| 1. |
- Boqvist, Sofia, et al.
(author)
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Escherichia coli O157:H7 reduction in hamburgers with regard to premature browning of minced beef, colour score and method for determining doneness
- 2015
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In: International Journal of Food Microbiology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0168-1605 .- 1879-3460. ; 215, s. 109-116
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This study investigated the effect of premature browning (PMB) on the survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in beef hamburgers after cooking with respect to interior colour of the hamburger and recommendations to cook hamburgers to a core temperature of 71 degrees C. Assessment of doneness by visual inspection or measurement of internal temperature was compared in terms of survival and the increased relative risk of illness due to PMB was estimated. At the last consume-by-day, hamburgers made from minced meat packaged in 80/20 O-2/CO2 (MAP hamburger) and from meat minced at retail packaged in atmospheric condition (control hamburger) were inoculated with a gfp-tagged strain of E. coli O157:H7 (E. coli O157:H7gfp+). Hamburgers were cooked for different times during assessment of the core temperature every 30 s and cut in halves after cooking. Doneness was evaluated based on visual judgement of the internal colour using a score chart (C-score) from 'uncooked' (score 1) to 'tan with no evidence of pink' (score 5). An alternative five point score chart (TCC-score) including texture of the meat, clarity of meat juice and internal colour was also developed. Enumeration of viable E. coli O157:H7gfp+ in cooked hamburgers was based on fluorescent colonies recovered from plates. Results showed that MAP hamburgers developed PMB when compared with controls (P = 0.0003) and that the shortest cooking time for the highest C-score was 6 and 11 min for MAP and control hamburgers, respectively. The mean temperature in the MAP hamburger was then 60.3 degrees C. The TCC-score reduced the difference between MAP and control hamburgers. It was also shown that the survival of E. coli O157:H7gfp+ was highest in MAP hamburgers. The predicted absolute risks for illness were highest for MAP hamburgers for all C-scores and the relative risk associated with PMB increased with doneness. For a C-score of 4 (slightly pink) the predicted relative risk for illness was 300 times higher for MAP hamburger than for controls. A variable pathogen reduction was observed when cooking hamburgers to temperatures of 70-76 degrees C (the 5th and 95th percentile range was around 33 log CFU). The lower reductions, at the 5th percentile, may, depending on initial contamination levels, not be enough to ensure sufficient and safe inactivation of E. coli O157:H7. Efforts to inform consumers about PMB in minced meat packaged in high oxygen packages (>= 60% O-2) are needed with the aim to make consumers use thermometers correctly or at least not determine doneness based only on meat colour. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 2. |
- Eriksson, Daniel, et al.
(author)
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Survival of Campylobacter jejuni in frozen chicken meat and risks associated with handling contaminated chicken in the kitchen
- 2023
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In: Food Control. - : Elsevier BV. - 0956-7135 .- 1873-7129. ; 145
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Most Campylobacter infections in humans are sporadic cases, often connected to private households. Chicken meat is believed to be the main source of human exposure to Campylobacter and there are significant risks of cross-contamination when handling Campylobacter-contaminated chicken in the kitchen. One post-harvest pre-ventive measure to reduce Campylobacter concentrations on chicken meat is freezing. This study examined survival of different sequence types of C. jejuni during freezing and risk factors during handling of C. jejuni-contaminated chicken meat in the kitchen. Chicken fillets were artificially contaminated before freezing with two different sequence types of C. jejuni (ST-257 and ST-918), at concentrations in the meat of 4.1 log10 CFU/g (low) and 5.3 log10 CFU/g (high). Risk factors in the kitchen were assessed by swabbing gloves before and after washing, to simulate hands before and after washing. Utensils such as scissors and forceps used for cutting were also sampled, while a cutting board was sampled twice to simulate before and after wiping.The greatest decrease in Campylobacter concentrations in the freezer occurred in the first four days and the decrease then flattened off. After 49 days in the freezer, concentrations on meat contaminated with high and low levels of ST-257 decreased by 2.0 log10 CFU/g and 1.5 log10 CFU/g, respectively, while concentrations on chicken meat contaminated with a high and low level of ST-918 decreased by 1.0 log10 CFU/g and 0.7 log10 CFU/ g, respectively. Campylobacter was isolated from all simulated environmental samples. The highest load in the environment of both sequence types was unwashed gloves and the first sampling of the unwiped cutting board. Transfer from gloves and the cutting board was lower after washing/wiping, but high concentrations (>= 2 log10 CFU/mL rinse fluid) of Campylobacter persisted for all samples contaminated with ST-918 and for 18 of 20 samples contaminated with ST-257.In conclusion, there are differences between Campylobacter sequence types in their ability to withstand freezing stress and Campylobacter remaining on hands after washing and on cutting boards after wiping is a likely source of cross-contamination in the kitchen.
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| 3. |
- Fernström, Lise-Lotte, et al.
