| 1. |
- Pettersson, Julius, 1994, et al.
(författare)
-
Cognitive Ability Evaluation using Virtual Reality and Eye Tracking
- 2018
-
Ingår i: 2018 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENTS FOR MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS AND APPLICATIONS (CIVEMSA). - : IEEE. - 2377-9314. - 9781538646182 - 9781538646182
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This work aims to create a virtual reality (VR) representation of Ravens progressive matrices (RPM) and apply available eye tracking (ET) technology to determine where the test person's eye gaze is located during the test. RPM are developed to evaluate abstract reasoning and there is a possibility to further understand the mental processes of the test person by adding ET. The result of this project is a test scenario where the user completes ten tasks from RPM in a VR environment. Reports containing heat maps and trajectories describing the eye gaze together with times and results of the tasks are automatically generated after the test has been completed. This extended information which is automatically gathered is meant to further expand the toolbox that psychologists use when performing psychological testing and might aid them in improving the accuracy of the results obtained from these tests.
|
|
| 2. |
- Albo, Anton, 1991, et al.
(författare)
-
A framework concept for data visualization and structuring in a complex production process
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Procedia Manufacturing. - : Elsevier BV. - 2351-9789. ; 38, s. 1642-1651
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper provides a concept study for a visual interface framework together with the software Sequence Planner for implementation on a complex industrial process for extracting process information in an efficient way and how to make use of a lot of data to visualize it in a standardized human machine interface for different user perspectives. The concept is tested and validated on a smaller simulation of a paint booth with several interconnected and supporting control systems to prove the functionality and usefulness in this kind of production system. The paper presents the resulting five abstraction levels in the framework concept, from a production top view down to the signal exchange between the different resources in one production cell, together with additional features. The simulation proves the setup with Sequence Planner and the visual interface to work by extract and present process data from a running sequence.
|
|
| 3. |
- Albo, Anton, 1991, et al.
(författare)
-
A standardization approach to Virtual Commissioning strategies in complex production environments
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Procedia Manufacturing. - : Elsevier BV. - 2351-9789. ; 51:2020, s. 1251-1258
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The ongoing industrial revolution puts high demands on the component manufacturers and suppliers to meet the tough requirements set by the development industries to follow the technological advancement of highly digitalized factories with more future-oriented applications as Virtual Commissioning for cyber-physical systems. This paper provides a production system lifecycle assessment regarding the technical specification strategies using Virtual Commissioning for implementation and integration of new systems or plants and its predicted future challenges. With the use of standards and a common language practice between a purchaser/contractor procurement situation and across the different technical disciplines internally and externally, the implementation strategies is reiterated to achieve a new sustainable business model. The paper investigates different types of production systems and how a defined classification framework of different levels of Virtual Commissioning can connect the implementation requirements to a desired solution. This strategy includes aspects of standardization, communication, process lifecycle, and predicted cost parameters.
|
|
| 4. |
- Albo, Anton, 1991, et al.
(författare)
-
Modular Virtual Preparation method of production systems using a Digital Twin architecture
- 2021
-
Ingår i: IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation, ETFA. - 1946-0740 .- 1946-0759. ; 2021-September
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Even though virtual engineering and preparational work within the automotive industry has become more widely used over the last years with its possibilities to improve software quality and reduce physical commissioning time, it is still a costly investment for most companies when implementing or upgrading production systems. The different approaches and key factors to reduce the costs are to investigate how to reduce the development time of modeling and which practice or standard is most suitable for a certain application. A developer needs to expand the utilization of the virtual work and the re-usability of its digital models, in addition, to find a balance of the required level of modeling details according to the required functionality. This paper presents a framework with a modular software setup that simulates a 3-DOF robot in three different cases with different levels of detail. The outcome of the cases is evaluated in the context of functionality, usefulness, and affordability. The paper further discusses and explores potential use in regards to the concept of Virtual Commissioning and Digital Twin.
|
|
| 5. |
- Andersson, Alf, et al.
(författare)
-
Inline Process Control – a concept study of efficient in-line process control and process adjustment with respect to product geometry
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Swedish Production Symposium 2016 SPS 2016. - Lund, Sweden.
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- All manufacturing processes have variation which may violate the fulfillment of assembly, functional, geometrical or esthetical requirements and difficulties to reach desired form in all areas. The cost for geometry defects rises downstream in the process chain. Therefore, it is vital to discover these defects as soon as they appear. Then adjustments can be done in the process without losing products or time. In order to find a solution for this, a project with the overall scope “development of an intelligent process control system” has been initiated. This project consists of five different work packages: Inline measurement, Process Evaluation, Corrective actions, Flexible tooling and demonstrator cell. These work packages address different areas which are necessary to fulfill the overall scope of the project. The system shall both be able to detect geometrical defects, propose adjustments and adjust simple process parameters. The results are demonstrated in a demo cell located at Chalmers University of Technology. In the demonstrator all the different areas have been verified in an industrial case study – assembly of GOR Volvo S80. Efficient offline programming for robot based measurement, efficient process evaluation based on case base reasoning (CBR) methodology, flexible fixtures and process adjustments based on corrective actions regarding in going part positioning.
|
|
| 6. |
- Andersson, Kristin, 1976, et al.
(författare)
-
Generation of restart states for manufacturing cell controllers
- 2011
-
Ingår i: Control Engineering Practice. - : Elsevier BV. - 0967-0661. ; 19:9, s. 1014-1022
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A method for restart of manufacturing systems has recently been introduced. After correction of a fault. the system resumes normal production by returning to a certain restart state in the control function. and from there reexecuting parts of the work schedule. The current paper concerns automatic generation of the restart states, using discrete event systems theory. The generation process finds all possible restart states that guarantee that the execution restrictions are fulfilled during a restart, and that the production goals can be maintained. The number of restart states is minimized to reduce the number of necessary extensions to the control program. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
|
|
| 7. |
- Andersson, Kristin, 1976, et al.
