| 1. |
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| 2. |
- Ferritsius, Olof, et al.
(author)
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Heterogeneity
- 2019
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In: Heterogeneity.
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Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Heterogeneity may be a most proper word to describe paper and board. Wood, the raw material to produce mechanical pulps, is almost as heterogeneous a material as the products. Looking in a microscope at a mechanical pulp it is obvious that it consists of a huge amount of small particles, which vary very much in several aspects: length, curl, width, wall thickness, fibrillation etc. In spite of that, we (scientists, mill employees, suppliers, consultants, researchers) commonly describe a pulp in terms of collective properties such as averages of fibre dimensions, hand sheet properties, dewatering ability etc. In other words: we describe mechanical pulp as a continuum. This may be more common than we believe. A review of the variables used in the more than 5,000 graphs in the preprints of the 23 International Mechanical Pulping Conferences (IMPC) between 1973 and 2018 showed that 97% of the variables described mechanical pulp as a continuum. Hence, only 3% of the variables reflected the heterogeneous nature of mechanical pulps. Many authors point out the benefits of describing the character of a material by as few and as independent properties as possible. In 1957, Steenberg stated: “Any valuable theory must be supposed to include a number of independent factors”. However, within the mechanical pulping area it is common practise to evaluate the character of pulp with respect to a wide range of more or less correlated measured pulp and fibre properties. In the review of the last 23 IMPCs we found that more than 96% of the variables examined in the articles where of that kind. In our efforts to describe a mechanical pulp with respect to its highly heterogeneous nature we have among others been inspired by Forgacs who worked with independent common factors in order to characterize mechanical pulps. He presented a paper in 1963 where he states that at least two independent factors are needed to describe a mechanical pulp. They reflect shape and length of the particles. Also Strand has inspired us with his work in the 80’s where he used factor analysis on a huge database to derive two independent common factors reflecting “bonding” (Factor 1) and “fibre length” (Factor 2). Examining a few independent common factors instead of several conventionally measured properties, which are more or less correlated, makes it easier to get an overview of the status of the processed material. Therefore, it is a little surprising that independent common factors constitute only 4% of the variables presented at the IMPCs since 1973. Strands approach was tested in a long-term evaluation in two mills. It was possible to produce a paper product more uniform in quality, compared to common practise. However, none of the above-mentioned independent factors reflects the heterogeneity of the pulp. Paper and pulp makers commonly agree that, within certain limits, uniformity is the most important characteristic of both the pulp and the paper. If we know how to perform uniformly, we may also be able to move into other operating areas (or volumes) in a controlled way. However, there is no common agreement on how to define "uniformity". Papermakers are still to a great extent specifying their demands on the pulp in terms of dewatering ability and average length-weighted fibre length although the correlation to product quality is vague and weak and varies over time. Almost since the advent of mechanical pulping processes, the operators have for process control had readings of dewatering ability of a pad consisting of billions of particles expressed as mL of water and average length-weighted fibre length of the pulp, which are far from being independent factors. Variations in any of these two properties may depend on variations in a combination of several more underlying factors. Therefore, it is hard to know what actions the operators should take to avoid running off spec. So far, the main development in the concept with dewatering and length to assist the operators have been firstly, to get time trends of these variables on a DCS screen instead of on a piece of paper in the control room, and secondly to get the readings more frequently with on-line analysers. During the same period, there have been an immense development of refiner concepts, fractionation, process design, modelling, use of raw material, fibre characterization, and new products. By putting more attention to reality and describing mechanical pulp as a heterogeneous material, which the mechanical pulps truly are, we hope to be able to get a more profound understanding how wood particles are developed along the process all the way to product. We also hope to give the operators in the mechanical pulping plant a more realistic description of the material they are supposed to deliver to the paper and board makers in order to facilitate their possibilities to produce a more uniform product quality at minimum cost. The aim of our presentation is to share some of our insights and reflections how to describe the heterogeneous nature of mechanical pulps to the mill operators.We have applied factor analysis on particle level based on measurements in an optical analyser of fibre diameter, fibre wall thickness, fibre length, and fibre fibrillation. Examples will be presented of how the raw material and the process have set characteristic fingerprints in terms of the distribution of an independent common bonding factor on particle level. It is fascinating to see how much that may be hidden behind averages, c.f. Rosling et al. (2018) who warn against comparing averages, which often obstruct a more profound understanding of a subject. In our presentation, we intend also to discuss how a description of the heterogeneity of the material may be used to get measures of energy efficiency of the process, separation efficiency of fractionation equipment, and how to link fibre characteristics to properties of products. Some reflections will also be shared on what we think is further required to get a more realistic description of the heterogeneous material we call mechanical pulp. Reference: Rosling H., Rosling Rönnlund A., Rosling O., (2018), ”Factfulness”, Natur & Kultur, ISBN 978-91-27-14994-6
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| 3. |
- Ferritsius, Olof, et al.
