| 1. |
- Brocki, Karin C., 1975-, et al.
(författare)
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Do Individual Differences in Early Affective and Cognitive Self-Regulation Predict Developmental Change in ADHD Symptoms From Preschool to Adolescence?
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Attention Disorders. - : SAGE Publications. - 1087-0547 .- 1557-1246. ; 23:13, s. 1656-1666
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: The role of heterogeneous self-regulation deficits in ADHD has long been emphasized. Yet, longitudinal studies examining distinct self-regulation processes as prospective predictors of developmental change in ADHD symptoms spanning wide developmental periods are scarce. The aim of the current study was to examine affective and cognitive self-regulation as predictors of developmental change in ADHD symptoms from preschool to adolescence in a sample with one third of the children being at risk for developing an ADHD and/or ODD diagnosis.Method: At 5 years laboratory measures for hot and cool executive function (EF) and parental and teacher ratings were used for regulation of positive and negative emotionality. Symptoms of ADHD and ODD were measured at 5 and 13 years using parental and teacher ratings based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.; DSM-IV).Results: Converging developmental paths in hyperactivity/impulsivity across time were found for those high versus low in early cognitive self-regulation, whereas the development of inattention symptoms diverged across time for those high versus low in early affective self-regulation.Conclusion: These results support the idea that different aspects of self-regulation are important for developmental change in the two separate ADHD symptom domains from preschool to adolescence.
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| 2. |
- Forslund, Tommie, et al.
(författare)
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Diminished ability to identify facial emotional expressions in children with disorganized attachment representations
- 2017
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Ingår i: Developmental Science. - : Wiley. - 1363-755X .- 1467-7687. ; 20:6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The development of children's ability to identify facial emotional expressions has long been suggested to be experience dependent, with parental caregiving as an important influencing factor. This study attempts to further this knowledge by examining disorganization of the attachment system as a potential psychological mechanism behind aberrant caregiving experiences and deviations in the ability to identify facial emotional expressions. Typically developing children (N=105, 49.5% boys) aged 6-7years (M=6years 8months, SD=1.8months) completed an attachment representation task and an emotion identification task, and parents rated children's negative emotionality. The results showed a generally diminished ability in disorganized children to identify facial emotional expressions, but no response biases. Disorganized attachment was also related to higher levels of negative emotionality, but discrimination of emotional expressions did not moderate or mediate this relation. Our novel findings relate disorganized attachment to deviations in emotion identification, and therefore suggest that disorganization of the attachment system may constitute a psychological mechanism linking aberrant caregiving experiences to deviations in children's ability to identify facial emotional expressions. Our findings further suggest that deviations in emotion identification in disorganized children, in the absence of maltreatment, may manifest in a generally diminished ability to identify emotional expressions, rather than in specific response biases.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Forslund, Tommie, 1983-
(författare)
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Disorganized Attachment Representations, Externalizing Behavior Problems, and Socio-Emotional Competences
- 2018
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Disorganized attachment is a risk-factor for developmental maladaptation in the form of externalizing behavior problems, and for poor development of competences important for socio-emotional functioning. Concerns have however been raised regarding theoretical overextension, and there is consequently a need for multifactorial studies that examine which outcomes disorganized attachment is reliably important for. There is also a lack of research on the mechanisms that mediate the relation between disorganized attachment and externalizing problems. The present thesis therefore examined whether disorganized attachment is a specific risk-factor for symptoms of Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) or Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), or a non-specific risk factor for both types of problems. Several emotional and cognitive competences were investigated as mediators, with the question of whether disorganized attachment becomes associated with externalizing problems primarily through any specific mechanism, or through multiple mechanisms. Three studies were conducted. Children completed the separation anxiety test for attachment representations and laboratory tasks for distinct competences, and parents and teachers rated emotion regulation and ODD- and ADHD-symptoms. Study I was cross-sectional and found that disorganized attachment contributed specifically to conduct problems when accounting for ADHD-symptoms. However, disorganized attachment did not contribute to ADHD-symptoms when accounting for conduct problems. Study II found that children with disorganized attachment representations show deviations in identification of emotional expressions, in the form of a generally diminished ability to discriminate between expressions rather than in response biases. Study III was (short-term) longitudinal and replicated the results from Study I; disorganized attachment was primarily associated with ODD-symptoms, not ADHD-symptoms. Elevated emotional reactivity and poor regulation, particularly for anger and fear, mediated the relation between disorganized attachment and ODD-symptoms. Taken together, the present findings suggest that disorganized attachment may constitute a specific risk factor for externalizing problems pertaining to anger and aggression, such as oppositionality and misconduct, rather than ADHD-problems. Importantly, the findings caution against ideas of a pathway from disorganized attachment to ADHD-symptoms. The deviations in processing and regulation of anger and fear corroborate Bowlby´s proposal that these emotions are closely connected, central to disorganization, and a potential mediating mechanism in relation to externalizing problems.
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| 5. |
- Forslund, Tommie, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of Attachment Quality and Organization
- 2017
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Ingår i: Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 9783319169996 ; , s. 1-12
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Forslund, Tommie, et al.