(författare)
-
Generation of restart states for manufacturing systems with discarded workpieces
- 2009
-
Ingår i: 2009 IEEE Conference on Automation Science and Engineering, CASE 2009, Bangalore, India. - 9781424445783 ; , s. 191-196
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In earlier work we presented a method for restart of manufacturing systems. After correction of an error, the system resumes normal production by returning to a certain restart state in the control function, and from there reexecutes parts of the work schedule. In the present paper the method is extended to handle also systems where some, but not necessarily all, workpieces are discarded during the error correction preceding the restart. The restart process must then replace the discarded workpieces with new ones. The workpieces that remain in the cell may limit the possibilities of executing certain operations needed to process the new workpieces correctly, thus complicating the restart. Properties of the restart states that guarantee a correct restart are defined, typical situations that make the system impossible to restart are presented, and some suggestions are given for modifications that make the system restartable.
|
|
| 8. |
- Bengtsson, Kristofer, 1979, et al.
(författare)
-
Operation-Oriented Specification for Integrated Control Logic Development
- 2009
-
Ingår i: 2009 IEEE Conference on Automation Science and Engineering, CASE 2009, Bangalore, India. - 9781424445783 ; , s. 183-90
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In order to develop a manufacturing automation system, it is necessary to understand the manufacturing operations and their relationship, the sequence of operations, which is the basis for control logic design. The operations have preconditions that define when they are allowed to start executing, which also defines the sequence relations among them. Requirements and demands throughout the development will add and change these conditions, which also changes the sequence of operations. This paper studies how an operation-oriented development approach better can handle the operations and manufacturing sequences from early product design to detailed control engineering. An operation is defined by an extended finite automaton, with an initial, executes and finished location. The start event is enabled by a precondition, the stop event is enabled by a postcondition and the reset event is enabled by a reset condition. This representation together with a resource and product description enables the possibility to integrate control logic in the complete development process.
|
|
| 9. |
- Bengtsson, Kristofer, 1979, et al.
(författare)
-
Relations Identification and Visualization for Sequence Planning and Automation Design
- 2010
-
Ingår i: In Proc. IEEE Conference on Automation Science and Engineering, Toronto. - 9781424454471 ; , s. 841 - 848
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The sequential behavior of a manufacturing system results from a number of constraints introduced both in product, manufacturing and control logic development. Sequence planning is therefore an important activity throughout the complete development process. This paper proposes a sequence planning approach using self-contained manufacturing operations that model actions and relevant execution conditions. These operations can have temporal relations with each other, due to execution constraints expressed by operation pre- post- and reset conditions. The operation relations can for example be parallel, sequence, arbitrary order, alternative or hierarchy. Based on a formal operation model, the relations among operations are identified and visualized with a graphical language called Sequences of Operations, SOP.
|
|
| 10. |
- Bengtsson, Kristofer, 1979, et al.
(författare)
-
Sequence Planning Using Multiple and Coordinated Sequences of Operations
- 2012
-
Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering. - 1558-3783 .- 1545-5955. ; 9:2, s. 308-319
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The sequential behavior of a manufacturing system results from several constraints introduced during the product, manufacturing, and control logic development. This paper proposes methods and algorithms for automatically representing and visualizing this behavior from various perspectives throughout the development process. A new sequence planning approach is introduced that uses self-contained operations to model the activities and execution constraints. These operations can be represented and visualized from multiple perspectives using a graphical and formal language called Sequences of Operations (SOPs). The operations in a manufacturing system are related to each other in various ways, due to execution constraints expressed by operation pre- and post-conditions. These operation relations include parallel, sequence, arbitrary order, alternative, and hierarchy relations. Based on the SOP language, these relations are identified and visualized in various SOPs and sequences. A software tool, Sequence Planner, has been developed, for organizing the operations into SOPs that visualize only relevant operations and relations. Note to Practitioners-This paper proposes methods and algorithms for a new sequence planning approach in which sequences are automatically created based on the relations among operations instead of having to be manually constructed. Using various views, the sequences of operations related to, for example, part flow, robot operations, and operator tasks, can be visualized. The use of various views helps the user better understand the relations between cell control and mechanical design, and between product design and total system behavior.
|
|
| 11. |
- Bergagård, Patrik, 1984, et al.
(författare)
-
Modeling and automatic calculation of restart states for an industrial windscreen mounting station
- 2015
-
Ingår i: IFAC-PapersOnLine. - : Elsevier BV. - 2405-8963. ; 48:3, s. 1030-1036
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The production in an automated manufacturing system will not always progress as intended. A wide variety of possible faults may cause errors that lead to an unsynchronization between the control system and the physical system that consequently lead to production stoppages. The common industrial practice to deal with such non-intended progress is to extend the control system with tailor-made solutions to account for errors. This extension is both time consuming and there is no guarantee that all relevant errors are handled.This paper models the control system to enable automatic derivation of restart states applied to an existing station for automatic mounting of windscreens onto car bodies. These restart states are states in the control system where it is correct to resynchronize the control and the physical systems so that the automated production can be resumed. This aids the preparation phase by letting the developer focus on modeling the nominal production and on specifying (un-)desired behavior during the restarted production, and then automatically retrieve the restart states for all control states. The online restart process is then reduced to a semi-automatic process where an operator can be supported with instructions for how to correctly resynchronize the control and the physical systems in a selected restart state.
|
|
| 12. |
- Dahl, Martin, 1984, et al.
(författare)
-
Application of the sequence planner control framework to an intelligent automation system with a focus on error handling
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Machines. - : MDPI AG. - 2075-1702. ; 9:3
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Future automation systems are likely to include devices with a varying degree of autonomy, as well as advanced algorithms for perception and control. Human operators will be expected to work side by side with both collaborative robots performing assembly tasks and roaming robots that handle material transport. To maintain the flexibility provided by human operators when introducing such robots, these autonomous robots need to be intelligently coordinated, i.e., they need to be supported by an intelligent automation system. One challenge in developing intelligent automation systems is handling the large amount of possible error situations that can arise due to the volatile and sometimes unpredictable nature of the environment. Sequence Planner is a control framework that supports the development of intelligent automation systems. This paper describes Sequence Planner and tests its ability to handle errors that arise during execution of an intelligent automation system. An automation system, developed using Sequence Planner, is subjected to a number of scenarios where errors occur. The error scenarios and experimental results are presented along with a discussion of the experience gained in trying to achieve robust intelligent automation.
|
|
| 13. |
- Dahl, Martin, 1984, et al.