(author)
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Presence of pathogenic bacteria in faeces from dogs fed raw meat-based diets or dry kibble
- 2020
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In: Veterinary Record. - : Wiley. - 0042-4900 .- 2042-7670. ; 187
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background Feeding dogs with raw meat-based diets (RMBD) has increased in popularity in recent years. Proponents claim that RMBD is more natural for dogs, because it is what their ancestors (wolves) eat. Opponents claim that RMBD is a health hazard to both humans and animals, with a risk of spreading zoonotic bacteria and resistant bacterial strains.Methods This cross-sectional study investigated differences in bacteria shedding in faeces between dogs fed RMBD and dogs fed dry kibble. Faeces samples from 50 dogs from the same municipality were analysed for the presence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli, Campylobacter and Salmonella.Results For the 25 dogs fed RMBD, ESBL E coli was isolated from 13 faeces samples, Campylobacter from 12 and Salmonella from 1. For the 25 dogs fed dry kibble, ESBL-producing E coli was isolated from one faeces sample and Campylobacter from four, while Salmonella was not detected.Conclusion There was thus a significant difference in excretion of zoonotic and resistant bacteria in faeces between dogs fed RMBD and dogs fed dry kibble. These results confirm that RMBD can pose a microbiological risk not only for dogs, but also for people handling RMBD and faeces from dogs.
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| 4. |
- Fernström, Lise-Lotte, et al.
(author)
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Salmonella isolated from individual reptiles and environmental samples from terraria in private households in Sweden
- 2014
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In: Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0044-605X .- 1751-0147. ; 56
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: This study investigates Salmonella spp. isolated from privately kept reptiles and from environmental samples such as bedding materials or water from the floor of the enclosures (terraria). It also compares isolation of Salmonella using Modified Semisolid Rappaport-Vassiliadis (MSRV) medium or selective enrichment in Rappaport-Vassiliadis-Soya (RVS) pepton broth. Cloacal swabs or swabs from the cloacal area were collected from 63 individual reptiles belonging to 14 households. All reptiles were from different terraria and from 62 of these, environmental samples were also collected. Sampling were done by the reptile owners according to written instructions and sent by mail immediately after sampling. All but three samples were analyzed within 24 h after collection. Colonies suspected for Salmonella were tested for agglutination and serotyped using the White-Kauffmann-Le Minor scheme. The relative sensitivity (se) and specificity (sp) for MSRV compared with RVS, and the agreement coefficient kappa (kappa) were calculated.Results: Salmonella was isolated from 50/63 (80%) terraria, either from the reptiles (31/63; 49%) or from bedding material (39/62; 63%). The most common subspecies was Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica followed by S. enterica subspecies diarizonae. In reptiles, the most common S. enterica subspecies enterica serovars were Java (n = 4) and Fluntern (n = 4), compared with the serovars Tennessee (n = 10) and Fluntern (n = 10) in the environmental samples. The exact same set of Salmonella subspecies and serovars were not isolated from the individual reptiles and the environmental samples from any of the households. Isolation using MSRV yielded more Salmonella isolates 61/113 (54%) than enrichment in RVS 57/125 (46%). The se was 97.9% (95% Confidence Interval 93.9-100), the sp 78.5% (95% CI 68.5-88.5) and the. 0.74, indicating substantial agreement between the tests.Conclusions: Salmonella can be expected to be present in environments where reptiles are kept. This constitutes public health risks and should be considered during handling of the reptiles and during cleaning and disposal of bedding. A combination of different culturing techniques may be used to increase the isolation rate.
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| 5. |
- Frosth, Sara, et al.
(author)
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Detection of Campylobacter spp. in water by dead-end ultrafiltration and application at farm level
- 2019
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In: Journal of Applied Microbiology. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1364-5072 .- 1365-2672. ; 127, s. 1270-1279
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Aims The purposes were to evaluate the detection of low levels of Campylobacter in water by dead-end ultrafiltration (DEUF) to determine the sensitivity and suitability for use under field condition. Methods and Results The DEUF technique followed by detection according to ISO 10272 was tested on artificially and naturally contaminated water. Campylobacter were detected in all samples spiked with more than 10 CFU 60 l(-1) and in four of nine samples with a concentration below 10 CFU 60 l(-1) water. Naturally contaminated water from five different broiler producers was analysed. Campylobacter were detected in four of 12 samples from ponds near the houses and in three of 24 samples from water pipes inside the broiler houses, but not in tap water sampled at the entrance of the broiler houses. Conclusions The results indicate that DEUF is useful for detection of low numbers of Campylobacter in large volumes of water. Significance and Impact of the Study Contaminated water is an important source for transmission of Campylobacter to broilers and humans. The concentration of Campylobacter is usually low with a high level of background microbiota. This study shows the advantages of DEUF both in the laboratory and under field conditions.
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| 6. |
- Frosth, Sara, et al.
