrected by orthodontic treatment in conjunction with orthognathic surgery, seem to have a positive treatment outcome in respect of TMD pain
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10.
  • Afshari, Alireza, 1956, et al. (författare)
  • Naborøg og overførsel af partielforurening
  • 2010
  • Ingår i: HVAC - Magasin for klima- og energiteknik, miljø, bygningsinstalltioner & -Netværk. ; 1:2010, s. 24-30
  • Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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11.
  • Afshari, Alireza, 1956, et al. (författare)
  • Quantification of ultrafine particles from second-hand tobacco smoke infiltration
  • 2010
  • Ingår i: Proceedings of the CLIMA 2010 Conference: 10th REHVA World Congress 'Sustainable Energy use in Buildings', 8 pages.
  • Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • This paper presents some of the results of a second-hand tobacco smoke intervention studycarried out in 19 flats in four different buildings. Two of the investigated buildings were nonrenovatedand two others were renovated. The aim of the study was to quantify infiltration ofultrafine particles from a smoker's flat into a non-smoker's flat. In addition, several tests werecarried out to describe some solutions for reduction of particle concentrations in the smoker'sflat and the non-smoker's flat. The air change rates and the indoor particle concentrationswere measured continuously during the measuring periods. The particle sources (particlegenerating activities) were cigarette-burning in the un-occupied buildings and candle-burningin the occupied buildings. Reductions of the concentration of ultrafine particles using aircleaning devices were studied. Results showed that the transfer of ultrafine particles wasabout 9% when the source flat was located below the receiving flat, whereas the transfer was1-2% when the source flat was on the same floor as, or above, the receiving flat.
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  • Angbratt, Marianne, et al. (författare)
  • Prediction of obesity from infancy to adolescence
  • 2011
  • Ingår i: Acta Paediatrica. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 0803-5253 .- 1651-2227. ; 100:9, s. 1249-1252
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Aim: To examine the development of childhood obesity and to determine the earliest age when estimating body mass using only weight and height data is associated with a corresponding estimate at the age of 15. less thanbrgreater than less thanbrgreater thanMethods: Subjects included are all children born in 1991 in Ostergotland County, Sweden. Weight and height data collected during regular check-ups at well-child centres and school health care assessments up to 15 years of age were assembled from health records. Correlations between childhood estimates of body mass and the body mass index (BMI) at 15 years of age were computed pairwise. Correlations with r andgt; 0.5 were defined as reliably strong. less thanbrgreater than less thanbrgreater thanResults: Complete data were available for 3579 children (62%). Fewer girls (2.6%; C.I. 1.9-3.3) than boys (4.6%; C.I. 3.7-5.5) were obese at 15 years of age. Correlations with BMI at 15 years of age were strong (significantly higher than 0.5) from 5 years of age. Only 23% of girls and 8% of boys found to be obese at 5 years of age were of normal weight at the age of 15. less thanbrgreater than less thanbrgreater thanConclusion: From 5 years of age, point estimates of body mass using only weight and height data are strongly associated with BMI at the age of 15. More data sources are needed to predict weight trajectories in younger children.
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13.
  • Cedborg, Anna I Hårdemark, et al. (författare)
  • Pharyngeal Function and Breathing Pattern during Partial Neuromuscular Block in the Elderly: Effects on Airway Protection.
  • 2014
  • Ingår i: Anesthesiology. - 1528-1175. ; 120:2, s. 312-325
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Intact pharyngeal function and coordination of breathing and swallowing are essential for airway protection and to avoid respiratory complications. Postoperative pulmonary complications caused by residual effects of neuromuscular-blocking agents occur more frequently in the elderly. Moreover, elderly have altered pharyngeal function which is associated with increased risk of aspiration. The purpose of this study was to evaluate effects of partial neuromuscular block on pharyngeal function, coordination of breathing and swallowing, and airway protection in individuals older than 65 yr.
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14.
  • Daemi, Bita, 1982-, et al. (författare)
  • Performance Evaluation of Micro Milling Installations
  • 2013
  • Ingår i: Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Multi-Material Micro Manufacture. - Singapore : Research Publishing Services. - 9789810772475 - 9810772475 ; , s. 213-216
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Micro manufacturing has developed into many areas over the past decade. Several manufacturing technologies are available but the precision and accuracy of the techniques are still difficult to get access to. Typically the capability information of micro milling equipment is based on specifications given by the machine deliverers. The specified high accuracy is likely to be altered in practice because of environmental conditions and operator skills. So in practice the absolute performances of micro milling/machining equipment may be far off from their listed specifications. When forming the EUMINAfab infrastructure consortium it was decided that independent high precision verification testsshould be made on different installations to help the micro-manufacturers to get the real capability information of their equipment and be able to improve performance to a higher EUMINAfab level. In this study a comprehensive verification test was designed and carried out by using an ultra-precision metrology method for 2D measurements in order to establish more knowledge about the capabilities of micro milling equipment. The measurement results show the machine’s X,Y positioning accuracy, pseudo-repeatability, reproducibility and axis straightness of two different micro milling installations.
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  • Ekberg, Henrik, et al. (författare)
  • Cyclosporine, tacrolimus and sirolimus retain their distinct toxicity profiles despite low doses in the Symphony study.
  • 2010
  • Ingår i: Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1460-2385. ; 25, s. 2004-2010
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • BACKGROUND: Reducing side effects of immunosuppressive regimens has become a priority in transplantation medicine because of the large number of patients and grafts that succumb to infection in the short term and cardiovascular disease in the long term. The Symphony study was a 12-month prospective, randomized, open-label, multi-centre, four parallel arm study that aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of low-dose immunosuppressive regimens compared with a standard-dose regimen in renal transplant recipients. This sub-analysis focuses on specific toxicities observed with the low-dose regimens. METHODS: Adult patients (n = 1645) scheduled to undergo renal transplantation received low-dose cyclosporine (CsA), tacrolimus (Tac) or sirolimus (SRL) in addition to daclizumab induction or standard-dose cyclosporine without induction. All patients received mycophenolate mofetil and corticosteroids. We evaluated the incidence of adverse events (AEs), tested specific group differences and assessed the relationship of selected AEs with drug levels. RESULTS: The four arms had similar incidences of AEs, but serious AEs were more common with low-dose SRL and led to more discontinuations. Infections were the most common AEs, with the highest incidence in the standard-dose CsA group, in particular, cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections. Low-dose Tac had the most reports of new-onset diabetes, leucopenia and diarrhoea. Low-dose SRL negatively influenced triglycerides, wound healing, lymphocele and anaemia. We found only weak relationships between specific AEs and drug levels. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the low doses, CsA, Tac and SRL retained distinct and different toxicity profiles. These findings may be of relevance for tailoring specific immunosuppressive regimens to patients with particular needs.