(författare)
-
Automatic modeling and simulation of robot program behavior in integrated virtual preparation and commissioning
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Procedia Manufacturing. - : Elsevier BV. - 2351-9789. ; 11, s. 284-291
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents a method where the behavior of a robot cell is automatically modeled based on existing robot programs and a simulation model of the cell. Robot programs from the shop floor are uploaded into a virtual manufacturing tool, and a formal model is then generated from the robot programs. Then, control logic is automatically calculated, and the fastest possible execution order is found by using the generated model to formulate an optimization problem. The result is continuously analyzed and validated by simulation in the virtual manufacturing tool.
|
|
| 14. |
- Dahl, Martin, 1984, et al.
(författare)
-
Control components for Collaborative and Intelligent Automation Systems
- 2019
-
Ingår i: IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation, ETFA. - 1946-0759 .- 1946-0740. ; 2019-September, s. 378-384
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Collaborative and intelligent automation systems need intelligent control systems. Some of this intelligence exist on a per-component basis in the form of vision, sensing, motion, and path planning algorithms. To fully take advantage of this intelligence, also the coordination of subsystems need to exhibit intelligence. While there exist middleware solutions that eases communication, development, and reuse of such subsystems, for example the Robot Operating System (ROS), good coordination also requires knowledge about how control is supposed to be performed, as well as expected behavior of the subsystems. This paper introduces lightweight components that wraps ROS2 nodes into composable control components from which an intelligent control system can be built. The ideas are implemented on a use case involving collaborative robots with on-line path planning, intelligent tools, and human operators.
|
|
| 15. |
- Dahl, Martin, 1984, et al.
(författare)
-
Guard extraction for modeling and control of a collaborative assembly station
- 2020
-
Ingår i: IFAC-PapersOnLine. - : Elsevier BV. - 2405-8963. ; 53:4, s. 223-228
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- A transition system represented by guards and actions can be amended by new guards computed in order to satisfy some specification. If the transition system is the result of composing smaller state machines, guard extraction can be used to put the new guards onto the guards the original state machines. Planning and verification can then be performed directly on the system with additional guards. In this paper we discuss the benefits of applying guard extraction as part of the modeling work in a modular control architecture, where reusable resources are composed using specifications. We show with an example from the development of an industrial demonstrator that even if the specification language is limited to invariant propositions, in practice many common safety specifications can be expressed when combined with a notion of which transitions are allowed to be restricted.
|
|
| 16. |
- Dahl, Martin, 1984, et al.
(författare)
-
Integrated Virtual Preparation and Commissioning: supporting formal methods during automation systems development
- 2016
-
Ingår i: IFAC-PapersOnLine. - : Elsevier BV. - 2405-8963. ; 49:12, s. 1939-1944
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Virtual commissioning – the development and validation of industrial control systems against a simulation model – is attracting interest in the automotive industry. The main motivation for its use is that control systems can start to be integrated and tested before the construction of the physical system. In addition to this, the ability to continuously test can lead to increased reliability and enables better coping with late changes. At the same time, using formal methods during production preparation and control system design promise similar benefits. Formal methods however, are not seeing the same surge in interest – they are rarely used in the automotive industry. In this paper a framework is proposed, Integrated Virtual Preparation and Commissioning, where virtual commissioning models are used as a base for preparation and control system implementation assisted by formal methods. The extensive use of simulation in virtual commissioning allows computation results from formal methods to be continuously validated by visual inspection and using existing analysis tools (e.g. collision detection methods). The framework is applied in a case study, where the combination of a simulation model and a formal model is used as an aid in generating operation sequences for validation during production preparation. The resulting formal model can be used to study the behavior of the production system before a control system has been implemented.
|
|
| 17. |
- Dahl, Martin, 1984, et al.
(författare)
-
Interactive formal specification for efficient preparation of intelligent automation systems
- 2022
-
Ingår i: CIRP Journal of Manufacturing Science and Technology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1755-5817 .- 1878-0016. ; 38, s. 129-138
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The automation system of the future will consist of an increasing amount of complex resources, such as collaborative robots and/or autonomously roaming robots for material handling. To control these devices in an environment shared with human operators require state of the art computer perception and motion planning algorithms to be used as part of the automation system. This new type of intelligent automation system, where intelligent machines and learning algorithms are replacing more traditional automation solutions, requires new methods and workflows to keep up with the increase in complexity. This paper presents an interactive and iterative framework for solving some of these new challenges. The framework supports model-based control system preparation performed simultaneously to preparation of 3D geometries, positioning of robots, and tool design. The workflow enables an interactive preparation process, where new resources and constraints can be added to a live (real or simulated) automation system and control system failures can be analyzed in familiar tools for virtual preparation. Additionally, the paper describes how the integrated preparation process was applied to reconfiguring an industrial use case that includes a collaborative robot working side by side with a human operator, smart tools, and a vision system for localizing both work objects and tools.
|
|
| 18. |
- Dahl, Martin, 1984, et al.