(author)
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Identification of Transmission Routes of Campylobacter and On-Farm Measures to Reduce Campylobacter in Chicken
- 2020
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In: Pathogens. - : MDPI AG. - 2076-0817. ; 9
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- An in-depth analysis was performed on Swedish broiler producers that had delivered chickens with Campylobacter to slaughter over several years, in order to identify possible transmission routes and formulate effective measures to prevent chickens being colonized with Campylobacter. Between 2017 and 2019, 626 samples were collected at farm level and Campylobacter was isolated from 133 (21.2%). All C. jejuni and C. coli isolated from these samples were whole-genome sequenced, together with isolates from the corresponding cecum samples at slaughter (n = 256). Core genome multi-locus sequence typing (cgMLST) analysis, using schemes consisting of 1140 and 529 genes for C. jejuni and C. coli, respectively, revealed that nearby cattle, contaminated drinking water, water ponds, transport crates, and parent flocks were potential reservoirs of Campylobacter. A novel feature compared with previous studies is that measures were implemented and tested during the work. These contributed to a nationwide decrease in Campylobacter-positive flocks from 15.4% in 2016 to 4.6% in 2019, which is the lowest ever rate in Sweden. To conclude, there are different sources and routes of Campylobacter transmission to chickens from different broiler producers, and individual measures must be taken by each producer to prevent Campylobacter colonization of chickens.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Hansson, Ingrid, et al.
(author)
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Differences in Genotype and Antimicrobial Resistance between Campylobacter spp. Isolated from Organic and Conventionally Produced Chickens in Sweden
- 2021
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In: Pathogens. - : MDPI. - 2076-0817. ; 10:12
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Antibiotic resistance is a major challenge worldwide and increased resistance to quinolones in Campylobacter is being reported. Analysis of antibiotic resistance was performed on 157 Campylobacter strains (123 C. jejuni and 34 C. coli) from conventional and organic chickens produced in Sweden. Susceptibility for tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, nalidixic acid, streptomycin, and gentamycin was determined by microdilution. All 77 isolates from organic chickens were sensitive to all antibiotics, except two C. jejuni that were resistant to tetracycline. Of the 80 isolates from conventional chickens, 22.5% of C. jejuni and 11.1% of C. coli were resistant to quinolones and 5.6% of C. jejuni were resistant to tetracycline. Whole-genome sequencing resulted in 50 different sequence types of C. jejuni and six of C. coli. Nine sequence types were found in both organic and conventional chickens. Two of these (ST-19 and ST-257) included isolates from conventional broilers with different resistance phenotypes to the remaining isolates from conventional and organic broilers. There are management differences between the production systems, such as feed, breed, use of coccidiostats, and access to outdoor area. It is unlikely that quinolone resistance has arisen due to use of antimicrobials, since fluoroquinolones are not permitted in Swedish broiler production.
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| 9. |
- Hansson, Ingrid, et al.
(author)
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Occurrence of Campylobacter spp. in Swedish calves, common sequence types and antibiotic resistance patterns
- 2021
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In: Journal of Applied Microbiology. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1364-5072 .- 1365-2672. ; 130, s. 2111-2122
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Aims Cattle are the second most important cause of human campylobacteriosis, after poultry, but there are knowledge gaps regarding Campylobacter in cattle. This study examined the occurrence of Campylobacter, the species present, sequence types and antibiotic resistance in Swedish cattle.Methods and Results Faeces samples collected from 154 calves on seven Swedish farms, and 69 follow-up samples from a second collection occasion, were analysed. Campylobacter were isolated from 77% of calves at the first sampling, with Campylobacter jejuni as the most frequently isolated species. Animals kept on deep straw bedding were less likely to be colonized with Campylobacter. Whole-genome sequencing of 90 C. jejuni samples resulted in 11 sequence types, among which ST-19 and ST-21 were most frequent. Antimicrobial resistance analyses showed that 46% of 142 isolates analysed were resistant to quinolones, while all isolates belonging to ST-19, ST-22 and ST-441 were resistant to ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid.Conclusions Campylobacter jejuni was the species most frequently isolated in calves and a strong association was found between sequence type and antimicrobial resistance pattern.Significance and Impact of the Study The high proportion of calves with quinolone-resistant Campylobacter jejuni should be considered in a One Health perspective.
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| 10. |
- Hellgren, Josefin, et al.
(author)
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Occurrence of Salmonella, Campylobacter, Clostridium and Enterobacteriaceae in raw meat-based diets for dogs
- 2019
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In: Veterinary Record. - : Wiley. - 0042-4900 .- 2042-7670. ; 184
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The practice of feeding raw meat-based diets (RMBD) to dogs has increased in popularity in recent years. However, RMBD are based on offal that has not undergone any type of treatment to reduce the microbial content, so there is a risk of potential pathogenic microorganisms being present. Frozen samples from 60 RMBD packs produced by 10 different manufacturers were analysed for their content of bacteria belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae, for Clostridium perfringens and for the presence of Salmonella and Campylobacter. Enterobacteriaceae were detected in all 60 samples and in 31 samples exceeded a level of 5000 bacteria/g, which is the threshold for satisfactory microbial hygiene according to EU regulations. In two samples, the amount of C. perfringens exceeded 5000 bacteria/g, which is the maximum level of anaerobic bacteria permitted by Swedish national guidelines. Salmonella species were found in four (7 per cent) and Campylobacter species in three (5 per cent) samples. These results show that it is critical to maintain good hygiene when storing, handling and feeding RMBD, in order to limit the potential health risks to animals and humans, especially young and immunocompromised individuals.