(author)
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Process considerations and its demands on TMP property measurements - A study on tensile index
- 2017
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In: Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal. - 0283-2631 .- 2000-0669. ; 32:1, s. 45-53
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- As a vital component in the strive towards improved energy efficiency in the operation of TMP refining processes, this work highlights the importance of well- designed procedures when collecting and analysing pulp properties with respect to process conditions. Process data and pulp from a CD82 chip refiner have been used to show that tensile index has strong covariance with fibre residence time calculated by the extended entropy model. A combination of theoretical and practical analysis methods has shown that, in order to assure representative, reliable results, pulp sampling procedures should comprise composite pulp samples collected during a sampling period of about three minutes. In addition, at least four subsequently collected composite pulp samples should be included in the analysis to effectively dampen effects from fast process variations as well as from slow process drift. An in-depth study on tensile index measurements clarifies that 40-60 strips should be used in the case we studied regardless if machine made paper or handsheets are considered.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Engstrand, Per O., 1955-, et al.
(author)
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Mekmassainitiativet för energieffektivitet, e2mp-i
- 2015
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Projektet har drivits som ett program för finansiering av forskning som ska utveckla ochdemonstrera tekniker som reducerar elenergiförbrukningen med 50% vid tillverkning avTMP och CTMP med bibehållna slutproduktegenskaper hos tryckpapper och kartong.Programmet är en del av skogsindustrins initiativ att under en tioårsperiod tillsammansmed svenska och norska finansiärer investera minst 200 Mkr för att nå detta radikalaeffektiviseringsmål. Ett uttalat mål för industriinitiativet är också att befästaforskningsnoderna vid FSCN i Sundsvall och PFI i Trondheim.Parallellt med Energimyndighetens finansiering, 30 Mkr, har Norges Forskningsråd satsat25 MNOK (2010‐14) i industriinitiativet, KK‐stiftelsen 36 MSEK (2011‐17) ochMittuniversitetet har finansierat12 MSEK. Industrins totala satsning kommer att överstiga100 MSEK redan vid utgången av 2017.Resultat från benchmarkingstudien BAT2012 av industrins modernaste TMP‐ och CTMPlinjersamt från demonstrationsskaleprojekt visas i rapporten. Projekten baseras delvis pågrundläggande forskningsprojekt genomförda inom FSCN´s KK‐stiftelse‐finansieradeforskningsprofil och projektet ”Filling the Gap” 31676‐, ISSN 1650‐5387 2014:57. Resultaten visar följande reduktionsnivåer; 28% TMP för news (Braviken), 14% TMP för SC(Kvarnsveden) och 21% CTMP för kartong (Skoghall).Utöver demoprojekten finns ytterligare tydliga potentialer beskrivna i övriga delprojekt:Processintensifiering och processmodifiering > 15%Processtabilitet via avancerad processanalys och reglering > 15%Kombinera effektivaste processavsnitt från benchmarking ca 25%Detta gör det troligt att det kommer att gå att i fullskaliga demonstrationsförsök validera50% elenergireduktion inom de tre produktområdena, förutsatt att fortsattforskningsfinansiering finns tillgänglig. Tre av de idéer till avknoppningsprojekt somframkommit under projektets gång har redan erhållit beslut om finansiering frånEnergimyndigheten 2015. Ytterligare projektförslag baserade på den här redovisadeforskningen kommer att ingå i ansökningar under 2016. Utöver energireduktion i själva TMP‐ och CTMP‐processerna har forskare vid FSCN lagt forskningsgrunden för hur manska kunna tillverka mycket starka förpackningsmaterial från dessa massatyper på ettenergieffektivt sätt. Även inom detta område kommer en ansökning omuppskalningsprojekt att skickas in.