(författare)
-
Sequence Planner: A Framework for Control of Intelligent Automation Systems
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Applied Sciences (Switzerland). - : MDPI AG. - 2076-3417. ; 12:11
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents a framework that tackles the challenges met in the development of automation systems featuring collaborative robotics and other machines that have some degree of autonomy. These machines rely on online algorithms for both sensing and acting in order to achieve a very high level of flexibility. To take advantage of these new machines and algorithms, control systems must also be increasingly flexible. In this paper, we present a framework for control of this new class of intelligent automation systems called Sequence Planner (SP), which helps with control of both traditional automation equipment and machines with autonomy. To aid the complex task of developing automation control solutions, SP relies on supporting algorithms for control logic synthesis and online planning. SP has been implemented with plug-in support for the Robot Operating System (ROS) and applied to an industrial demonstrator. We present our findings on how SP performed as a control system for this demonstrator, where we show that it is an adequate approach to implement automation for a highly flexible single station system. As a standardized way of automating such systems is missing, we hope that our contribution will provide a foundation for how to develop intelligent automation systems.
|
|
| 19. |
- Dahl, Martin, 1984, et al.
(författare)
-
Sequence Planner: Supporting Integrated Virtual Preparation and Commissioning
- 2017
-
Ingår i: IFAC-PapersOnLine. - : Elsevier BV. - 2405-8963. ; 50:1, s. 5818-5823
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- It is essential to understand the operation sequences of a production system when designing or changing it. This paper will demonstrate how the software tool Sequence Planner (SP) not only supports this understanding by sequence visualization, but also improves the solution using optimization and verification. SP is a tool for modeling and analyzing automation systems. The tool has been developed since 2007 with an initial focus on supporting engineers when developing control code for programmable logical controllers. Today, SP is a micro-service architecture, usable in various areas like runtime control, online monitoring, energy optimization, and even emergency department patient planning. This paper presents a use case at an automotive company, where the operation sequences in a large number of automated robot stations, need to be modified. SP, together with virtual commissioning tools, automates this modification by identifying, optimizing, verifying and simulating operation sequences, and then updates the robot and control programs. This use case demonstrates the strength of SP and its architecture and how it is used for integrated virtual preparation and commissioning.
|
|
| 20. |
- Dahl, Martin, 1984, et al.
(författare)
-
Virtual Reality Commissioning in Production Systems Preparation
- 2017
-
Ingår i: IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation, ETFA. - 1946-0740 .- 1946-0759. - 9781509065059
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Virtual commissioning (VC) is a method used to virtually visualize and test production systems, control logic and material flows. The focus of this paper is to further extend this concept using Virtual Reality (VR). The introduction of VR in VC enhances the concept by adding a more realistic visualization and movement tracking which extends the possibilities of its validation. The changes to the validation aspect are mainly due to the fact that it is now possible to interact with the running virtual production in a realistic and intuitive way. The interaction gives designers and operators a new possibility to go from being observers to actors in the design phase. They are now able to validate the production system, test security protocols and validate the human interaction with the system, using VR.
|
|
| 21. |
|
|
| 22. |
- Erös, Endre, 1990, et al.
(författare)
-
Development of an Industry 4.0 Demonstrator Using Sequence Planner and ROS2
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Studies in Computational Intelligence. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 1860-9503 .- 1860-949X. ; , s. 3-29
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In many modern automation solutions, manual off-line programming is being replaced by online algorithms that dynamically perform tasks based on the state of the environment. Complexities of such systems are pushed even further with collaboration among robots and humans, where intelligent machines and learning algorithms are replacing more traditional automation solutions. This chapter describes the development of an industrial demonstrator using a control infrastructure called Sequence Planner (SP), and presents some lessons learned during development. SP is based on ROS2 and it is designed to aid in handling the increased complexity of these new systems using formal models and online planning algorithms to coordinate the actions of robots and other devices. During development, SP can auto generate ROS nodes and message types as well as support continuous validation and testing. SP is also designed with the aim to handle traditional challenges of automation software development such as safety, reliability and efficiency. In this chapter, it is argued that ROS2 together with SP could be an enabler of intelligent automation for the next industrial revolution.
|
|
| 23. |
- Erös, Endre, 1990, et al.
(författare)
-
Evaluation of high level methods for efficient planning as satisfiability
- 2021
-
Ingår i: IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation, ETFA. - 1946-0740 .- 1946-0759. - 9781728129891 ; 26
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Fast planning algorithms play a key role in intelligent automation systems where control sequences are constantly calculated. In order to determine which algorithms increase planning performance, we evaluate and compare several high level planning methods on a set of standard benchmarks. We focus on planning as satisfiability as the leading approach for solving difficult planning problems.
|
|
| 24. |
|
|
| 25. |
- Erös, Endre, 1990, et al.
(författare)
-
Towards compositional automated planning
- 2020
-
Ingår i: IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation, ETFA. - 1946-0759 .- 1946-0740. ; September, s. 416-423
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The development of efficient propositional satisfiability problem solving algorithms (SAT solvers) in the past two decades has made automated planning using SAT-solvers an established AI planning approach. Modern SAT solvers can accommodate a wide variety of planning problems with a large number of variables. However, fast computing of reasonably long plans proves challenging for planning as satisfiability. In order to address this challenge, we present a compositional approach based on abstraction refinement that iteratively generates, solves and composes partial solutions from a parameterized planning problem. We show that this approach decomposes the monolithic planning problem into smaller problems and thus significantly speeds up plan calculation, at least for a class of tested planning problems.
|
|
| 26. |
|
|
| 27. |
|
|
| 28. |
- Falkman, Petter, 1972, et al.
(författare)
-
Automatic generation: A way of ensuring PLC and HMI standards
- 2011
-
Ingår i: IEEE 16th Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation, ETFA 2011, Toulouse, 5-9 September 2011. - 9781457700187
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Preparing an automatic production system takes a lot of time and to be able to decrease this time virtual simulation studies are used more and more frequently. However, even if more work is performed in a virtual environment a problem is still that the same work is done more than one time in different software tools due to the lack of integration between them. The present paper presents a case study that investigates how a newly developed tool called SIMATIC Automation Designer can be used in order to close the gap between the mechanical design and the electrical design. SIMATIC Automation Designer is a Siemens software that can generate PLC code and HMI screens. The result shows that by generating PLC code and HMI screens automatically, it is possible to get the same structure and naming standard in every PLC and HMI project. This will ensure a corporate standard and will be a quality assurance of the PLC code and HMI screens.
|
|
| 29. |
- Falkman, Petter, 1972, et al.