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| 11. |
- Moazzami, Madeleine, et al.
(author)
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Reducing Campylobacter jejuni, Enterobacteriaceae and total aerobic bacteria on transport crates for chickens by irradiation with 265-nm ultraviolet light (UV-C LED)
- 2021
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In: Food Control. - : Elsevier BV. - 0956-7135 .- 1873-7129. ; 119, s. 572-578
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- It is critical to maintain low levels of microbes in the whole food production chain. Due to high speed of slaughter, lack of time, and structural characteristics of crates, sufficient cleaning and disinfection of crates used for transporting chickens to abattoirs is a challenge. Inadequately cleaned transport crates for broiler chickens caused a major outbreak of campylobacteriosis in Sweden in 2016-2017, when the contaminated crates in-troduced Campylobacter to the chickens during thinning. This study evaluated the antibacterial efficacy of 265nm ultraviolet (UV-C) LED light on artificially contaminated chicken transport crates. In a laboratory study, a transport crate artificially contaminated with Campylobacter and cecum contents was irradiated with 265-nm UV-C light by a continuous LED array in a treatment cabinet. The transport crate was sampled 52 times by cotton swabs before and after UV-C treatment for 1 min (20.4 mJ/cm2) and 3 min (61.2 mJ/cm2). The swab samples were analysed for Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni), bacteria belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae, and total aerobic bacteria. After irradiation with UV-C LED light for 1 min, a mean reduction in C. jejuni of log 2.0 +/- 0.5 CFU/mL was observed, while after irradiation for 3 min the reduction was log 3.1 +/- 1.0 CFU/mL. The mean reduction in Enterobacteriaceae was log 1.5 +/- 0.3 CFU/mL after 1 min of irradiation and log 1.8 +/- 0.8 CFU/mL after 3 min. The mean reduction in total aerobic bacteria was log 1.4 +/- 0.4 CFU/mL after 1 min of irradiation and log 1.6 +/- 0.5 CFU/mL after 3 min. Significant reductions in bacterial load were observed in all samples after UV-C treatment and extending the treatment time from 1 to 3 min significantly increased the reduction in C. jejuni. However, before implementation of UV-C LED treatment in commercial chicken abattoirs, the irradiation unit would need to be extended and/or the washing procedure before UV-C treatment, to reduce the amount of organic matter on transport crates, would need to be improved.
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| 12. |
- Moazzami, Madeleine, et al.
(author)
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Reducing Campylobacter jejuni, Enterobacteriaceae, Escherichia coli, and total aerobic bacteria on broiler carcasses using combined ultrasound and steam
- 2021
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In: Journal of Food Protection. - 0362-028X. ; 84, s. 572-578
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Campylobacteriosis is the most frequently reported foodborne illness in Europe and many other parts of the world. Campylobacter can colonize the intestines of broilers, mostly in large amounts. Broilers are usually slaughtered in a high-speed automated system that could cause rupture of the intestines during evisceration, resulting in contamination of carcasses with intestinal bacteria like Campylobacter. This study evaluated the combined effects of ultrasound and steam (SonoSteam) on naturally contaminated chicken carcasses at a large-scale abattoir in Sweden. Ultrasound at 30 to 40 kHz and steam at 84 to 85°C or 87 to 88°C were used at slaughter, with a line speed of 18,000 birds per hour. The amounts of Campylobacter spp., Enterobacteriaceae, Escherichia coli, and total aerobic bacteria on neck skins from 103 chicken carcasses, sampled before and after treatment by ultrasound-steam, were analyzed. Campylobacter spp. were quantified in 58 (56%) of the neck skins, from birds belonging to four of the seven flocks represented. All 58 isolates were identified as Campylobacter jejuni. After the ultrasound-steam treatment, the mean reductions in C. jejuni, Enterobacteriaceae, E. coli and total aerobic bacteria were 0.5 ± 0.8, 0.6 ± 0.6, 0.5 ± 0.6, and 0.4 ± 0.7 log CFU/g, respectively. No significant differences in reduction between the two different treatment temperatures were observed for any of the bacteria. Although the bacterial reductions were significant, large amounts of bacteria remained on the carcasses after treatment. Further studies are needed to identify optimal measures at slaughter to reduce food spoilage bacteria and pathogenic bacteria, which should be considered in a One Health perspective.