(författare)
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Individual Variations in Attachment
- 2016
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Ingår i: Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 9783319169996 ; , s. 1-10
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Individual variations in attachment denote interindividual variations in the organization or quality of attachment behavior in relation to the attachment figure, particularly observable when the attachment system is activated following external or internal cues of threat. Individual variations in attachment are typically described using two dimensions (secure/insecure, organized/disorganized) subsuming four distinct categories (secure, insecure-avoidant, insecure-ambivalent/insecure-resistant, and insecure-disorganized/disoriented). Profound difficulties in forming attachments to others (i.e., reactive attachment disorder [RAD]) are typically reserved for children who have not had any consistently available caregiver (e.g., children growing up in some institutions). Variations in attachment quality are reliably predicted by the caregiver’s pattern of responding to the child’s signals (e.g., sensitivity), with characteristic forms of caregiving believed to be internalized as the child’s internal working models (IWMs, cognitive-affective representations) of self and others, particularly as regards the attachment figure’s availability for protection and support (Bowlby 1973).
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| 8. |
- Forslund, Tommie, et al.
(författare)
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Infant Survival
- 2017
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Ingår i: Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 9783319169996 ; , s. 1-5
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
- Forslund, Tommie, et al.
(författare)
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Offspring–Parent Attachment
- 2016
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Ingår i: Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 9783319169996 ; , s. 1-5
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 12. |
- Forslund, Tommie, et al.
(författare)
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Organized-Insecure Attachment
- 2016
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Ingår i: Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. ; , s. 1-5
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 13. |
- Forslund, Tommie, et al.
(författare)
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Psychodynamic Foundations
- 2016
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Ingår i: Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science. - Cham : Springer. - 9783319169996 ; , s. 1-5
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Westen (1998) has defined psychodynamic theories with five postulates: (1) much of mental life is unconscious; (2) mental processes operate in parallel so that people can have conflicting feelings that motivate them in opposing ways; (3) stable personality patterns begin to form in childhood, and childhood experiences play an important role in the developing personality, particularly in shaping social relationships; (4) mental representations of the self, others, and relationships guide people’s interactions with others and influence psychological symptomatology; and (5) personality development involves learning to regulate sexual and aggressive feelings but also the move from an immature, socially dependent state to a mature, interdependent one. According to this definition, attachment theory is a psychodynamic theory. However, Bowlby explicitly demarcated his attachment theory from the drive principles.
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| 14. |
- Forslund, Tommie
(författare)
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Psychodynamic Foundations
- 2016
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Ingår i: <em>Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science</em>. - : Springer.
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
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| 15. |
- Forslund, Tommie, et al.
(författare)
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Secure Attachment
- 2016
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Ingår i: Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 9783319169996 ; , s. 1-5
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 16. |
- Forslund, Tommie, 1983-, et al.
(författare)
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The Heterogeneity of ADHD Symptoms and Conduct Problems : Cognitive Inhibition, Emotion Regulation, Emotionality and Disorganized Attachment
- 2016
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Ingår i: British Journal of Developmental Psychology. - : Wiley. - 0261-510X .- 2044-835X. ; 34:3, s. 371-387
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study examined the contributions of several important domains of functioning to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms and conduct problems. Specifically, we investigated whether cognitive inhibition, emotion regulation, emotionality, and disorganized attachment made independent and specific contributions to these externalizing behaviour problems from a multiple pathways perspective. The study included laboratory measures of cognitive inhibition and disorganized attachment in 184 typically developing children (M age = 6 years, 10 months, SD = 1.7). Parental ratings provided measures of emotion regulation, emotionality, and externalizing behaviour problems. Results revealed that cognitive inhibition, regulation of positive emotion, and positive emotionality were independently and specifically related to ADHD symptoms. Disorganized attachment and negative emotionality formed independent and specific relations to conduct problems. Our findings support the multiple pathways perspective on ADHD, with poor regulation of positive emotion and high positive emotionality making distinct contributions to ADHD symptoms. More specifically, our results support the proposal of a temperamentally based pathway to ADHD symptoms. The findings also indicate that disorganized attachment and negative emotionality constitute pathways specific to conduct problems rather than to ADHD symptoms.
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| 17. |
- Forslund, Tommie, et al.
(författare)
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The heterogeneity of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms and conduct problems : Cognitive inhibition, emotion regulation, emotionality, and disorganized attachment
- 2016
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Ingår i: British Journal of Developmental Psychology. - : Wiley. - 0261-510X .- 2044-835X. ; 34:3, s. 371-387
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study examined the contributions of several important domains of functioning to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms and conduct problems. Specifically, we investigated whether cognitive inhibition, emotion regulation, emotionality, and disorganized attachment made independent and specific contributions to these externalizing behaviour problems from a multiple pathways perspective. The study included laboratory measures of cognitive inhibition and disorganized attachment in 184 typically developing children (M age = 6 years, 10 months, SD = 1.7). Parental ratings provided measures of emotion regulation, emotionality, and externalizing behaviour problems. Results revealed that cognitive inhibition, regulation of positive emotion, and positive emotionality were independently and specifically related to ADHD symptoms. Disorganized attachment and negative emotionality formed independent and specific relations to conduct problems. Our findings support the multiple pathways perspective on ADHD, with poor regulation of positive emotion and high positive emotionality making distinct contributions to ADHD symptoms. More specifically, our results support the proposal of a temperamentally based pathway to ADHD symptoms. The findings also indicate that disorganized attachment and negative emotionality constitute pathways specific to conduct problems rather than to ADHD symptoms.