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| 6. |
- Eriksson, K., et al.
(author)
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Benefits from improved stability in process conditions and pulp properties-a double disc refiner case study
- 2016
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In: International Mechanical Pulping Conference 2016, IMPC 2016. - : TAPPI Press. - 9781510830738 ; , s. 317-327
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The purpose of this case study was to explore the potential for reduced energy consumption by improved process control. The application was HC post-refining of TMP in double-disc refiners. Based on data from both continuous production and from step-response tests, a thorough analysis of process performance was conducted. It was found that a significant proportion of the process disturbances, as reflected in the refiner motor load, could be successfully dampened through stabilizing measures on the basic control level. The remaining disturbances was found to be generated inside the refiner itself. In order for these disturbances to be dampened, measurements that can characterize the conditions inside the refining zone are necessary. Given the present design and instrumentation of the process, dynamic modelling of refiner motor load was performed and for fiber properties, muhivariate modeling methods were used to derive expressions for the independent variables Fl and F2. Taken together, evaluation of the models gave directions on how to further improve the process stability and indicated a potential for reduced energy consumption.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Ferritsius, Olof, et al.
(author)
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Average fibre length as a measure of the amount of long fibres in mechanical pulps - ranking of pulps may shift
- 2018
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In: Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal. - : Walter de Gruyter GmbH. - 0283-2631 .- 2000-0669. ; 33:3, s. 468-481
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The purpose of this study was to investigate the applicability of different ways of calculating the average fibre length based on length measurements of individual particles of mechanical pulps. We have found that the commonly used average length-weighted fibre length, which is based on the assumption that coarseness is constant for all particles, as well as the arithmetic average, may lead to erroneous conclusions in real life as well as in simulations when used as a measure of the amount of long fibres. The average length-length-weighted fibre length or a weighting close to that, which to a larger extent suppresses the influence of shorter particles, is a relevant parameter of the "length" factor, i. e. amount of long fibres. Our findings are based on three studies: refining of different assortments of wood raw material in a mill; data from LC refining in mill of TMP, including Bauer McNett fractionation; mixing of pulps with different fibre length distributions. If the acceptable average fibre length for different products can be lowered, the possibility of reducing the specific energy input in refining will increase. Therefore, we need a reliable and appropriate way to assess the "length" factor.
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| 9. |
- Ferritsius, Olof, et al.
(author)
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The Independent State of Fibres in Relation to the Mechanical Pulping World
- 2018
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In: IMPC 2018. - Trondheim, Norway.
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Paper and wood are highly inhomogeneous materials. When describing the mechanical pulp itself, we allcommonly ignore that it is an inhomogeneous material. We have realized that just a very small fraction of stifffibres are enough to impair the printability of the product. In this paper we share some of our reflections andattempts how to describe the inhomogeneous nature of mechanical pulps. A method denoted BIN is underdevelopment based on independent common factors and paying attention to the inhomogeneity of the material.The method may give the possibility to describe the nature of TMP/CTMP/SGW in a more relevant way comparedto todays practice. Hence the paper and board makers may be able to deliver more uniform products at “goodenough” level at lower costs. We have realized that because a method or opinion is well spread (sometimes usedby almost everybody) it does not necessarily mean that it is relevant. A couple of myths have been reflected uponand in our opinion they remain just myths. By putting more attention to reality and describing mechanical pulp asan inhomogeneous material we hope to be able to rid ourselves and the mechanical pulping community of someother myths circulating (some still to be discovered).
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
- Ferritsius, Rita, et al.