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16.
  • Ekberg, Joakim, et al. (författare)
  • Injury rates and risk-factors associated with eventing : a total cohort study of injury events among adult Swedish eventing athletes
  • 2011
  • Ingår i: International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion. - : Taylor and Francis: STM, Behavioural Science and Public Health Titles / Taylor and Francis. - 1745-7300 .- 1745-7319. ; 18:4, s. 261-267
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The aim of this study was to examine injury events and risk-factors among Swedish adult eventing athletes. A cross-sectional study design with retrospective recording of 1-year sports-specific exposure and injury data was used. The invited study population consisted of all members of the Swedish Equestrian Federation with eventing as their primary discipline (n = 513). The participation rate was 70.0%. The total 1-year injury prevalence was 26.6%; the specific 1-year prevalence of traumatic injury was 19.3% and of overuse injury 10.9%. The incidence of traumatic injury events was 0.54 injury events/1000 eventing hours (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.35-0.73 injury events/1000 eventing hours) for novices and 0.35 injury events/1000 eventing hours for qualified riders (95% CI, 0.21-0.49 injury events/1000 eventing hours). A total of 27.9% of the traumatic injury events led to severe injuries (causing more than 3 weeks absence from riding). Attitude to risk-taking was the only factor predicting an athlete becoming injured (p = 0.023), and qualification level was the only risk factor for additional injuries among injured riders (p = 0.003). Our results suggest that injury prevention programs in eventing should also give attention to overuse injuries and that care should be taken when eventing athletes are licensed into higher qualification groups.
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17.
  • Ekberg, Kerstin, 1948-, et al. (författare)
  • Is Mobility in the Labor Market a Solution to Sustainable Return to Work for Some Sick Listed Persons?
  • 2011
  • Ingår i: Journal of occupational rehabilitation. - : Springer. - 1053-0487 .- 1573-3688. ; 21:3, s. 355-365
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Aim: The study aims to identify characteristics associated with long-term expectations of professional stability or mobility among recently sick-listed workers, and to study whether expectations of professional mobility and turnover intentions were associated with duration of sick leave.Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed on baseline measures in a prospective cohort study of patients who were granted sick leave due to musculoskeletal (MSD) or mental (MD) disorders. A total of 1,375 individuals fulfilled the inclusion criteria. A baseline questionnaire was sent by mail within 3 weeks of their first day of certified medical sickness; 962 individuals responded (70%). The main diagnosis was MSD in 595 (62%) individuals and MD in 367 (38%).Results: Expectations of ability to remain in the present profession in 2 years was associated with better health and health-related resources, younger age, higher education, and better effort-reward balance. Effort-reward imbalance, MD, high burnout scores, and better educational and occupational position were associated with turnover intentions. Low expectations of ability to remain in the present profession defined two vulnerable groups with regard to RTW, those with no turnover intentions were older, had lower personal resources, more often had MSD, and slower RTW rate. Those with turnover intentions had a clear effort-reward imbalance and high burnout scores.Conclusions: The results of this explorative study underline the importance of differentiating RTW-interventions based on knowledge about the sick-listed person's resources in relation to the labor market and the work place, and their expectations of future employment and employability.
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21.
  • Ekberg, Lars, 1962, et al. (författare)
  • Ozone treatment of extract air from a restaurant kitchen with heat
  • 2013
  • Ingår i: Proceedings CLIMA 2013 – 11th REHVA World Congress.
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Ozone generation equipment was installed to reduce the cost of cleaning the fat out of the extract ducting system in a fast-food restaurant. The reduced fat content would also help to protect the air handling unit, which comprised recovery of heat from the extract air. However, there is a health respect for ozone, which is a highly reactive irritant. Chemical reactions may also lead to the production of nitrogen dioxide, aldehydes and other volatile organic compounds.Concentrations of the compounds mentioned were measured both by passive and active sampling. Measurements were made outdoors and indoors as well as in the supply, extract and exhaust air streams. With ozone generation the ozone concentration in the extract and exhaust air was higher than 450 µg/m3. However, no increase of the ozone concentration in the supply or indoor air was observed. There were no observations of any formaldehyde generation. Neither were there any signs of nitrogen dioxide generation influencing the supply or indoor air, although the exhaust air concentration was higher than the extract air concentration.The measurement results point to incomplete chemical reactions still occurring in the exhaust air. This indicates that the length of ducting available and the air speed did not leave enough time to complete the chemical reactions to break down the different contaminants. However, in this situation with a coil heat exchanger this is of no significance, but if a rotary heat exchanger was to be used, the design must allow enough reaction time at maximum flow.
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23.
  • Ekberg, Peter, et al. (författare)
  • Fast and accurate metrology of multi-layered ceramic materials by an automated boundary detection algorithm developed for optical coherence tomography data
  • 2014
  • Ingår i: Optical Society of America. Journal A. - 1084-7529 .- 1520-8532. ; 31:2, s. 217-226
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is useful for materials defect analysis and inspection with the additional possibility of quantitative dimensional metrology. Here, we present an automated image-processing algorithm for OCT analysis of roll-to-roll multilayers in 3D manufacturing of advanced ceramics. It has the advantage of avoiding filtering and preset modeling, and will, thus, introduce a simplification. The algorithm is validated for its capability of measuring the thickness of ceramic layers, extracting the boundaries of embedded features with irregular shapes, and detecting the geometric deformations. The accuracy of the algorithm is very high, and the reliability is better than 1 mu m when evaluating with the OCT images using the same gauge block step height reference. The method may be suitable for industrial applications to the rapid inspection of manufactured samples with high accuracy and robustness.
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24.