(författare)
-
Automatic Generation of Object Models for Process Planning and Control Purposes using an International standard for Information Exchange
- 2003
-
Ingår i: Journal of Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics. - 1690-4524. ; 1:5
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper a formal mapping between static information models and dynamic models is presented. The static information models are given according to an international standard for product, process and resource information exchange, (ISO 10303-214). The dynamic models are described as Discrete Event Systems. The product, process and resource information is automatically converted into product routes and used for simulation, controller synthesis and verification. A high level language, combining Petri nets and process algebra, is presented and used for speci- fication of desired routes. A main implication of the presented method is that it enables the reuse of process information when creating dynamic models for process control. This method also enables simulation and verification to be conducted early in the development chain.
|
|
| 30. |
- Falkman, Petter, 1972, et al.
(författare)
-
Automatic generation of object models for process planning and control purposes using an international standard for information exchangeAutomatic Generation of Object Models
- 2003
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of the 7th World Multiconference on Systemics, cybernetics and Informatics. ; XIII, s. 382-387
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- A formal mapping between static information models and dynamic models is presented. The static information models are given according to an international standard for product, process, and resource information exchange, (ISO 10303-214). The dynamic models are described as Discrete Event Systems. The product, process and resource information is automatically converted into product routes and used for simulation, controller synthesis and verification. A high level language, which combines Petri nets and process algebra, is presented and used for specification of desired routes. A main implication of the presented methodology is to enable the reuse of process information when creating dynamic models for process control. This methododology also enables simulation and verification to be conducted early in the development chain.
|
|
| 31. |
- Falkman, Petter, 1972, et al.
(författare)
-
Combined Process Algebra and Petri Nets for Specification of Resource Booking Problems
- 2001
-
Ingår i: American Control Conference. - 0743-1619. - 0780364953 ; 6, s. 4949-4955
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- A modeling framework for general routing and resource booking problems is presented. The task is to specify desired routes for individual objects (products, data packets, vehicles), which are to be served by a number of shared resources (machines, computers, communication links). A high level language is presented in order to simplify the specification of desired routes. This modeling language combines Petri nets and process algebra. Process operators are introduced for specification of sequences, alternative choices, arbitrary ordered sequences and process synchronization. Multiple as well as alternative resources are easily specified utilizing sets of resources. These sets and operators imply a very compact and efficient representation of complex routing specifications. In fact, the representation is suitable for verification and synthesis based on symbolic tools such as BDDs.
|
|
| 32. |
- Falkman, Petter, 1972, et al.
(författare)
-
Generation of STEP AP214 models from discrete event systems for process planning and control
- 2008
-
Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering. - 1545-5955 .- 1558-3783. ; 5:1, s. 113-126
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this paper is to show how the international standard STEP-AP214 can be used for communication and storing of process specifications. Even though there are several software tools available for the generation of both product and resource information systems, there is still a lack of tools related to the STEP standard for producing process information, e.g., sequence of operations and system capabilities for resource allocation. Therefore, such a tool is suggested, which makes use of a high-level language for discrete-event systems based on process algebra and Petri nets. This language, called process algebra Petri net), has been developed in accordance with the process relations defined in STEP-AP214. More specifically, it is shown how process specifications created with the PPN tool can be mapped to the STEP AP-214 format. Note to Practioners-Rapidly changing market needs is making demands on flexibility and ability to shorten lead times. Standards for exchanging information, as well as formal methods for automatic development of programmable controller code have been important research topics for many years. There are a lot of software tools available for the generation of both product- and resource information, but there is still a lack of tools for producing process information. Moreover, the connection between information exchange standards and such tools is absent, which makes the development of programmable controller code an isolated activity. This activity is often time consuming and performed in an ad hoc manner resulting in unnecessary production delay. The aim of this paper is to show how the international standard STEP-AP214 (a standard for exchange of product-, process-, and resource related information) can be used for communicating and storing process specifications. In order to achieve this, a tool which makes use of a formal high-level language is suggested. This tool can be used for automatic control generation and has been developed in accordance with the process relations defined in STEP-AP214. A further aim is to shown how the mentioned tool can be used to specify complex systems in a compact, yet highly readable manner, which is a crucial incentive for industry to use formal methods. The presented method will guarantee-that expected information is delivered quickly and without errors caused by the human factor, something that is very important in our ambition to achieve shortened lead times. The quick information exchange also makes it possible to perform simulation, supervisor synthesis, and verification early in the development phase. This is a first attempt at using a formal language for creating a tool that can automatically generate specifications in accordance with the international STEP-standard.
|
|
| 33. |
- Falkman, Petter, 1972, et al.
(författare)
-
Modeling and Controller Synthesis for Resource Booking Problems using BDDs
- 2002
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of the 15th IFAC World Congress, Barcelona, Spain, 8 July through 12 July 2001. ; 2, s. 1011-1016
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- A modeling framework for general routing and resource booking problems is presented. The task is to specify desired routes for individual objects (products, data packets, vehicles), which are to be served by a number of shared resources (machines, computers, communication links). Based on simple booking models for the resources and routing specifications for the objects, a controller that synchronizes the objects utilization of the available resources is automatically generated. A high level language is presented in order to simplify the specification of desired routes. This modeling language combines Petri nets and process algebra. Process operators are introduced for specification of alternative and synchronization, which are applied in order to model join and split operations. Multiple as well as alternative resources are easily specified utilizing sets of resources. These sets and operators imply a very compact and efficient representation of complex routing specifications. In fact, the representatio n is suitable for verification and synthesis based on symbolic tools such as BDDs.
|
|
| 34. |
- Falkman, Petter, 1972, et al.