(author)
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TMP properties and refiner conditions in a CD82 chip refiner at different operation points. Part II: Comparison of the five tests
- 2018
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In: Nordic Pulp and Paper Research Journal. - : Walter de Gruyter GmbH. - 2000-0669 .- 0283-2631. ; 33:1, s. 82-94
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper is part two of a study on a CD 82 TMP chip refiner where relations between changes in the process conditions and changes in the properties of the produced pulp are investigated. Focus is on the ratio between tensile index and specific energy consumption when results from five tests are compared. Pulp properties were measured for composite pulp samples taken from the refiner blow line. Residence times and pulp consistencies were estimated by use of the extended entropy model. Clearly, an increase in specific energy does not necessarily implicate an increase in strength properties of the pulp produced. It is of high importance to have access to information about the refining zone conditions when searching for an optimal operation point in terms of the ratio between tensile index and specific energy. In these tests, this ratio had a maximum at about 55 % measured blow line consistency. Unfavourable operating conditions were identified at high pulp consistencies, especially after the FZ, where pulp consistencies well above 70 % were observed. The estimated residence time for each refining zone responded differently when applying changes in production rate, plate gaps and dilution water flow rates. In conclusion, the results associated with estimated pulp consistencies where easier to interpret compared with results for residence times, implying that additional tests are required for the latter variable. In addition to tensile index, pulp properties like freeness, Somerville shives and light scattering coefficient were included in the analysis.
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| 12. |
- Ferritsius, Rita, et al.
(author)
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TMP properties and refining conditions in a CD82 chip refiner. Part I: Step changes of process variables, description of the tests
- 2018
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In: Nordic Pulp and Paper Research Journal. - : Walter de Gruyter GmbH. - 2000-0669 .- 0283-2631. ; 33:1, s. 69-81
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The study explores how changes in process variables, residence time and pulp consistency in refining influence the pulp properties. The equipment utilized in this study was a conical disc chip refiner (RGP82CD) producing thermomechanical pulp (TMP). The focus was on the ratio between tensile index and specific energy consumption. Pulp properties were measured for composite pulp samples taken from the refiner blow line. Residence times and pulp consistencies were estimated by use of the extended entropy model. This showed that the CD-refiner, with the flat and conical refining zone, has a process performance similar to that of a two-stage refiner set-up, and that the consistency in both refining zones is of high importance. Comparing different periods revealed that even if the values of measured blow line consistency are similar, significant differences in the estimated consistency in the flat zone can prevail. Therefore, only monitoring blow line consistency is not enough. Specifically, it was found that the pulp consistency after the flat zone could be very high, considerably higher than in the blow line, and this could have negative effects on tensile index and fibre length.
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
- Karlström, Anders, et al.
(author)
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Pulp property development Part I: Interlacing under-sampled pulp properties and TMP process data using piece-wise linear functions
- 2015
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In: Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal. - 0283-2631 .- 2000-0669. ; 30:4, s. 599-608
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Thermo-Mechanical Pulp (TMP) refiners served in this work as an example of how to combine oversampled and undersampled variables on a common timeframe for further analysis.To get more information from the refining process, temperature measurement arrays in the refining zones were studied alongside process measurements such as motor load, production rates, plate gaps, dilution waters, pulp properties and manually measured blow-line consistency.The undersampled data set consisted of 63 laboratory samples obtained at a Swedish TMP mill, which were tested for tensile index, mean fiber length and Somerville shives content. The pulp samples were obtained at five different periods during three months to cover a large dynamic operating window.The data set was expanded using a piece-wise linear approach. The measurements inside the refining zone were shown to be important variables when interlacing the undersampled pulp properties with the oversampled process data set, consisting of 350 000 samples.Use of an extended entropy model provided a palette of information about the process conditions inside the refining zone. Particularly, the residence time and the consistency in the refining zones were essential for the pulp property development, as a link between the refining segment pattern used and the current state of refiner operation.
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| 15. |
- Karlström, Anders, 1958, et al.