  • Ekberg, Peter (författare)
  • Ultra precision metrology : the key for mask lithography and manufacturing of high definition displays
  • 2011
  • Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Metrology is the science of measurement. It is also a prerequisite for maintaining a high quality in all manufacturing processes. In this thesis we will present the demands and solutions for ultra-precision metrology in the manufacturing of lithography masks for the TV-display industry. The extreme challenge that needs to be overcome is a measurement uncertainty of 10 nm on an absolute scale of more that 2 meters in X and Y. Materials such as metal, ceramic composites, quartz or glass are highly affected by the surrounding temperature when tolerances are specified at nanometer levels. Also the fact that the refractive index of air in the interferometers measuring absolute distances is affected by temperature, pressure, humidity and CO2 contents makes the reference measurements really challenging. This goes hand in hand with the ability of how to design a mask writer, a pattern generator with a performance good enough for writing masks for the display industry with sub-micron accuracy over areas of square meters.  As in many other areas in the industry high quality metrology is the key for success in developing high accuracy production tools. The aim of this thesis is therefore to discuss the metrology requirements of mask making for display screens. Defects that cause stripes in the image of a display, the so called “Mura” effect, are extremely difficult to measure as they are caused by spatially systematic errors in the mask writing process in the range of 10-20 nm. These errors may spatially extend in several hundreds of mm and are superposed by random noise with significantly higher amplitude compared to the 10-20 nm.  A novel method for measuring chromium patterns on glass substrates will also be presented in this thesis. This method will be compared to methods based on CCD and CMOS images. Different methods have been implementedin the Micronic MMS1500 large area measuring machine, which is the metrology tool used by the mask industry, for verifying the masks made by the Micronic mask writers. Using alternative methods in the same system has been very efficient for handling different measurement situations. Some of  the discussed methods are also used by the writers for calibration purposes.  
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25.
  • Eriksson, Lill, et al. (författare)
  • Lavage treatment of painful jaw movements at disc displacement without reduction : a randomized controlled trial in a short-term perspective
  • 2013
  • Ingår i: International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. - : Elsevier. - 0901-5027 .- 1399-0020. ; 42:3, s. 356-363
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This study compared the short-term efficacy of two treatments (local anesthetics (A) and local anesthetics and lavage (AL)) in patients with permanently displaced discs and temporomandibular disorder (TMD) pain. 45 patients participated in the single-blind randomized controlled trial. All patients had received: a Research Diagnostic Criteria/TMD diagnosis of disc displacement without reduction; and magnetic resonance imaging confirmation of non-reducing disc displacement. Participants were randomized to treatment with A or AL and were assessed at baseline and at 1 and 3 month follow-ups. The primary outcome measure defining success was reduction in pain intensity of at least 30% during jaw movement. At the 3 month follow-up, the success rate was 76% for A and 55% for AL. Both groups reported similar pain relief with no significant difference between the groups. Similar trends were observed for outcome measures in the physical functioning, emotional functioning, and global improvement domains with no significant difference between the groups. Use of lavage to supplement extra-articular local anesthetic treatment of painful jaw movements at non-reducing discs does not appear to improve TMD pain and mouth opening capacity in the short term
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26.
  • Gruber, Mattias, 1981, et al. (författare)
  • Ventilation kräver samverkan mellan flera yrkesgrupper
  • 2012
  • Ingår i: Fastighetsförvaltaren. ; :2, s. 38-39
  • Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Effektiv ventilation innebär rätt luftmängd med rätt kvalitet i rätt tid och på rätt plats. Det låter enkelt, men ställer krav på beställaren. Ventilationen har två huvuduppgifter: borttransport av föroreningar och borttransport av överskottsvärme. Hur man löser uppgiften beror på vad som är den dimensionerande lasten. I kontor är ofta borttransport av överskottsvärme den dominerande funktionen medan det i bostäder är hygienfunktionen som dominerar.
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27.
  • Gullers, Per, et al. (författare)
  • Track condition analyser – assessment of need for track maintenance based on instrumented wheelset measurements
  • 2010
  • Ingår i: Proceedings 16th International Wheelset Congress. ; , s. 12 pp-
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Vertical wheel-rail contact forces with high magnitudes are generated in vehicle operation on track sections with periodic (rail corrugation) or discrete (rail joints, crossings) surface defects and/or in operations with out-of-round wheels. This may result in severe wheel damage, such as subsurface rolling contact fatigue and deep shelling. Based on input data in the form of contact forces measured by an instrumented wheelset, including contributions with frequencies up to about 2 kHz, Interfleet Technology Sweden has developed a Track Condition Analyser (TCA). The dominating and most frequently occurring types of track irregularity can be detected, their location along the line can be determined and their detrimental effect on the fatigue life of wheels can be estimated. This means that the TCA can be used as a tool for assessment of current track quality and to determine the need for immediate and planned track maintenance. Using the instrumented wheelset on a Swedish high-speed train, the 450 km line Stockholm-Gothenburg can be measured in both directions during an eight hour test campaign.
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28.
  • Gullers, Per, et al. (författare)
  • Track condition analyser: identification of rail rolling surface defects, likely to generate fatigue damage in wheels, using instrumented wheelset measurements
  • 2011
  • Ingår i: Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit. - 0954-4097 .- 2041-3017. ; 225:1, s. 1-13
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Vertical wheel-rail contact forces with high magnitudes are generated in vehicle operation on track sections with periodic (rail corrugation) or discrete (rail joints, crossings) surface defects and/or in operations with out-of-round wheels. This may result in severe wheel damage, such as subsurface rolling contact fatigue and deep shelling. Based on input data in the form of contact forces measured by an instrumented wheelset, including contributions with frequencies up to about 2 kHz, a track condition analyser (TCA) has been developed. The dominating and most frequently occurring types of rail rolling surface defects can be detected, their location along the line can be determined, and their detrimental effect on the fatigue life of wheels can be estimated. This means that the TCA can be used as a tool to assess the current track quality and determine the need for immediate and planned track maintenance. Using the instrumented wheelset on a Swedish passenger train, the 450km line Stockholm-Gothenburg can be measured in both directions during an 8 h test campaign.
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29.