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| 13. |
- Osbjer, Kristina, et al.
(author)
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Detection of Campylobacter in human and animal field samples in Cambodia
- 2016
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In: Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica et Immunologica Scandinavica (APMIS). - : Wiley. - 0903-4641 .- 1600-0463. ; 124:6, s. 508-515
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Campylobacter are zoonotic bacteria and a leading cause of human gastroenteritis worldwide with Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli being the most commonly detected species. The aim of this study was to detect Campylobacter in humans and livestock (chickens, ducks, pigs, cattle, water buffalo, quail, pigeons and geese) in rural households by routine culturing and multiplex PCR in faecal samples frozen before analysis. Of 681 human samples, 82 (12%) tested positive by PCR (C. jejuni in 66 samples and C. coli in 16), but none by routine culture. Children were more commonly Campylobacter positive (19%) than adult males (8%) and females (7%). Of 853 livestock samples, 106 (12%) tested positive by routine culture and 352 (41%) by PCR. Campylobacter jejuni was more frequent in chickens and ducks and C. coli in pigs. In conclusion, Campylobacter proved to be highly prevalent by PCR in children (19%), ducks (24%), chickens (56%) and pigs (72%). Routine culturing was insufficiently sensitive in detecting Campylobacter in field samples frozen before analysis. These findings suggest that PCR should be the preferred diagnostic method for detection of Campylobacter in humans and livestock where timely culture is not feasible.
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| 14. |
- Rydén, Anneli, et al.
(author)
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Effectiveness of Cleaning and Sanitation of Stable Environment and Riding Equipment Following Contamination With Streptococcus equi Subsp. equi
- 2023
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In: Journal of Equine Veterinary Science. - : Elsevier BV. - 0737-0806 .- 1542-7412. ; 121
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Streptococcus equi subsp. equi ( S. equi) is transmitted via contact with infected horses or fomites such as equipment or surfaces of the stable environment. Effective cleaning and sanitation is essential to mini-mize risk of fomite-associated infections. This study assessed the effectiveness of cleaning and sanitation of experimentally S. equi contaminated materials and equipment found in stables. Wood, concrete, plas-tic, leather halters, leather gloves and polyester webbing halters were inoculated with a 24-hour culture S. equi laboratory strain. In addition, selected materials were inoculated with a clinical strain of S. equi. Three days post inoculation all materials were sampled for retention of viable S. equi and a subset of each material was cleaned and sanitized. After an additional 2 days all treated and untreated materials were sampled for continued retention of viable S. equi. Separate subsets of contaminated polyester halter material were washed at 40 degrees C with or without drying at 70 degrees C, or washed at 60 degrees C. After cleaning and sanitation, all samples except polyester halters were culture negative. Even before cleaning and sanita-tion leather appears to poorly support survival of S. equi. After washing at 40 degrees C and tumble drying, 14 of 16 halters were culture positive, however culture negative when washed at 60 degrees C. Routine cleaning and sanitation of fomites contaminated with S. equi was generally effective to eliminate viable bacteria. How-ever, survival between materials and strains differed, with leather poorly permissive to S. equi survival even without cleaning, whereas polyester webbing halters retained viable S. equi even after washing at temperatures of 40 degrees C.(c) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. This is an open access article under the CC BY license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
- Ström Hallenberg, Gunilla, et al.
(author)
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Antimicrobial use and antimicrobial susceptibility in Escherichia coli on small- and medium-scale pig farms in north-eastern Thailand
- 2017
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In: Antimicrobial resistance and infection control. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2047-2994. ; 6
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: Intensification of livestock production seen in many low-and middle-income countries is often believed to be associated with increased use of antimicrobials, and may hence contribute to the emergence of antimicrobial resistance. The aim of this study was to map antimicrobial use on small- (n = 25) and medium-scale (n = 27) pig farms in north-eastern Thailand, and to compare antimicrobial susceptibility of commensal Escherichia coli isolated from sows on these farms.Methods: Information regarding pig husbandry and antimicrobial treatment regimens was obtained by the use of semi-structured questionnaires. Faecal samples were collected from three healthy sows at each farm, and Escherichia coli was cultured and analysed for antimicrobial susceptibility using the broth microdilution method. Multilevel regression models were used to compare antimicrobial susceptibility between isolates from small-and medium-scale farms.Results: All farms included in the study administered antimicrobials to their sows. Small-scale farmers most commonly (64%) decided themselves when to give antimicrobials and the majority (60%) bought the medicines at the local store or pharmacy, whereas farmers on medium-scale farms always discussed antimicrobial treatment with a veterinarian. Medium-scale farms used a greater diversity of antimicrobials than small-scale farms and did also administer antimicrobials in feed to a higher extent. High levels of antimicrobial resistance to several critically important antimicrobials for human medicine (including ciprofloxacin, streptomycin and ampicillin) were found in isolates from both small-and medium-scale farms. Resistance levels were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in isolates from medium-scale farms for several of the antimicrobials tested, as well as the level of multidrug-resistance (P = 0.026).Conclusion: The routines regarding access and administration of antimicrobials differed between the small-and medium-scale farms. Although the level of antimicrobial resistance, as well as multidrug-resistance, was higher in isolates from medium-scale farms, it cannot be concluded if this increase is a consequence of a more abundant use of antimicrobials, or a result of differences in administration routines.