(author)
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Pulp property development Part II: Process non-linearities and their influence on pulp property development
- 2016
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In: Nordic Pulp and Paper Research Journal. - : Walter de Gruyter GmbH. - 2000-0669 .- 0283-2631. ; 31:2, s. 287-
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- It is shown in this paper that knowledge of the spatially measured temperatures inside the refining zone in TMP refiners is essential in describing non-linear dynamics of high consistency refining. By expanding the pulp and handsheet properties using piece-wise linear functions into the time domain, an auto-regressive model can be applied to verify that the tempera-ture and the consistency profiles, in combination with the motor load and production rate, are key input candidates when modeling changes in different pulp properties. The model accuracy is analyzed using process information captured at different time and operating conditions. It is also shown that it is more complex to estimate and validate the tensile index than the mean fiber length and Somerville shives content, especially close to refiner operating limits where a shift in the process gain may occur. This type of switched dynamics in tensile index estimation at a specific consistency is related to non-linear behaviors where the fiber pad distribution most likely undergoes a local collapse.
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| 16. |
- Karlström, Anders, 1958, et al.
(author)
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Pulp property development Part III: Fiber residence time and consistency profile impact on specific energy and pulp properties
- 2016
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In: Nordic Pulp and Paper Research Journal. - : Walter de Gruyter GmbH. - 2000-0669 .- 0283-2631. ; 31:2, s. 300-307
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper focuses on the pulp properties obtained from ThermoMechanical Pulp (TMP) CD refiners. Undersampled pulp variables are expanded into an oversampled set of process data, which makes it possible to analyze pulp properties in a dynamic time frame. It is shown that, in order to gain deeper insight into the defibration/fibrillation at a specific energy input, one needs to know the fiber residence time and the consistency profile. Moreover, the fiber residence time in the flat zone (FZ) and conical zone (CD) are intertwined with the consistency out from FZ and CD. Together with an external variable (production), these internal variables are essential for predicting the pulp properties. It is also shown that internal process conditions from different test series can be manipulated in the operating window using a low-frequency gain description obtained from an ARX model. The same mapping procedure can be applied to pulp and handsheet properties (in this paper represented by the tensile index), and this opens for implementation of new optimization routines to find more energy efficient operating points while maintaining pre-specified pulp quality.
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| 17. |
- Reyier Österling, Sofia
(author)
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Distributions Of Fiber Characteristics As A Tool To Evaluate Mechanical Pulps
- 2015
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Mechanical pulps are used in paper products such as magazine or news grade printing papers or paperboard. Mechanical pulping gives a high yield; nearly everything in the tree except the bark is used in the paper. This means that mechanical pulping consumes much less wood than chemical pulping, especially to produce a unit area of printing surface. A drawback of mechanical pulp production is the high amounts of electrical energy needed to separate and refine the fibers to a given fiber quality. Mechanical pulps are often produced from slow growing spruce trees of forests in the northern hemisphere resulting in long, slender fibers that are well suited for mechanical pulp products. These fibers have large varieties in geometry, mainly wall thickness and width, depending on seasonal variations and growth conditions. Earlywood fibers typically have thin walls and latewood fibers thick. The background to this study was that a more detailed fiber characterization involving evaluations of distributions of fiber characteristics, may give improved possibilities to optimize the mechanical pulping process and thereby reduce the total electric energy needed to reach a given quality of the pulp and final product. This would result in improved competitiveness as well as less environmental impact. This study evaluated the relation between fiber characteristics in three types of mechanical pulps made from Norway spruce (Picea abies), thermomechanical pulp(TMP), stone groundwood pulp (SGW) and chemithermomechanical pulp (CTMP). In addition, the influence of fibers from these pulp types on sheet characteristics, mainly tensile index, was studied. A comparatively rapid method was presented on how to evaluate the propensity of each fiber to form sheets of high tensile index, by the use of raw data from a commercially available fiber analyzer (FiberLabTM). The developed method gives novel opportunities of evaluating the effect on the fibers of each stage in the mechanical pulping process and has a potential to be applied also on‐line to steer the refining and pulping process by the characteristics of the final pulp and the quality of the final paper.The long fiber fraction is important for the properties of the whole pulp. It was found that fiber