  • Hassellöv, Ida-Maja, 1974, et al. (författare)
  • Miljörisker sjunkna vrak
  • 2014
  • Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Arbetet med en nationell strategi för hantering av miljöfarliga vrak påbörjades 2007 med Statskontorets utredning Vrak och ägarlösa båtar, men ingen enskild myndighet har tilldelats övergripande ansvar för vrakfrågan. Utöver ansvarsfrågan har också förväntade höga kostnader för inspektion och sanering av vrak fördröjt det fortsatta arbetet. Ett steg närmare en nationell strategi redovisas här genom regeringsuppdraget Miljörisker sjunkna vrak. Genom samordning och ökat informationsutbyte mellan berörda myndigheter finns stor potential att minska de förväntade kostnaderna för inspektion av vrak och omgivande miljö. Om den föreslagna strategin antas, beräknas informationsläget avseende vraken att snabbt förbättras så att det år 2030 inte längre finns några potentiellt miljöfarliga vrak i svenska vatten.Havs- och vattenmyndigheten (HaV) och Naturvårdsverket har idag delat ansvar för övervakning och åtgärdande av miljögifter i marin miljö. Mot denna bakgrund hade det varit naturligt att låta HaV få ett övergripande ansvar för hantering av miljöfarliga vrak. Genom flexibelt upplägg avseende tidsramar bedöms övervakning och inspektion av potentiellt miljöfarliga vrak kunna utföras genom att HaV ger de berörda myndigheterna uppdrag; kartering och sjömätning (Sjöfartsverket), ROV och dykinspektion (Kustbevakningen och/eller Försvarsmakten), sediment- och bottenförhållanden (Statens geologiska undersökning). En förutsättning är dock väl fungerande samverkan och kommunikation mellan berörda myndigheter. Existerande plattformar för detta finns redan på såväl operativ nivå i form av Projekt ”Sjöstjärnan” - samordning och samverkan mellan myndigheter avseende information och inhämtning av djup- och bottendata; respektive högsta ledningsnivå i form av Samordningsgruppen för havs- och vattenmiljöfrågor (SamHav).Enligt Sjöfartsverkets tidigare inventering (Miljörisker från fartygsvrak, 2011) finns det utmed Sveriges kust knappt tre tusen vrak som inte kan avskrivas utan vidare informationsinhämtning. Drygt trehundra av dessa klassades som potentiellt miljöfarliga. Av dessa har 31 listats som de sannolikt mest miljöfarliga vraken. Listan över de 31 vraken har därför varit utgångspunkt för projektet Miljörisker sjunkna vrak, vars syfte var att ta fram en metod för prioritering och inspektion av potentiellt miljöfarliga vrak.Undervattensinspektion av vrak är kostsamt och kostnaden ökar kraftigt om vrakets läge är otillgängligt. Av de 31 vraken valdes därför nio relativt lättillgängliga vrak ut för noggrannare arkivstudier, samt sjömätning. Utifrån informationen från arkivstudierna och sjömätningen gjordes ett ytterligare urval om fyra vrak (Altnes, Skytteren, Thetis och Villon), vilka även inspekterades med ROV och/eller dykare. Huvudsyftet var att, inför och under arbetet med inspektionerna, utarbeta Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) som framgent kan användas som stöd inför kommande operationer rörande potentiellt miljöfarliga vrak.Under arbetet med inspektionerna observerades inte några pågående läckage av olja från vraken. Trots denna positiva information är det viktigt att komma ihåg att endast bevis på tomma tankar kan fullt ut avskriva vraken från listan över potentiellt miljöfarliga vrak. Även om det under projektets fältarbete inte observerades läckage av olja, finns dokumenterade läckage sedan tidigare (senast 2008-04-26) för Skytteren. Noterbart är också att Kustbevakningen 2014-06-29, fick rycka ut för att omhänderta olja som börjat läcka efter vraket Immen, norr om Gotska Sandön. Immen var inte med bland fallstudieobjekten i projektet.I tillägg till undervattensinspektion placerades strömmätningsutrustning ut vid vraken Skytteren och Villon. Strömdata kan sedan användas för att modellera ett hypotetiskt spill av olja från ett vrak och ge en indikation på var läckage av olja kan tänkas påverka den marina miljön negativt. Exempel på sådana negativa effekter kan vara försämrad förmåga hos sedimentlevande organismer att omsätta näringsämnen, vilket i sin tur kan påverka hela det marina ekosystemet. Strömdata är också ett viktigt underlag för utformning av övervakningsprogram, exempelvis med passiva provtagare för att detektera läckage av miljöfarlig substans från vrak.Samtlig insamlad data kommer att användas för att validera riskbedömningsverktyget VRAKA, som möjliggör resurseffektiv prioritering av vilka vrak som bör undersökas och/eller saneras. VRAKA, SOPs för inspektion, samt tillgång till specifik kompetens för utvärdering av samtliga resultat är nyckelelement för att kunna presentera en tillförlitlig riskbedömning av potentiellt miljöfarliga vrak. Havs- och vattenmyndigheten skulle kunna vara lämplig myndighet med huvudansvar för miljöfarliga vrak, i operativ samverkan med övriga berörda myndigheter.
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30.
  • Holgersson, Georg, et al. (författare)
  • Swedish Lung Cancer Radiation Study Group: Predictive value of age at diagnosis for radiotherapy response in patients with non-small cell lung cancer
  • 2012
  • Ingår i: Acta Oncologica. - London : Informa Healthcare. - 0284-186X .- 1651-226X. ; 51:6, s. 759-767
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Introduction. The aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of age at diagnosis on prognosis in patients treated with curatively intended radiotherapy for NSCLC. Material and methods. This is a joint effort among all the Swedish Oncology Departments that includes all identified patients with a diagnosed non-small cell lung cancer that have been subjected to curatively intended irradiation (andgt;= 50 Gy) treated during 1990 to 2000. Included patients had a histopathological/cytological diagnosis date as well as a death date or a last follow-up date. The following variables were studied in relation to overall and disease-specific survival: age, gender, histopathology, time period, smoking status, stage and treatment. Results. The median overall survival of all 1146 included patients was 14.7 months, while the five-year overall survival rate was 9.5%. Younger patients (andlt;55 years), presented with a more advanced clinical stage but had yet a significantly better overall survival compared with patients in the age groups 55-64 years (p = 0.035) and 65-74 years (p = 0.0097) in a multivariate Cox regression analysis. The overall survival of patients aged andgt;= 75 years was comparable to those aged andlt;55 years. Conclusion. In this large retrospective study we describe that patients younger than 55 years treated with curatively intended radiotherapy for NSCLC have a better overall survival than patients aged 55-64 and 65-74 years and that younger patients seem to benefit more from the addition of surgery and/or chemotherapy to radiotherapy. Due to the exploratory nature of the study, these results should be confirmed in future prospective trials.