(författare)
-
Modeling and Specification of Discrete Event Systems using Combined Process Algebra and Petri Nets
- 2001
-
Ingår i: Proceedings 2001 IEEE/ASME Advanced Intelligent Mecatronics, COMO, ITALY, JUL 08-12, 2001. - 2159-6255. - 0780367367 ; 2, s. 1011-1016
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- A modeling framework for general routing and resource booking problems is presented. The task is to specify desired routes for individual objects (products, data packets, vehicles), which are to be served by a number of shared resources (machines, computers, communication links). Based on simple booking models for the resources and routing specifications for the objects, a controller that synchronizes the objects utilization of the available resources is automatically generated.A high level language is presented in order to simplify the specification of desired routes. This modeling language combines Petri nets and process algebra. Process operators are introduced for specification of alternative and synchronization, which are applied in order to model join and split operations. Multiple as well as alternative resources are easily specified utilizing sets of resources. These sets and operators imply a very compact and efficient representation of complex routing specifications. In fact, the representation is suitable for verification and synthesis based on symbolic tools such as BDDs.
|
|
| 35. |
- Falkman, Petter, 1972, et al.
(författare)
-
Specification of a batch plant using process algebra and petri nets
- 2009
-
Ingår i: Control Engineering Practice. - : Pergamon. - 0967-0661 .- 1873-6939. ; 17:9, s. 1004-1015
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The focus of the present paper is on the specification of routing and resource allocation systems. Such systems can be described as a set of shared resources and a set of products. The products utilize the resources in order to be manipulated according to a certain specification. This product specification consists of a set of operations that are to be executed in a certain order by specific resources. This results in a desired product route through the resource system, and hence the product specification is also called a routing specification. The process algebra petri net (PPN) formalism, i.e. a combination of petri nets and process algebra, implies efficient and less complex models for routing specifications compared to PNs and automata descriptions. The aim of this paper is to show how the PPN language can be used in order to simplify the specification of desired routes of the chemical batch process.
|
|
| 36. |
|
|
| 37. |
- Falkman, Petter, 1972, et al.
(författare)
-
Specification of Production Systems Using PPN and Sequential Operation Charts
- 2007
-
Ingår i: 3rd IEEE International Conference on Automation Science and Engineering, IEEE CASE 2007; Scottsdale, AZ; United States; 22 September 2007 through 25 September 2007. - 1424411548 ; , s. 20-25
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper specification of discrete event systems, more specifically flexible production systems, is performed using two high level specification languages. The first language, called process algebra Petri net (PPN), is a mathematically well defined language that combines Petri nets and process algebra in order to achieve compact and concise specifications of complex systems. The second language, sequential operation charts (SOC), is a language specifically developed to meet expectations from industry concerning both programming style and information handling. SOC is based on the PPN language, but presents constructs that enable the language to be used not only for specifying process descriptions but also product and preparation related information. This makes it possible to use the SOC language all the way from the concept phase until final production. This paper has three aims. The first is to show the advantages of the PPN language compared to ordinary Petri nets. The second aim is to show how the SOC language is defined with respect to the PPN, language and the third aim finally is to show how SOCs can be used for the specification of a real industry case.
|
|
| 38. |
- Falkman, Petter, 1972
(författare)
-
Specification of Resource Allocation Systems; a STEP towards a unified framework
- 2005
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In recent years growing demands on flexibility and ability to decrease time to market has made it increasingly important for engineering companies to find ways of making information exchange between product design and manufacturing systems design more efficient. A much shortened iteration cycle could be obtained ifinformation about product design solutions could be made instantly available for engineers involved in manufacturing systems design. Due to the high costs associated with modifying and changing system implementations, the ability to model and simulate systemsbefore they are implemented is becoming more and more essential. Consequently it is vital that the system specifications used are as clear and concise as possible. The present thesis deals with the specification of discrete event systems, especially resource allocation systems. A combination of process algebra and Petri nets is presented. This combination results in a powerful language, called process algebra Petri nets (PPN), for specifyingresource allocation systems, delivering both concise andeasy-to-read specifications of large complex systems. The fact that both Petri net constructs and algebra expressions can be used in order to decrease specification complexity also makes it a flexible language. A method is also presented that formally converts the PPN models into finite state automata, which means that existing formal evaluation techniques for simulation, verification, and controller synthesis can be easily applied.The presented language defines an algebra where the processoperators express the same process relations that are possible in the international standard STEP-AP214. To the best of our knowledge, the PPN language constitutes a first attempt at using a formal language in order to create a tool that can automatically generate specifications according to the STEP standard.So far little has been investigated concerning the connection between information modelling and discrete event systems. The present work, however,researches this connection. The presented mapping defines the relationship between the information and theDES specification.Finally, it can be said that the introduced method guarantees that the expected information is delivered fast and without the errors potentially induced by manual handling, something which is crucial when short lead times are required. Due to the fast information exchange it also enables simulation, automatic controller synthesis and verification, to be conducted early in the development chain.
|
|
| 39. |
- Falkman, Petter, 1972, et al.
(författare)
-
Vendor independent control database for virtual preparation and formal verification
- 2011
-
Ingår i: International Conference on Information and Automation, ICIA 2011; Shenzhen; 6 June 2011 through 8 June 2011. - 9781457702686 ; , s. 851-857
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- It is very advantageous to use virtual techniques for testing and developing new hardware and software systems within a manufacturing system. It is, however, of greatest importance that the virtual model can be trusted so that the results of the development and tests can be directly transferred to a real system without any manual last minute changes. In order to trust the result, formal verification techniques can be applied and by doing that guaranteeing a correct system behavior. Today, there is a gap between how systems are modeled in simulation softwares and formal verification softwares and it is therefore hard to perform formal verification. In order to limit the risk of introducing errors it is also important that the specifications created in the simulation softwares are not manually converted into formal languages. The present paper presents a method for sharing information between the different virtual development tools and formal verification tools. A database, storing necessary control information for verification and controller synthesis, is presented.
|
|
| 40. |
- Falkman, Petter, 1972, et al.