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| 17. |
- Ström Hallenberg, Gunilla, et al.
(author)
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Antimicrobials in small-scale urban pig farming in a lower middle-income country - arbitrary use and high resistance levels
- 2018
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In: Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2047-2994. ; 7:1
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- © 2018 The Author(s). Background: Administration of antimicrobials to food-producing animals is regarded as a major contributor to the overall emergence of resistance in bacteria worldwide. However, few data are available on global antimicrobial use and resistance (AMR) in livestock, especially from low- and middle-income countries. Methods: We conducted a structured survey of 91 small-scale pig farms in the urban and peri-urban areas of Phnom Penh, Cambodia, to assess the farmers' knowledge, attitudes and practices related to antimicrobial use in their pig production. Commensal Escherichia coli was isolated from three healthy pigs from each farm (n = 261) and susceptibility testing was performed against 14 antimicrobials, using broth microdilution. Univariable logistic regression and generalized linear mixed models were used to investigate potential associations between farm characteristics, management factors and resistance to different types of antimicrobials. Results: We found a widespread and arbitrary use of antimicrobials, often based on the farmer's own judgment. Around 66% of the farmers reported frequently self-adjusting treatment duration and dosage, and 45% had not heard about the term 'antimicrobial resistance'. The antimicrobials most commonly mentioned or kept by the farmers were amoxicillin, tylosin, gentamicin and colistin. Around 37% used a feed concentrate that contained antimicrobials, while antimicrobials for humans were used as a last-line treatment by 10% of the farmers. Commensal E. coli exhibited high prevalence of resistance to several antimicrobials considered to be of critical importance for human medicine, including ampicillin, ciprofloxacin and colistin, and multidrug-resistance was found in 79% of the samples. Higher prevalence of resistance was observed on farms that administered prophylactic antimicrobials and on farms that treated the entire group or herd in the event of disease. Conclusion: The widespread and arbitrary use of antimicrobials in pig farming in Cambodia is highly worrisome. Overall, farmers had a low awareness of the risks and consequences related to antimicrobial use and AMR. The results presented in this study confirm the hypothesis that non-rational use of antimicrobials results in higher prevalence of AMR and highlight the need for professional animal health systems that involve medically rational use of antimicrobials in emerging economies such as Cambodia.
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| 18. |
- Svonni, Elin, et al.
(author)
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Potential for residual contamination by Streptococcus equi subspp equi of endoscopes and twitches used in diagnosis of carriers of strangles
- 2020
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In: Equine Veterinary Journal. - : Wiley. - 0425-1644 .- 2042-3306. ; 52, s. 884-890
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background Endoscopic examinations are essential for diagnosis and treatment of strangles (S equi infection) in horses. However, even after disinfection, endoscopes may retain viable bacteria or bacterial DNA. Twitches are commonly used during endoscopic examinations and can thus also potentially transmit the organism to other horses.Objectives To evaluate the efficacy of different disinfectant methods to eliminate S equi from experimentally contaminated endoscopes and twitches and the effectiveness of field disinfection of endoscopes used in sampling carriers of S equi.Study design Experimental contamination and observational field study.Methods One endoscope and 30 twitches were contaminated with standardised S equi broth solutions. The endoscope was disinfected following three protocols using various disinfectants for manual disinfection. A fourth protocol used an automated endoscope reprocessor (AER). The twitches (n = 30) were disinfected following eight different disinfecting protocols. Three endoscopes used in sampling for silent carriers were disinfected following a field-based protocol. After each protocol the endoscopes and twitches were sampled for S equi by culture and qPCR.Results Following experimental contamination all endoscope disinfection protocols, apart from 1/6 of the ethanol protocol were S equi culture negative. However, no endoscope disinfection protocol completely eliminated retention of S equi DNA. Field disinfection of endoscopes after sampling carriers yielded no culture positives and all but one (13/14) were qPCR negative. All twitches disinfected following experimental contamination were culture negative but sodium hypochlorite was the only disinfectant that completely eliminated detection of S equi DNA.Main limitations Experimental contamination may not reflect the numbers of S equi transferred to endoscopes or twitches during use on silent carriers and purulent secretions from infected horses may influence survival of S equi.Conclusions While most disinfection methods appear to ensure removal of cultivable S equi, residual DNA can remain on both endoscopes and twitches.
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| 19. |
- Söderqvist, Karin, et al.
(author)
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Fate of Listeria monocytogenes, Pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica, and Escherichia coli O157:H7 gfpþ in Ready-to-Eat Salad during Cold Storage: What Is the Risk to Consumers?