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31.
  • Holgersson, Georg, et al. (författare)
  • The impact of hyperfractionated radiotherapy regimen in patients with non-small cell lung cancer
  • 2013
  • Ingår i: Medical Oncology. - : Humana Press. - 1357-0560 .- 1559-131X. ; 30:1
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The prognosis for patients with lung cancer is poor with an average of 5-year overall survival rate of only 10-15 % taking all clinical stages together. The aim of this study was to elucidate the impact of the radiotherapy regimen on survival. Clinical data were collected from all the Swedish Oncology Departments for 1,287 patients with a diagnosed non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) subjected to curatively intended irradiation (andgt;= 50 Gy) during the years 1990 to 2000. The included patients were identified based on a manual search of all medical and radiation charts at the oncology departments from which the individual patient data were collected. Patients who did not have a histopathological diagnosis date and/or death date/last follow-up date as well as patients being surgically treated were excluded from the study (n = 592). Thus, 695 patients were included in the present study. Patients who received hyperfractionated radiotherapy (HR) had a higher local control rate compared with patients receiving conventional fractionation (CF) (38 vs. 49 % local relapse). The difference in survival between the two radiotherapy regimens was statistically significant in a univariate Cox analysis (p = 0.023) in favor of HR. This significance was, however, not retained in a multivariate Cox analysis (p = 0.56). Thus, the possible beneficial effects of hyperfractionation are still unclear and need to be further investigated in well-controlled prospective clinical trials, preferably including systemic treatment with novel drugs.
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32.
  • Holgersson, Georg, et al. (författare)
  • The value of induction chemotherapy for survival in patients with non-small cell lung cancer treated with radiotherapy.
  • 2012
  • Ingår i: Anticancer research. - : The International Institute of Anticancer Research. - 1791-7530 .- 0250-7005. ; 32:4, s. 1339-46
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • AIM: The aim of the present study was to retrospectively investigate the impact of induction chemotherapy on treatment outcome in patients treated with curatively intended radiotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with a diagnosed NSCLC that have been subjected to curatively intended irradiation (≥50 Gy) and treated in an oncology department in Sweden during the years 1990-2000 were included in the study. Operated patients and patients having received concomitant chemotherapy were excluded. The included patients were localised by a manual search of all the oncology departments' medical records and radiation charts. RESULTS: Patients treated with induction chemotherapy (n=79) had a significantly better overall survival compared with patients treated with radiotherapy alone (p=0.0097) in a univariate Cox regression analysis. A platinum/taxane combination produced the greatest survival benefit; hazard ratio=0.49 (95% confidence interval=0.31 to 0.75). CONCLUSION: We found that patients treated with induction chemotherapy in addition to radiotherapy for NSCLC have a better overall survival than patients treated with radiotherapy alone and that the best results are achieved using a platinum/taxane combination.
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33.
  • Kadribegovic, Ragib, 1975, et al. (författare)
  • Air Cleaning by Photo Catalytic Oxidation: An Experimental Performance Test
  • 2011
  • Ingår i: ASHRAE Transactions. - 0001-2505. ; 117:1, s. 426-433
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The paper presents the results from an experimental evaluation of a novel air cleaner based on UVC radiation at 253.7 nm in combination with a titanium dioxide (TiO(2)) catalytic converter. The wavelength of the UV light is selected with the purpose of enhancing the capability of the device to deactivate micro-organisms. Furthermore, the selected UV-wavelength is expected not to cause any substantial generation of ozone. The air cleaner, denoted PCOC3, consists of three photo catalytic oxidation (PCO) chambers connected in series. The device is equipped with a pre-filter for removal of airborne particles (MERV 11). The air cleaner is intended for in-duct use, i.e. integration in central ventilation systems. In a subset of the experiments ozone was generated by an electrical spark generator placed upstream of the tested air cleaner and measured downstream by a direct reading instrument based on UV-spectroscopy. In another subset of experiments selected VOCs were injected into the test-rig and the decay was measured after the VOC injection had been stopped. The measurements showed no signs of any ozone being generated by the PCOC3. Instead the results indicate that ozone is captured by the device at a removal rate corresponding to 67 air changes per hour in the test-rig used, which, in turn corresponds to a single pass efficiency of about 15%. Also the studied VOCs were found to be removed by the PCOC3, but at substantially lower rates; in the range of a few air changes per hour only.
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34.
  • Leijon, Matti, 1970-, et al. (författare)
  • Is there a demand for physical activity interventions from health care providers? : Findings from a population survey
  • 2010
  • Ingår i: BMC Public Health. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1471-2458. ; 10:34
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background: Health care providers in many countries have delivered interventions to improve physical activity levels among their patients. Thus far, less is known about the population's interest to increase their physical activity levels and their opinion about the health care provider's role in physical activity promotion. The aims of this paper were to investigate the self-reported physical activity levels of the population and intention to increase physical activity levels, self-perceived need for support, and opinions about the responsibilities of both individuals and health care providers to promote physical activity.Methods: A regional public health survey was mailed to 13 440 adults (aged 18-84 years) living in Östergötland County (Sweden) in 2006. The survey was part of the regular effort by the regional Health Authorities.Results: About 25% of the population was categorised as physically active, 38% as moderately active, 27% as somewhat active, and 11% as low active. More than one-third (37%) had no intentions to increase their physical activity levels, 36% had thought about change, while 27% were determined to change. Lower intention to change was mainly associated with increased age and lower education levels. 28% answered that physical activity was the most important health-related behaviour to change "right now" and 15% of those answered that they wanted or needed support to make this change. Of respondents who might be assumed to be in greatest need of increased activity (i.e. respondents reporting poor general health, BMI>30, and inactivity) more than one-quarter wanted support to make improvements to their health. About half of the respondents who wanted support to increase their physical activity levels listed health care providers as a primary source for support.Conclusion: These findings suggest that there is considerable need for physical activity interventions in this population. Adults feel great responsibility for their own physical activity levels, but also attribute responsibility for promoting increased physical activity to health care practitioners.
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35.