(författare)
-
Verification of Operation Sequences in Process Simulate by Connecting a Formal Verification Tool
- 2009
-
Ingår i: 2009 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CONTROL AND AUTOMATION, Christchurch, NEW ZEALAND, DEC 09-11, 2009. - 9781424447060 ; 1-3, s. 1207-1212
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- It is very advantages to use virtual techniques for testing and developing new hardware and software systems. It is cost effective since no real machine or manufactory system is needed. It is safe since there are no real components that can be damaged. Simulation is a fast design method since the time can go faster then real time and the machine can be set to desired machine states without time consumption. Novel concepts can be tested prior to manufacturing. However, it is of greatest importance that the virtual model can be trusted so that the results of the development and tests can be directly transferred to a real system without any manual last minute changes. Testing all possible scenarios within a system by simulation is an ambiguous task and is impossible to do with todays complex systems. The present paper introduces a method for combining virtual development and simulation techniques with tools for formal verification methods. The aim is to enable the use of formal verification techniques and by doing that guaranteeing a correct system behavior.
|
|
| 41. |
- Farooqui, Ashfaq Hussain, 1990, et al.
(författare)
-
Error handling within highly automated automotive industry: Current practice and research needs
- 2016
-
Ingår i: IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation, ETFA. - 1946-0759 .- 1946-0740. - 9781509013142 ; 2016-November, s. Art no 7733628-
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Fault tolerant systems, commonly found in literature, are implemented in various computer applications. Some of these methods have been studied and developed to aid manufacturing systems; however, they have rarely been integrated into the manufacturing process. Broadly, the problem seems to be integration of error handling procedures towards the end of physically building the manufacturing line, lack of a defined workflow, untested program logic and inadequately equipped personnel to name a few. To this end, a survey was conducted within the Swedish automotive industry to get an understanding of current error handling procedures and its shortcomings, and are presented here. Based on this data, and looking at the trends within the manufacturing industry, this paper also identifies research topics aimed towards defining methods to create next generation fault tolerant manufacturing systems.
|
|
| 42. |
- Farooqui, Ashfaq Hussain, 1990, et al.
(författare)
-
From factory floor to process models: A data gathering approach to generate, transform, and visualize manufacturing processes
- 2019
-
Ingår i: CIRP Journal of Manufacturing Science and Technology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1755-5817 .- 1878-0016. ; 24, s. 6-16
-
Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The need for tools to help guide decision making is growing within the manufacturing industry. The analysis performed by these tools will help operators and engineers to understand the behaviour of the manufacturing stations better and thereby take data-driven decisions to improve them. The tools use techniques borrowed from fields such as Data Analytics, BigData, Predictive Modelling, and Machine Learning. However, to be able to use these tools efficiently, data from the factory floor is required as input. This data needs to be extracted from two sources, the PLCs, and the robots. In practice, methods to extract usable data from robots are rather scarce. The present work describes an approach to capture data from robots, which can be applied to both legacy and current state-of-the-art manufacturing systems. The described approach is developed using Sequence Planner - a tool for modelling and analyzing production systems - and is currently implemented at an automotive company as a pilot project to visualize and examine the ongoing process. By exploiting the robot code structure, robot actions are converted to event streams that are abstracted into operations. We then demonstrate the applicability of the resulting operations, by visualizing the ongoing process in real-time as Gantt charts, that support the operators performing maintenance. And, the data is also analyzed off-line using process mining techniques to create a general model that describes the underlying behaviour existing in the manufacturing station. Such models are used to derive insights about relationships between different operations, and also between resources.
|
|
| 43. |
- Farooqui, Ashfaq Hussain, 1990, et al.
(författare)
-
Real-time Visualization of Robot Operation Sequences
- 2018
-
Ingår i: IFAC-PapersOnLine. - : Elsevier BV. - 2405-8963. ; 51:11, s. 576-581
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Evaluation of manufacturing systems requires large amounts of accurate data from the factory floor. This data is then processed to calculate Key Performance Indicators (KPIs), evaluation metrics used within the manufacturing industry by engineers and managers in order to make data-driven decisions. Mechanisms to capture large scales of usable data, which is both reliable and scalable is, more often than not, scarce. In this paper, we provide an approach to capture data from robot actions, which can be applied to both legacy and current state-of-the-art manufacturing systems. By exploiting the robot code structure, robot actions are converted to event streams that are transformed into a higher usable abstraction of data. Applicability of this data is demonstrated, primarily, by visualizations. The described approach is developed in Sequence Planner - a tool for modeling and analyzing production systems - and is currently implemented at an automotive company as a pilot project to visualize and examine what goes on on the factory floor.
|
|
| 44. |
- Farooqui, Ashfaq Hussain, 1990, et al.
(författare)
-
Towards Automatic Learning of Discrete-Event Models from Simulations
- 2018
-
Ingår i: IEEE International Conference on Automation Science and Engineering. - 2161-8070 .- 2161-8089. ; 2018-August, s. 857-862
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Model-based techniques are, these days, being embraced by the manufacturing industry in their development frameworks. While model-based approaches allow for offline verification and validation before physical commissioning, and have other advantages over existing methods, they do have their own challenges. Firstly, models are typically created manually and hence are prone to errors. Secondly, once a model is created, tested, and put into use on the factory floor, there is an added effort required to maintain and update it. This paper is a preliminary study of the feasibility of automatically obtaining formal models from virtual simulations. We apply the foundational algorithm from the active automata learning community to study the requirements and enhancements needed to be able to derive discrete event models from virtual simulations. An abstract model in the form of operations is learned by applying this algorithm on a simulation model composed of discrete operations. While a major bottleneck to be solved is the generation of counterexamples, the results seem promising to apply model learning in practice.
|
|
| 45. |
- Farooqui, Ashfaq Hussain, 1990, et al.