- 2017
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In: Journal of Food Protection. - 0362-028X. ; 80, s. 204-212
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In this study, we investigated the fate of Listeria monocytogenes, pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica, and Escherichia coli O157:H7 gfp(+) inoculated in low numbers into ready-to-eat baby spinach and mixed-ingredient salad (baby spinach with chicken meat). Samples were stored at recommended maximum refrigerator temperature (8 degrees C in Sweden) or at an abuse temperature (15 degrees C) for up to 7 days. Mixed-ingredient salad supported considerable growth when stored at 15 degrees C during shelf life (3 days), with populations of L. monocytogenes, pathogenic Y. enterocolitica, and E. coli O157:H7 gfp(+) increasing from less than 2.0 log CFU/g on day 0 to 7.0, 4.0, and 5.6 log CFU/g, respectively. However, when mixed-ingredient salad was stored at 8 degrees C during shelf life, only L. monocytogenes increased significantly, reaching 3.0 log CFU/g within 3 days. In plain baby spinach, only pathogenic Y. enterocolitica populations increased significantly during storage for 7 days, and this was exclusively at an abuse temperature (15 degrees C). Thus, mixing ready-to-eat leafy vegetables with chicken meat strongly influenced levels of inoculated strains during storage. To explore the food safety implications of these findings, bacterial numbers were translated into risks of infection by modeling. The risk of listeriosis (measured as probability of infection) was 16 times higher when consuming a mixed ingredient salad stored at 8 degrees C at the end of shelf life, or 200,000 times higher when stored at 15 degrees C, compared with when consuming it on the day of inoculation. This indicates that efforts should focus on preventing temperature abuse during storage to mitigate the risk of listeriosis. The storage conditions recommended for mixed-ingredient salads in Sweden (maximum 8 degrees C for 3 days) did not prevent growth of L. monocytogenes in baby spinach mixed with chicken meat. Manufacturers preparing these salads should be aware of this, and recommended storage temperature should be revised downwards to reduce the risk of foodborne disease.
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| 20. |
- Trowald-Wigh, Gunilla, et al.
(author)
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Clostridium difficile in faeces from healthy dogs and dogs with diarrhea.
- 2013
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In: Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0044-605X .- 1751-0147. ; 55
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Abstract BACKGROUND: This study was conducted to evaluate the faecal occurrence and characterization of Clostridium difficile in clinically healthy dogs (N = 50) and in dogs with diarrhea (N = 20) in the Stockholm-Uppsala region of Sweden. FINDINGS: Clostridium difficile was isolated from 2/50 healthy dogs and from 2/20 diarrheic dogs. Isolates from healthy dogs were negative for toxin A and B and for the tcdA and tcdB genes. Both isolates from diarrheic dogs were positive for toxin B and for the tcdA and tcdB genes. The C. difficile isolates from healthy dogs had PCR ribotype 009 (SE-type 6) and 010 (SE-type 3) whereas both isolates from dogs with diarrhoea had the toxigenic ribotype 014 (SE-type 21). One of the isolates from healthy dogs was initially resistant to metronidazole. CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed presence of toxigenic C. difficile in faecal samples of diarrheic dogs and low number of non- toxigenic isolates in healthy dogs from Uppsala-Stockholm region in Sweden. However, more comprehensive studies are warranted to investigate the role of C. difficile in gastrointestinal disease in dogs
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| 21. |
- Windahl, Ulrika, et al.
(author)
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Carriage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius in dogs–a longitudinal study
- 2012
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In: BMC Veterinary Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1746-6148. ; 8
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: Methicillin-resistant S. pseudintermedius strains (MRSP) are reported with increasing frequency in bacterial cultures from dogs. The objectives of this study were to determine whether MRSP could be found in dogs several months after a clinically apparent infection and whether the length of carriage varied depending on systemic antimicrobial treatment, diagnosis at time of the first positive MRSP culture and the presence of skin disease or wounds. Thirty-one dogs previously diagnosed with a clinical infection were sampled repeatedly for a minimum of eight months or, with the exception of two dogs, until two consecutive negative results were obtained. Five specified locations were sampled, and the results were evaluated to determine future recommendations concerning sample strategies when screening for MRSP carriage. Information was collected from medical records and questionnaires to evaluate factors that may influence length of carriage.Results: The overall median length of MRSP carriage was 11 months (48 weeks). The presence of wounds and signs of dermatitis did not influence length of carriage. Systemic treatment for three weeks or longer with antimicrobial agents to which the bacterium was resistant was associated with prolonged carriage compared to dogs treated for a shorter period of time. Three of five dogs treated with an antimicrobial to which their MRSP-isolates were susceptible (tetracycline) were found to still be MRSP-positive when sampled after the end of treatment. Wound samples had the highest positive MRSP yield (81%) for the positive sample sites, compared to less than 70% for each of the other four sample sites. Cultures from the nostrils were less likely to detect MRSP carriage relative to the pharynx, perineum, wounds and the corner of the mouth.Conclusions: Dogs can carry MRSP for more than a year after a clinically apparent infection. Systemic antimicrobial treatment of infections with antimicrobial agents to which the MRSP-bacteria are resistant should be avoided when possible in dogs with possible or confirmed MRSP carriage or infection, since it may prolong time of MRSP carriage. Simultaneous sampling of pharynx, perineum, and the corner of the mouth as well as wounds when present is recommended when screening for MRSP. Cultures from nostrils were shown to be less likely to detect MRSP carriage.