  • Leijon, Matti, et al. (författare)
  • Is there a demand for physical activity interventions provided by the health care sector? Findings from a population survey
  • 2010
  • Ingår i: BMC Public Health. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1471-2458. ; 10
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background: Health care providers in many countries have delivered interventions to improve physical activity levels among their patients. Thus far, less is known about the population's interest to increase their physical activity levels and their opinion about the health care provider's role in physical activity promotion. The aims of this paper were to investigate the self-reported physical activity levels of the population and intention to increase physical activity levels, self-perceived need for support, and opinions about the responsibilities of both individuals and health care providers to promote physical activity. Methods: A regional public health survey was mailed to 13 440 adults (aged 18-84 years) living in Ostergotland County (Sweden) in 2006. The survey was part of the regular effort by the regional Health Authorities. Results: About 25% of the population was categorised as physically active, 38% as moderately active, 27% as somewhat active, and 11% as low active. More than one-third (37%) had no intentions to increase their physical activity levels, 36% had thought about change, while 27% were determined to change. Lower intention to change was mainly associated with increased age and lower education levels. 28% answered that physical activity was the most important health-related behaviour to change "right now" and 15% of those answered that they wanted or needed support to make this change. Of respondents who might be assumed to be in greatest need of increased activity (i.e. respondents reporting poor general health, BMI>30, and inactivity) more than one-quarter wanted support to make improvements to their health. About half of the respondents who wanted support to increase their physical activity levels listed health care providers as a primary source for support. Conclusions: These findings suggest that there is considerable need for physical activity interventions in this population. Adults feel great responsibility for their own physical activity levels, but also attribute responsibility for promoting increased physical activity to health care practitioners.
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36.
  • Li, Yujiang, 1985-, et al. (författare)
  • Model based in-process monitoring with optical coherence tomography
  • 2012
  • Ingår i: Procedia CIRP. - : Elsevier. ; , s. 70-73
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The demands on in-process 3D monitoring in ceramic micromanufacturing industry require a high-precision, non-destructive, rapid and automated inspection technique for measuring the thickness of component layer, determining the shape and dimensions of the embedded 3D structures, and detecting the de-bonding, cracks, warping and deformation. One of the promising metrology techniques is optical coherence tomography (OCT). With the dedicated image processing algorithm and the industrial product data exchange standard, the model-based integration of OCT as a new metrology tool is demonstrated. As a generic standard for any product or manufacturing information, ISO 10303 STEP AP242 is employed for the measured data model. Unambiguous data representation is achieved by integrating additional modelling constraints. The proposed framework allows fully using the technical advantages of OCT to in-process 3D monitoring.
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37.
  • Maripuu, Mari-Liis, 1980, et al. (författare)
  • Beloks Totalmetodik: Handbok för genomförande och kvalitetssäkring
  • 2014
  • Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Totalmetodiken är en metod för att identifiera företagsekonomiska möjligheter för energieffektivisering i byggnader. Utgångspunkterna i Totalmetodiken är fastighetsägarens avkastningskrav på investerat kapital (internräntan) och en vilja att minska energianvändningen mer än man åstadkommer med andra metoder på marknaden. Genom ett genomtänkt angreppssätt och noggranna investerings- och lönsamhetsbedömningar ger Totalmetodiken ett pålitligt resultat. I Totalmetodiken tänker man i åtgärdspaket istället för på enskilda åtgärder. Åtgärderna i paketet uppfyller tillsammans lönsamhetskraven och tillsammans minskar åtgärderna fastighetens energibehov drastiskt. Beräkningar och genomförda projekt enligt Totalmetodiken visar energibesparingar på 30-60 % och en lönsamhet på över 10 % i många fall (räknat på förräntning av investerat kapital).
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38.
  • Näsström, Thomas, et al. (författare)
  • The lipid peroxidation products 4-oxo-2-nonenal and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal promote the formation of α-synuclein oligomers with distinct biochemical, morphological, and functional properties
  • 2011
  • Ingår i: Free Radical Biology & Medicine. - : Elsevier BV. - 0891-5849 .- 1873-4596. ; 50:3, s. 428-437
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Oxidative stress has been implicated in the etiology of neurodegenerative disorders with alpha-synuclein pathology. Lipid peroxidation products such as 4-oxo-2-nonenal (ONE) and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) can covalently modify and structurally alter proteins. Herein, we have characterized ONE- or HNE-induced alpha-synuclein oligomers. Our results demonstrate that both oligomers are rich in beta-sheet structure and have a molecular weight of about 2000 kDa. Atomic force microscopy analysis revealed that ONE-induced alpha-synuclein oligomers were relatively amorphous, with a diameter of 40-80 nm and a height of 4-8 nm. In contrast, the HNE-induced alpha-synuclein oligomers had a protofibril-like morphology with a width of 100-200 nm and a height of 2-4 nm. Furthermore, neither oligomer type polymerized into amyloid-like fibrils despite prolonged incubation. Although more SDS and urea stable, because of a higher degree of cross-linking, ONE-induced alpha-synuclein oligomers were less compact and more sensitive to proteinase K treatment. Finally, both ONE- and HNE-induced alpha-synuclein oligomers were cytotoxic when added exogenously to a neuroblastoma cell line, but HNE-induced alpha-synuclein oligomers were taken up by the cells to a significantly higher degree. Despite nearly identical chemical structures, ONE and HNE induce the formation of off-pathway alpha-synuclein oligomers with distinct biochemical, morphological, and functional properties.
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39.
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40.
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41.
