| 1. |
- Elvers, Ingegerd, et al.
(författare)
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CHK1 activity is required for continuous replication fork elongation but not stabilization of post-replicative gaps after UV irradiation
- 2012
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Ingår i: Nucleic Acids Research. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0305-1048 .- 1362-4962. ; 40:17, s. 8440-8448
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ultraviolet (UV)-induced DNA damage causes an efficient block of elongating replication forks. The checkpoint kinase, CHK1 has been shown to stabilize replication forks following hydroxyurea treatment. Therefore, we wanted to test if the increased UV sensitivity caused by the unspecific kinase inhibitor caffeine-inhibiting ATM and ATR amongst other kinases-is explained by inability to activate the CHK1 kinase to stabilize replicative structures. For this, we used cells deficient in polymerase eta (Pol eta), a translesion synthesis polymerase capable of properly bypassing the UV-induced cis-syn TT pyrimidine dimer, which blocks replication. These cells accumulate gaps behind progressing replication forks after UV exposure. We demonstrate that both caffeine and CHK1 inhibition, equally retards continuous replication fork elongation after UV treatment. Interestingly, we found more pronounced UV-sensitization by caffeine than with the CHK1 inhibitor in clonogenic survival experiments. Furthermore, we demonstrate an increased collapse of replicative structures after caffeine treatment, but not after CHK1 inhibition, in UV-irradiated cells. This demonstrates that CHK1 activity is not required for stabilization of gaps induced during replication of UV-damaged DNA. These data suggest that elongation and stabilization of replicative structures at UV-induced DNA damage are distinct mechanisms, and that CHK1 is only involved in replication elongation.
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| 2. |
- Elvers, Ingegerd, 1983-
(författare)
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Replication Fork Stability in Mammalian Cells
- 2011
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Maintaining replication fork integrity is vital to preserve genomic stability and avoid cancer. Physical DNA damage and altered nucleotide or protein pools represent replication obstacles, generating replicative stress. Numerous cellular responses have evolved to ensure faithful DNA replication despite such challenges. Understanding those responses is essential to understand and prevent or treat replication-associated diseases, such as cancer. Re-priming is a mechanism to allow resumption of DNA synthesis past a fork-stalling lesion. This was recently suggested in yeast and explains the formation of gaps during DNA replication on damaged DNA. Using a combination of assays, we indicate the existence of re-priming also in human cells following UV irradiation. The gap left behind a re-primed fork must be stabilised to avoid replication-associated collapse. Our results show that the checkpoint signalling protein CHK1 is dispensable for stabilisation of replication forks after UV irradiation, despite its role in replication fork progression on UV-damaged DNA. It is not known what proteins are necessary for collapse of an unsealed gap or a stalled fork. We exclude one, previously suggested, endonuclease from this mechanism in UV-irradiated human fibroblasts. We also show that focus formation of repair protein RAD51 is not necessarily associated with cellular sensitivity to agents inducing replicative stress, in rad51d CHO mutant cells. Multiple factors are required for replication fork stability, also under unperturbed conditions. We identify the histone methyltransferase SET8 as an important player in the maintenance of replication fork stability. SET8 is required for replication fork progression, and depletion of SET8 led to the formation of replication-associated DNA damage. In summary, our results increase the knowledge about mechanisms and signalling at replication forks in unperturbed cells and after induction of replicative stress.
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| 3. |
- Elvers, Ingegerd, et al.
(författare)
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UV stalled replication forks restart by re-priming in human fibroblasts
- 2011
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Ingår i: Nucleic Acids Research. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0305-1048 .- 1362-4962. ; 39:16, s. 7049-7057
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Restarting stalled replication forks is vital to avoid fatal replication errors. Previously, it was demonstrated that hydroxyurea-stalled replication forks use an active restart mechanism or rescue replication by new origin firing. Using the DNA fiber assay, we find to our surprise no evidence that UV-damaged replication forks are arrested and only detect a slightly reduced fork speed on a UV-damaged template. Interestingly, no evidence for UV-induced fork stalling was observed even in translesion synthesis defective, Polηmut cells. In contrast, using an assay to measure DNA molecule elongation at the fork, we observe that DNA elongation is severely blocked, particularly in UV-damaged Polηmut cells. In conclusion, these data suggest that UV-blocked replication forks restart effectively through re-priming. If left unfilled, the gap behind a re-primed fork may collapse into a DNA double-strand break that is repaired by a recombination pathway, similar to the fate of replication forks collapsed after hydroxyurea treatment.
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| 4. |
- Groth, Petra, et al.
(författare)
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Homologous recombination repairs secondary replication induced dna double strand breaks after ionizing radiation
- 2012
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Ingår i: Nucleic Acids Research. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0305-1048 .- 1362-4962. ; 40:14, s. 6585-6594
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ionizing radiation (IR) produces direct two-ended DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) primarily repaired by non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). It is, however, well established that homologous recombination (HR) is induced and required for repair of a subset of DSBs formed following IR. Here, we find that HR induced by IR is drastically reduced when post-DNA damage replication is inhibited in mammalian cells. Both IR-induced RAD51 foci and HR events in the hprt gene are reduced in the presence of replication polymerase inhibitor aphidicolin (APH). Interestingly, we also detect reduced IR-induced toxicity in HR deficient cells when inhibiting post-DNA damage replication. When studying DSB formation following IR exposure, we find that apart from the direct DSBs the treatment also triggers formation of secondary DSBs peaking at 7-9 h after exposure. These secondary DSBs are restricted to newly replicated DNA and abolished by inhibiting post-DNA damage replication. Further, we find that IR-induced RAD51 foci are decreased by APH only in cells replicating at the time of IR exposure, suggesting distinct differences between IR-induced HR in S- and G2-phases of the cell cycle. Altogether, our data indicate that secondary replication-associated DSBs formed following exposure to IR are major substrates for IR-induced HR repair.