(författare)
-
Towards data-driven approaches in manufacturing: an architecture to collect sequences of operations
- 2020
-
Ingår i: International Journal of Production Research. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0020-7543 .- 1366-588X. ; 58:16, s. 4947-4963
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. The technological advancements of recent years have increased the complexity of manufacturing systems, and the ongoing transformation to Industry 4.0 will further aggravate the situation. This is leading to a point where existing systems on the factory floor get outdated, increasing the gap between existing technologies and state-of-the-art systems, making them incompatible. This paper presents an event-based data pipeline architecture, that can be applied to legacy systems as well as new state-of-the-art systems, to collect data from the factory floor. In the presented architecture, actions executed by the resources are converted to event streams, which are then transformed into an abstraction called operations. These operations correspond to the tasks performed in the manufacturing station. A sequence of these operations recount the task performed by the station. We demonstrate the usability of the collected data by using conformance analysis to detect when the manufacturing system has deviated from its defined model. The described architecture is developed in Sequence Planner–a tool for modelling and analysing production systems–and is currently implemented at an automotive company as a pilot project.
|
|
| 46. |
- Kanthabhabhajeya, Sathyamyla, 1985, et al.
(författare)
-
Interface between SysML and Sequence Planner Language for Formal Verification
- 2013
-
Ingår i: 23rd Annual International Symposium of the International Council on Systems Engineering, INCOSE 2013. ; 1, s. 222-236
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents a method and software for interfacing Systems Modeling Language (SysML) and Sequence Planner Language (SPL). Exchange of information between different software tools is of major interest for modern manufacturing industries from early design to final implementation. SysML, with its structure as a common platform, can then be interfaced with other domain-specific modeling tools to achieve information exchange. This paper presents a method to interface SysML with a recently introduced language for operation sequences called Sequence Planner Language (SPL). By this method, necessary information from behavioral constructs of SysML model are extracted and structured in SPL. This language, being a formal, graphical language,can be used to formally verify the system for any blocking states. An academic and an industrial model developed in SysML are tested using the interface implementation and the results show that information from SysML can be visualized in SPL and formally verified to have no blocking states.
|
|
| 47. |
- Kanthabhabhajeya, Sathyamyla, 1985, et al.
(författare)
-
System Modeling Specification in SysML and Sequence Planner Language - Comparison Study
- 2012
-
Ingår i: IFAC Proceedings Volumes (IFAC-PapersOnline). - 2405-8963. - 9783902661982 ; 14:PART 1, s. 1543-1550
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper compares two languages, Systems Modeling Language(SysML) based on Unified Modeling Language and Sequence Planner Language, where both are used for systems engineering applications. As the modern manufacturing industries pass through a challenging period in storing and exchanging huge amounts of information/data, a common platform that is helpful in putting different parts together is of major interest. This paper presents an analysis of these two languages focusing on their behavioral constructs and details their advantages and disadvantages. This paper concludes by mentioning the points that are lacking in SysML, which could be solved by combining it with Sequence Planner Language and using the combined approach for system engineering applications.
|
|
| 48. |
- Khan, Adnan, 1984, et al.
(författare)
-
Digital Twin for Legacy Systems: Simulation Model Testing and Validation
- 2018
-
Ingår i: IEEE International Conference on Automation Science and Engineering. - 2161-8070 .- 2161-8089. ; 2018-August, s. 421-426
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper, an approach to incorporate a digitaltwin for legacy production systems is presented. Hardware-in-the-loop setups are routinely used by manufacturing companiesto carry out virtual commissioning. However, manufacturingcompanies having online legacy production systems are stillstruggling to incorporate a digital twin due to the absence ofverified and validated simulation models. Companies that usevirtual commissioning as a part of their engineering tool chain,usually perform offline verification of the simulation model.This approach is typically based on visual inspection and is atedious task as each aspect of the model has to be visuallyvalidated. For legacy systems, only assessing the behaviorvisually in the absence of updated documents can result in anincorrect simulation model, i.e. simulating incorrect behaviorwith respect to the specification. Due to this, such simulationmodels cannot be incorporated in the engineering tool chain,as the simulated results can lead to improper decisions and caneven cause equipment damage. This paper presents a platformand an approach, based on model-based testing, that is a firststep for manufacturing companies to incorporate a validatedsimulation model for existing online production systems thatwill serve as a digital twin.
|
|
| 49. |
- Khan, Adnan, 1984, et al.
(författare)
-
On the Equivalence of Controllability and the Input Output Conformance Testing Relation
- 2018
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this paper, the relation between controllability and the IOCO testing relationis examined. Based on a natural and common notion of controllability, where uncontrollableevents are interpreted as outputs from the plant, and viewing an implementation under testas a plant, the IOCO testing relation is equivalent to controllability. Further, it is shownhow supervisor synthesis can be used to algorithmically make an implementation IOCO withrespect to its specification. This can be done either by restricting the implementation to thesupremal controllable sublanguage, or extending the specification to the infimal controllablesuperlanguage, of the implementation and the specification. Both alternatives seem to be equallyviable, and the choice between them seem strongly application dependent.
|
|
| 50. |
- Khan, Adnan, 1984, et al.
(författare)
-
Testing and validation of safety logic in the virtual environment
- 2019
-
Ingår i: CIRP Journal of Manufacturing Science and Technology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1755-5817 .- 1878-0016. ; 26, s. 1-9
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents an approach for testing safety PLC logic in a virtual environment, using the IOCO testing relation as validation criteria. Manufacturing companies more and more rely on virtual commissioning to reduce the physical commissioning time by testing and debugging the PLC logic of the nominal behavior prior to physical commissioning. However, safety PLC logic testing is still carried out on real systems manually. This manual practice of safety logic validation hinders industry to exploit the full potential of virtual commissioning to reduce the physical commissioning time. The proposed approach assists manufacturing companies in the validation of safety PLC logic using a simulation model before the factory acceptance testing phase. Using the proposed approach, a simulation model can be used to test the safety PLC logic and prepare better for the factory acceptance testing phase, hence, further reduction in physical commissioning time can be achieved.
|
|