wall thickness and external fibrillation were the fibercharacteristics that contributed the most to tensile index of the long fiber fractions in five mechanical pulps (three TMPs, one SGW, one CTMP). The tensile index of handsheets of the long fiber fractions could be predicted by linear regressions using a combination of fiber wall thickness and degree of external fibrillation. The predicted tensile index was denoted BIN, short for Bonding ability INfluence. This resulted in the same linear correlation between BIN and tensile index for 52 samples of the five mechanical pulps studied, each fractionated into five streams(plus feed) in full size hydrocyclones. The Bauer McNett P16/R30 (passed 16 meshwire, retained on a 30 mesh wire) and P30/R50 fractions of each stream were used for the evaluation. The fibers of the SGW had thicker walls and a higher degree of external fibrillation than the TMPs and CTMP, which resulted in a correlation between BIN and tensile index on a different level for the P30/R50 fraction of SGW than the other pulp samples. A BIN model based on averages weighted by each fiber´s wall volume instead of arithmetic averages, took the fiber wall thickness of the SGW into account, and gave one uniform correlation between BIN and tensile index for all pulp samples (12 samples for constructing the model, 46 for validatingit). If the BIN model is used for predicting averages of the tensile index of a sheet, a model based on wall volume weighted data is recommended. To be able to produce BIN distributions where the influence of the length or wall volume of each fiber is taken into account, the BIN model is currently based on arithmetic averages of fiber wall thickness and fibrillation. Fiber width used as a single factor reduced the accuracy of the BIN model. Wall volume weighted averages of fiber width also resulted in a completely changed ranking of the five hydrocyclone streams compared to arithmetic, for two of thefive pulps. This was not seen when fiber width was combined with fiber wallthickness into the factor “collapse resistance index”. In order to avoid too high influence of fiber wall thickness and until the influence of fiber width on BIN and the measurement of fiber width is further evaluated, it is recommended to use length weighted or arithmetic distributions of BIN and other fiber characteristics. A comparably fast method to evaluate the distribution of fiber wall thickness and degree of external fibrillation with high resolution showed that the fiber wallthickness of the latewood fibers was reduced by increasing the refining energy in adouble disc refiner operated at four levels of specific energy input in a commercial TMP production line. This was expected but could not be seen by the use of average values, it was concluded that fiber characteristics in many cases should be evaluated as distributions and not only as averages.BIN distributions of various types of mechanical pulps from Norway spruce showed results that were expected based on knowledge of the particular pulps and processes. Measurements of mixtures of a news‐ and a SC (super calendered) gradeTMP, showed a gradual increase in high‐BIN fibers with higher amounts of SCgrade TMP. The BIN distributions also revealed differences between the pulps that were not seen from average fiber values, for example that the shape of the BINdistributions was similar for two pulps that originated from conical disc refiners, a news grade TMP and the board grade CTMP, although the distributions were on different BIN levels. The SC grade TMP and the SC grade SGW had similar levels of tensile index, but the SGW contained some fibers of very low BIN values which may influence the characteristics of the final paper, for example strength, surface and structure. This shows that the BIN model has the potential of being applied on either the whole or parts of a papermaking process based on mechanical or chemimechanical pulping; the evaluation of distributions of fiber characteristics can contribute to increased knowledge about the process and opportunities to optimize it.
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| 18. |
- Reyier Österling, Sofia, et al.
(author)
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Weighted averages and distributions of fibre characteristics of mechanical pulps – Part II: Distributions of measured and predicted fibre characteristics by using raw data from an optical fibre analyser
- 2016
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In: Appita journal. - 1038-6807. ; 69:1, s. 64-73
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Characterisation of fibres in mechanical pulps is important for process evaluation and control, and necessary to be able to optimise the refining process with respect to the total electric energy consumption. There are large variations of cross-sectional fibre characteristics in the wood raw material which influence the properties of the product. Despite this, it is common to evaluate the fibre characteristics as averages instead of distributions. This study shows that the raw data from a FiberLab analyser can be used to make distributions of measured and predicted fibre characteristics. The factor BIN (Bonding ability /Nfluence), which correlates to long fibre tensile index, includes both the external fibrillation and wall thickness of each fibre. Distributions of BIN, fibrillation and wall thickness which take the Characteristics of each fibre into Consideration have higher resolution than histograms. These distributions weighted by length and wall volume with maintained resolution revealed more information about the pulps than average values.