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| 22. |
- Örn, Stefan, et al.
(author)
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Screening of faecal bacteria and antibiotic resistance in urban wastewater and recipient river surface water
- 2019
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- One major source of faecal bacteria and antibiotics to surface waters are effluents from sewage treatment plants (STPs) which highlights the importance of efficient sewage treatment for reduction of microorganisms as well as chemicals. In the present study a broad and exploratory screening survey was conducted on water and, fish and caged mussels samples from the sewage treatment plant and the recipient river Fyrisån in Uppsala, Sweden, during the years 2017-2019. The aim was to study the impact of STP effluent discharge on the river water microbial quality measured through the presence of Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Enterococcus spp. as fecal indicator bacteria, antibiotic resistance by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing E. coli (ESBL-E. coli), potentially pathogenic bacteria Salmonella spp., as well as presence and levels of antibiotics.In the STP, large reductions of faecal bacteria from influent to effluent sewage water (>90%) was measured, but less reduction was observed for the antibiotics (66%). Measurement of ESBL-E. coli in the STP sewage water revealed increased ratio of ESBL-E. coli isolates in the STP effluent compared with influent samples indicating potential selection for antibiotic resistance during the sewage process. Recipient river water samples revealed increased faecal bacteria and resistant ESBL-E. coli concentrations several kilometers downstream the STP outlet. Salmonella spp were isolated from all samples of STP influent and effluent water and at some sites in the river. Screening of wild fish and caged mussels in the river show that animals in the recipient environment to STPs can be carriers of faecal bacteria and ESBL-E. coli. This highlights the potential risk for transmissions of pathogens and antibiotic resistance from both the water and aquatic animals inhabiting microbial polluted environments.Large variations in concentrations of bacteria as well as antibiotics were observed between the years, which were probably due to annual differences in river discharge flow, indicating that prevailing weather conditions influence the levels of bacteria and antibiotics in the river. Generally, the resistance pattern to the 14 different tested antibiotics were similar in ESBL-E. coli isolated from the STP influent and effluent, river and biota samples. Apart from ampicillin and cefotaxime which were used for selection of ESBL-E. coli, high resistances were detected also for ceftazidime and ciprofloxacin. Large proportions of the isolated ESBL-E. coli were also multidrug-resistant, i.e. resistant to at least three different antibiotic classes.The present study show that the Uppsala STP serves as a major source for faecal bacteria, ESBL-E. coli and antibiotics to surface water of the river Fyrisån, which can remain at considerable levels for several kilometers downstream the outlet.
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| 23. |
- Östberg, Sofia, et al.
(author)
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Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase/AmpC-Producing E Coli in Dogs Treated with Antimicrobials in Surgical Wards
- 2015
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In: International Journal of Applied Research in Veterinary Medicine. - 1559-4602 .- 1559-470X. ; 13, s. 80-88
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- ABSTRACT The aim of this study is to investigate the prevalence and carriage of Extended Spec - trum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) and AmpC- producing strains of E. coli and Klebsi - ella spp in hospitalized dogs treated with antimicrobials. Tissue and fecal samples from 66 dogs were analyzed for presence of AmpC or ESBL producing bacteria. The dogs had to have been admitted to the surgical ward for at least 24 hours and have received antimicrobial treatment. Samples were plated onto bovine blood agar and after incubation for 24 + 24 h, five colonies morphologically consistent with E.coli and Klebsiella spp , were selected and recultured onto media containing antimicrobials. Dogs carrying ESBL/AmpC- producing bacteria were retested for rectal colonisation at 3-6 months intervals for up to 16 months. Five (7.6%) dogs carried bacterial strains posi - tive for ESBL/AmpC- producing- genes in feces. All tissue samples were negative. One dog, previously positive for bla CMY-2 , carried ESBL genotype bla TEM-52 , in the second sample. Four dogs remained posi - tive throughout the testing. None of the dogs had signs of infection or symptoms associ - ated with the carriage of ESBL or plasmid mediated-AmpC- producing bacteria. Seven unique MLVA-types were identified. The results from this study show fecal car - riage for as long as 16 months of ESBL/ AmpC- producing E.coli in dogs treated with antimicrobials. Although clonal spread could not be verified in this study, the risk of dissemination of multiresistant bacteria in animal hospitals and in the community must be considered.
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