  • Shi, Bingbing, 1983, et al. (författare)
  • Influence of Filter Fiber Material on Removal of Ultrafine and Submicron Particles Using Carbon Fiber Ionizer-Assisted Intermediate Air Filters
  • 2012
  • Ingår i: ASHRAE Transactions. - 0001-2505. ; 118:PART 1, s. 602-611
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Ultrafine and submicron particles are possibly highly related with respiratory and cardiopulmonary diseases and syndromes. Many studies show that an ionizer operated upstream of a ventilation air filter could enhance the particle collection efficiency of the filter, without affecting the pressure drop. However, most of these studies are based on one single fiber material and does not develop any comparison among different ventilation filters. This study investigates the influence of the fiber material and filter class on the enhanced efficiency. The influence of ion concentration is also considered. The experiments were conducted in a full-scale filter test rig and a chamber with 100% air re-circulation. Seven ventilation filters of class F5-F9 (MERV11-15), made of three types of fiber materials were tested in the filter test rig. A Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS) was utilized to count ultrafine and submicron particles in the upstream and downstream air flow. In the chamber test, a charged synthetic filter of class G4 (MERV 8) was mounted in the air re-circulation system. A P-TRAK Ultrafine Particle Counter, a CI-500 optical particle counter and a Dust-TRAK Aerosol Monitor were used to measure ultrafine and submicron particles. The results show, under the given experimental conditions, that ionization could substantially improve the filtration efficiency. For example, assisted by the ionizer, the coarse G4 (MERV 8) filter showed a filtration efficiency that increased by about 30 to 40 %-units for submicron particles. For the same ion concentration, the enhanced efficiency of charged synthetic filters is higher than that of glass fiber filters, especially in the ultrafine particle size fraction. Similarly, with the same ion concentration, the charged synthetic filters of higher class showed higher enhanced efficiencies than the charged synthetic filters of lower class. Measurements showed a negligible generation of ozone, both in the filter test rig and in the test chamber experiments.
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42.
  • Shi, Bingbing, 1983, et al. (författare)
  • Intermediate air filters for general ventilation applications: An experimental evaluation of various filtration efficiency expressions
  • 2013
  • Ingår i: Aerosol Science and Technology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0278-6826 .- 1521-7388. ; 47:5, s. 488-498
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Neither the European standard nor the US standard for classification of intermediate class filters comprises testing of filter performance with respect to ultrafine particles (UFPs) or particles of the most penetrating size (MPPS). This could turn out to be a major lack in classification standards since UFPs have been pointed out as a serious health hazard. In this study, fractional efficiencies of eight new full-scale bag filters and twenty-three new filter medium samples were determined. The influence of air velocity and aerosol type was investigated, and correlations between efficiencies for UFPs (EFUFPs), MPPS-sized particles (EFMPPS) and 0.4 μm-sized particles (EF0.4μm) were established. The tested bag filters were challenged by four aerosol types: a neutralized atomized oil aerosol, the same oil aerosol but non-neutralized, a non-neutralized thermally generated oil smoke, and a “natural” indoor aerosol. The tests were carried out at different air velocities through the filter medium, ranging between 0.08 m/s and 0.22 m/s. The relationships that were observed between EFUFPs, EFMPPS, and EF0.4μm appeared to be linear within the observed filtration efficiency ranges. These relationships were similar regardless of the test aerosol type used, but somewhat different for glass fiber filters than for charged synthetic filters. Generally, EFMPPS was 10–20% lower than EF0.4μm. The influence of air velocity variations on the size resolved efficiency was determined. The glass fiber filters showed practically the same fractional efficiencies regardless of whether the test aerosol was neutralized or not. However, the charged synthetic filters showed substantially lower efficiencies when tested with the non-neutralized aerosol compared to the case when the aerosol was neutralized.
  •  
43.
  • Shi, Bingbing, 1983, et al. (författare)
  • Removal of ultrafine particles and particles of the most penetrating size by new intermediate class filters
  • 2011
  • Ingår i: Proceedings of the Indoor Air 2011 Conference, Austin, TX, USA, 6 pages.
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Twenty-three new filter samples, including three different medium types, were tested in a small scale test-rig using a Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS). The filtration efficiencies for ultrafine particles (UFPs) and particles of the most penetrating particle size (MPPS) were determined. The filters were of class F5-F9 according to the European filter standard, which roughly corresponds to MERV9-MERV15 according to the US-standard. The filters were challenged by the indoor aerosol prevailing in the laboratory. Additional tests were made using an oil aerosol. With the indoor aerosol, charged synthetic filters showed substantially higher MPPS efficiencies than glass fiber and uncharged synthetic filters of the same class did. With the oil aerosol, the different filter media types, belonging to the same filter class, showed similar efficiencies. The oil aerosol drastically reduced, or eliminated, the electrostatic filtration mechanism. For example F7 and F8 filters not influenced by electrostatic mechanisms typically showed 40% and 50% removal of MPPS particles respectively.
  •  
44.
  • Shi, Bingbing, 1983, et al. (författare)
  • The effectiveness of portable air cleaners against tobacco smoke in multizone residential environments
  • 2010
  • Ingår i: Proceedings of the CLIMA 2010 Conference: 10th REHVA World Congress 'Sustainable Energy use in Buildings', 8 pages.
  • Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • The purpose of this study was to investigate how the effectiveness of portable air cleaners(ACs) against tobacco smoke is influenced by the clean air delivery rate (CADR), the locationof the AC in relation to the pollution source and the apartment structure. The study was basedon field experiments and simulations with the CONTAM software. The AC effectiveness wasabout 80% for one AC, and 93% for two ACs in the studied apartment (volume=110m3).Ultrafine particles (UFP) exposure in a room without tobacco smoking (clean room) could bemuch less than in the source room if these rooms were not directly connected with each other(but indirectly connected via doors open to other rooms). Operating the AC in one of therooms without cigarette smoking could develop a partly isolated clean environment.However, this led to a rather low cleaning effectiveness for the concentration of ultrafineparticles in the apartment as a whole. If operating the AC in the room where cigarettes arebeing smoked, the UFP exposure in the whole apartment can be further reduced.
  •  
45.
  • Shi, Bingbing, 1983, et al. (författare)
  • Ventilationsfilter och ultrafina partiklar
  • 2013
  • Ingår i: Energi och Miljö. ; :Nr. 4, 2013., s. ss. 56-58
  • Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Under senare år har flera medicinska och miljömedicinska studier pekat på att så kallade ultrafina partiklar kan vara farligare än andra, större, partiklar. Dessvärre tar varken Svensk Standard för provning och klassning av ventilationsfilter eller SP:s P -märkning av filter någon hänsyn till så små partiklar. Problemet har dock studerats i ett nyligen avslutat forskningsprojekt vid Chalmers i Göteborg.
  •  
46.
  • Strang, Susann, 1953, et al. (författare)
  • Palliative care in COPD-web survey in Sweden highlights the current situation for a vulnerable group of patients.