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| 5. |
- Karlsson, Elinor K, et al.
(författare)
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Genome-wide analyses implicate 33 loci in heritable dog osteosarcoma, including regulatory variants near CDKN2A/B
- 2013
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Ingår i: Genome Biology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1465-6906 .- 1474-760X .- 1474-7596. ; 14:12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Canine osteosarcoma is clinically nearly identical to the human disease, but is common and highly heritable, making genetic dissection feasible.RESULTS: Through genome-wide association analyses in three breeds (greyhounds, Rottweilers, and Irish wolfhounds), we identify 33 inherited risk loci explaining 55% to 85% of phenotype variance in each breed. The greyhound locus exhibiting the strongest association, located 150 kilobases upstream of the genes CDKN2A/B, is also the most rearranged locus in canine osteosarcoma tumors. The top germline candidate variant is found at a >90% frequency in Rottweilers and Irish wolfhounds, and alters an evolutionarily constrained element that we show has strong enhancer activity in human osteosarcoma cells. In all three breeds, osteosarcoma-associated loci and regions of reduced heterozygosity are enriched for genes in pathways connected to bone differentiation and growth. Several pathways, including one of genes regulated by miR124, are also enriched for somatic copy-number changes in tumors.CONCLUSIONS: Mapping a complex cancer in multiple dog breeds reveals a polygenic spectrum of germline risk factors pointing to specific pathways as drivers of disease.
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| 6. |
- Köpper, Frederik, et al.
(författare)
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Damage-induced DNA replication stalling relies on MAPK-activated protein kinase 2 activity
- 2013
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. - : Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. - 0027-8424 .- 1091-6490. ; 110:42, s. 16856-16861
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- DNA damage can obstruct replication forks, resulting in replicative stress. By siRNA screening, we identified kinases involved in the accumulation of phosphohistone 2AX (gamma H2AX) upon UV irradiation-induced replication stress. Surprisingly, the strongest reduction of phosphohistone 2AX followed knockdown of the MAP kinase-activated protein kinase 2 (MK2), a kinase currently implicated in p38 stress signaling and G2 arrest. Depletion or inhibition of MK2 also protected cells from DNA damage-induced cell death, and mice deficient for MK2 displayed decreased apoptosis in the skin upon UV irradiation. Moreover, MK2 activity was required for damage response, accumulation of ssDNA, and decreased survival when cells were treated with the nucleoside analogue gemcitabine or when the checkpoint kinase Chk1 was antagonized. By using DNA fiber assays, we found that MK2 inhibition or knockdown rescued DNA replication impaired by gemcitabine or by Chk1 inhibition. This rescue strictly depended on transiesion DNA polymerases. In conclusion, instead of being an unavoidable consequence of DNA damage, alterations of replication speed and origin firing depend on MK2-mediated signaling.
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| 7. |
- Urbin, Salustra S., et al.
(författare)
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Uncoupling of RAD51 focus formation and cell survival after replication fork stalling in RAD51D null CHO cells
- 2012
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Ingår i: Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis. - : Wiley. - 0893-6692 .- 1098-2280. ; 53:2, s. 114-124
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In vertebrate cells, the five RAD51 paralogs (XRCC2/3 and RAD51B/C/D) enhance the efficiency of homologous recombination repair (HRR). Stalling and breakage of DNA replication forks is a common event, especially in the large genomes of higher eukaryotes. When cells are exposed to agents that arrest DNA replication, such as hydroxyurea or aphidicolin, fork breakage can lead to chromosomal aberrations and cell killing. We assessed the contribution of the HRR protein RAD51D in resistance to killing by replication-associated DSBs. In response to hydroxyurea, the isogenic rad51d null CHO mutant fails to show any indication of HRR initiation, as assessed by induction RAD51 foci, as expected. Surprisingly, these cells have normal resistance to killing by replication inhibition from either hydroxyurea or aphidicolin, but show the expected sensitivity to camptothecin, which also generates replication-dependent DSBs. In contrast, we confirm that the V79 xrcc2 mutant does show increased sensitivity to hydroxyurea under some conditions, which was correlated to its attenuated RAD51 focus response. In response to the PARP1 inhibitor KU58684, rad51d cells, like other HRR mutants, show exquisite sensitivity (>1000-fold), which is also associated with defective RAD51 focus formation. Thus, rad51d cells are broadly deficient in RAD51 focus formation in response to various agents, but this defect is not invariably associated with increased sensitivity. Our results indicate that RAD51 paralogs do not contribute equally to cellular resistance of inhibitors of DNAreplication, and that the RAD51 foci associated with replication inhibition may not be a reliable indicator of cellular resistance to such agents.
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