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| 19. |
- Reyier Österling, Sofia, et al.
(author)
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Weighted averages and distributions of fibre characteristics of mechanical pulps Part I : Various methods of weighting data from an optical analyser can give averages that rank pulps differently
- 2015
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In: Appita journal. - 1038-6807. ; 68:4, s. 357-368
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- To improve the operation and energy efficiency of mechanical pulping processes, the effect of each stage of the process on the fibres should be carefully evaluated. Fibre-data from an optical analyser were used to predict tensile index by calculating BIN (Bonding ability /Nfluence). Wall volume weighted averages of wall thickness index and fibrillation index gave the most accurate predictions of the tensile index of laboratory sheets made from long fibre fractions of various mechanical pulps. Fibre width index, when used as a single factor, reduced the accuracy of the model. The ranking of some samples changed when fibre width was wall volume weighted compared to arithmetic. When fibre width was combined with wall thickness to give a collapse resistance index, no rankings changed. Weighted averages based on squared fibre length (length(2)) showed poor correlation to wall volume weighted averages for cross-sectional fibre dimensions, and resulted in different levels of correlation to long fibre tensile index for the five evaluated pulps.
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| 20. |
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| 21. |
- Engstrand, Per, Professor, 1955-, et al.
(author)
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Decrease in strengthalong a process line for SC paper
- 2019
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In: Fundamental Mechanical Pulp Research Seminar, FMPRS2019, Norrköping, SwedenArranged by Mid Sweden University in cooperatrion with Holmen AB, Valmet AB, AF AB and Treesearch..
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)
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| 22. |
- Fiskari, Juha, et al.
(author)
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Deep Eutectic Solvent Treatment to Low-Energy TMP to Produce Fibers for Papermaking
- 2018
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In: IMPC 2018. - Trondheim, Norway.
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The aim of this research was to gain a better understanding on whether a novel process based on low-energy thermo-mechanical pulp (TMP) process followed by a chemical treatment with deep eutectic solvents (DESs) could produce fibers suitable for papermaking. In full scale production, these fibers could be produced at a much lower capital and operational costs, especially when utilizing existing TMP plants which are under the threat to be shut down or have already been shut down due to a decreasing demand for newsprint and other wood-containing papers.The efficiency of several DES treatments under various temperatures and times were evaluated by carrying out experiments in standard Teflon-lined autoclaves. A few tests were also performed in a unique nonstandard flow extractor. Pulp samples were characterized for their cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin contents. Moreover, tensile index was measured both before and after pulp refining. Depending on the solvent, the response of mechanical pulp varied, especially in terms of hemicellulose dissolution. Lactic acid, oxalic acid and urea, all in combination with choline chloride ([Ch]Cl) as the hydrogen bond acceptor, dissolved about 50% of the lignin of the low-energy TMP fibers under the tested conditions. The mixture of malic acid and [Ch]Cl was less effective in lignin dissolution. The mixture of urea and [Ch]Cl exhibited only a minor loss in hemicellulose content, when compared to the other tested DESs. Although 50% of the lignin was dissolved with minor loss in hemicellulose no improvement in tensile strength was observed, as it was rather the opposite. Another benefit with the mixture of urea and [Ch]Cl was that this DES did not appear to be corrosive to stainless steel. All other tested DESs—which were also quite acidic—were observed to be corrosive. Moreover, this DES-related corrosion was found to intensify at elevated temperatures.When chips were used as starting material with otherwise the same conditions almost no lignin was dissolved. This suggests that low-energy mechanical pulp is likely to be a good starting material for extracting lignin using DESs.
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