  • 2013
  • Ingår i: Upsala journal of medical sciences. - : Uppsala Medical Society. - 2000-1967 .- 0300-9734. ; 118:3, s. 181-6
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Abstract Background. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common cause of death. Despite the heavy symptom burden in late stages, these patients are relatively seldom referred to specialist palliative care. Methods. A web-based survey concerning medical and organizational aspects of palliative care in COPD was distributed to respiratory physicians in Sweden. There were 93 respondents included in the study. Results. Palliative care issues were regularly discussed with the patients according to a third of the respondents. About half of the respondents worked in settings where established routines for co-operation with palliative units were available at least to some extent. Less than half of the respondents (39%) were aware of current plans to develop palliative care, either as a co-operative effort or within the facility. Palliative care is focused on physical, psychological, social, and existential dimensions, and the proportions of respondents providing support within these dimensions, 'always' or 'often', were 83%, 36%, 32%, and 11%, respectively. Thus, to treat the physical dimensions was perceived as much more obvious than to address the other dimensions. Conclusions. The survey indicates that the priorities and resources for palliative care in COPD are insufficient in Sweden. The data, despite limitations, reveal a lack of established team-work with specialized palliative care units and actual plans for such co-operation.
  •  
47.
  • Su, Rong, 1985-, et al. (författare)
  • Accurate and automated image segmentation of 3D optical coherence tomography data suffering from low signal-to-noise levels
  • 2014
  • Ingår i: Journal of the Optical Society of America A. - : Optical Society of America. - 0740-3232. ; 31:12, s. 2551-2560
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has proven to be a useful tool for investigating internal structures in ceramic tapes, and the technique is expected to be important for roll-to-roll manufacturing. However, because of high scattering in ceramic materials, noise and speckles deteriorate the image quality, which makes automated quantitative measurements of internal interfaces difficult. To overcome this difficulty we present in this paper an innovative image analysis approach based on volumetric OCT data. The engine in the analysis is a 3D image processing and analysis algorithm. It is dedicated to boundary segmentation and dimensional measurement in volumetric OCT images, and offers high accuracy, efficiency, robustness, subpixel resolution, and a fully automated operation. The method relies on the correlation property of a physical interface and effectively eliminates pixels caused by noise and speckles. The remaining pixels being stored are the ones confirmed to be related to the target interfaces. Segmentation of tilted and curved internal interfaces separated by similar to 10 mu m in the Z direction is demonstrated. The algorithm also extracts full-field top-view intensity maps of the target interfaces for high-accuracy measurements in the X and Y directions. The methodology developed here may also be adopted in other similar 3D imaging and measurement technologies, e.g., ultrasound imaging, and for various materials.
  •  
48.
  • Su, Rong, 1985-, et al. (författare)
  • Enhancement of probing depth and measurement accuracy of optical coherence tomography for metrology of multi-layered ceramics
  • 2013
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Light scattering strongly limits the probing depth and speckles degrade the image quality in optical coherence tomography (OCT) detection of embedded features in high-scattering ceramics. For high-precision metrology application we evaluated an OCT system working at a centre wavelength of 1.7μm in order to improve the probing depth, and developed a dedicated image processing algorithm for improving the measurement accuracy and speed. The results are demonstrated for 3D OCT measurement of embedded laser-machined pattern in ceramics.
  •  
49.
  • Su, Rong, 1985- (författare)
  • Improved inspection and micrometrology of embedded structures in multi-layered ceramics : Development of optical coherence tomographic methods and tools
  • 2014
  • Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Roll-to-roll manufacturing of micro components based on advanced printing, structuring and lamination of ceramic tapes is rapidly progressing. This large-scale and cost-effective manufacturing process of ceramic micro devices is however prone to hide defects within the visually opaque tape stacks. To achieve a sustainable manufacturing with zero defects in the future, there is an urgent need for reliable inspection systems. The systems to be developed have to perform high-resolution in-process quality control at high speed. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a promising technology for detailed in-depth inspection and metrology. Combined with infrared screening of larger areas it can solve the inspection demands in the roll-to-roll ceramic tape processes. In this thesis state-of-art commercial and laboratory OCT systems, operating at the central wavelength of 1.3 µm and 1.7 µm respectively, are evaluated for detecting microchannels, metal prints, defects and delaminations embedded in alumina and zirconia ceramic layers at hundreds of micrometers beneath surfaces.The effect of surface roughness induced scattering and scattering by pores on the probing radiation, is analyzed by experimentally captured and theoretically simulated OCT images of the ceramic samples, while varying surface roughnesses and operating wavelengths. By extending the Monte Carlo simulations of the OCT response to the mid-infrared the optimal operating wavelength is found to be 4 µm for alumina and 2 µm for zirconia. At these wavelengths we predict a sufficient probing depth of about 1 mm and we demonstrate and discuss the effect of rough surfaces on the detectability of embedded boundaries.For high-precision measurement a new and automated 3D image processing algorithm for analysis of volumetric OCT data is developed. We show its capability by measuring the geometric dimensions of embedded structures in ceramic layers, extracting features with irregular shapes and detecting geometric deformations. The method demonstrates its suitability for industrial applications by rapid inspection of manufactured samples with high accuracy and robustness.The new inspection methods we demonstrate are finally analyzed in the context of measurement uncertainty, both in the axial and lateral cases, and reveal that scattering in the sample indeed affects the lateral measurement uncertainty. Two types of image artefacts are found to be present in OCT images due to multiple reflections between neighboring boundaries and inhomogeneity of refractive index. A wavefront aberration is found in the OCT system with a scanning scheme of two galvo mirrors, and it can be corrected using our image processing algorithm.
  •  
50.
  • Su, Rong, 1985-, et al. (författare)
  • Optical coherence tomography for quality assessment of embedded microchannels in alumina ceramic
  • 2012
  • Ingår i: Optics Express. - : Optical Society of America. - 1094-4087. ; 20:4, s. 4603-4618
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Large-scale and cost-effective manufacturing of ceramic micro devices based on tape stacking requires the development of inspection systems to perform high-resolution in-process quality control of embedded manufactured cavities, metal structures and defects. With an optical coherence tomography (OCT) system operating at 1.3 mu m and a dedicated automated line segmentation algorithm, layer thicknesses can be measured and laser-machined channels can be verified in alumina ceramics embedded at around 100 mu m depth. Monte Carlo simulations are employed to analyze the abilities of OCT in imaging of the embedded channels. The light scattering parameters required as input data for simulations are evaluated from the integrating sphere measurements of collimated and diffuse transmittance spectra using a reconstruction algorithm based on refined diffusion approximation approach.
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