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| 18. |
- Frick, Matilda A., et al.
(författare)
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Can reactivity and regulation in infancy predict inattentive and hyperactive/impulsive behavior in 3-year-olds?
- 2019
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Ingår i: Development and psychopathology (Print). - 0954-5794 .- 1469-2198. ; 31:2, s. 619-629
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A need to identify early infant markers of later occurring inattentive and hyperactive/impulsive behaviors has come to the fore in the current attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder literature. The purpose of such studies is to identify driving mechanisms that could enable early detection of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder liability and thus facilitate early intervention. Here we study independent and interactive effects of cognitive regulation (inhibition and sustained attention), temperament (reactive and regulatory aspects), and maternal sensitivity (as external regulation) in a sample of 112 typically developing 10-month-old infants (59 boys, 52.7%), in relation to inattentive and hyperactive/impulsive behavior at 3 years. The results showed that infant temperamental regulation and maternal sensitivity made independent contributions to both inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity, in that higher levels of temperamental regulation and maternal sensitivity were related to less inattentive and hyperactive/impulsive behavior. In addition, the temperamental factor positive affectivity/surgency made a significant contribution to later hyperactivity/impulsivity, in that higher levels of positive affectivity/surgency were related to more hyperactive/impulsive behavior. No interaction effects were found. Our findings suggest temperament and parental regulation as potential and independent markers of later inattentive and hyperactive/impulsive behavior.
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| 19. |
- Frick, Matilda A., et al.
(författare)
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Does child verbal ability mediate the relationship between maternal sensitivity and later self-regulation? : A longitudinal study from infancy to 4 years
- 2019
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. - : Wiley. - 0036-5564 .- 1467-9450. ; 60:2, s. 97-105
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There is a need to further examine the mechanisms by which maternal sensitivity influences the development of child self-regulation. This study investigated the role of maternal sensitivity when infants were 10 months old and child verbal ability at 18 months, in relation to various aspects of self-regulation at 48 months, in a sample of 95 typically developing children (46.3% girls). In particular, the study examined, from a Vygotskian perspective, whether child verbal ability, as measured by receptive and expressive language, mediated the relationship between maternal sensitivity and hot and cool aspects of self-regulation in the child. As hypothesized, maternal sensitivity predicted child verbal ability, as well as working memory, set shifting, and delay of gratification. Child receptive language predicted set shifting, inhibition, and delay of gratification. In addition, receptive language mediated the relationship between maternal sensitivity and inhibition only. Additive effects of maternal sensitivity and child receptive language in relation to set shifting were found, and a main effect of maternal sensitivity on child delay of gratification. The results add to the body of research suggesting that responsive parenting and child verbal ability are important for the development of self-regulation, and suggest that different mechanisms may be at work for different aspects of self-regulation.
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| 20. |
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| 21. |
- Frick, Matilda A., et al.
(författare)
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The role of sustained attention, maternal sensitivity, and infant temperament in the development of early self-regulation
- 2018
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Ingår i: British Journal of Psychology. - : WILEY. - 0007-1269 .- 2044-8295. ; 109:2, s. 277-298
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study investigated infant predictors of early cognitive and emotional self-regulation from an intrinsic and caregiving environmental perspective. Sustained attention, reactive aspects of infant temperament, and maternal sensitivity were assessed at 10months (n=124) and early self-regulation (including executive functions, EF, and emotion regulation) was assessed at 18months. The results indicated that sustained attention predicted early EF, which provide empirical support for the hierarchical framework of EF development, advocating early attention as a foundation for the development of cognitive self-regulation. Maternal sensitivity and surgency predicted emotion regulation, in that infants of sensitive mothers showed more regulatory behaviours and a longer latency to distress, whereas high levels of surgency predicted low emotion regulation, suggesting both the caregiving environment and temperament as important in the development of self-regulation. Interaction effects suggested high sustained attention to be a protective factor for children of insensitive mothers, in relation to emotion regulation. In addition, high levels of maternal sensitivity seemed to foster development of emotion regulation among children with low to medium levels of sustained attention and/or surgency. In all, our findings point to the importance of both intrinsic and extrinsic factors in infant development of self-regulation.
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| 22. |
- Frick, Matilda, et al.
(författare)
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The role of sustained attention, maternal sensitivity, and infant temperament in the development of early self-regulation
- 2017
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Ingår i: British Journal of Psychology. - 0007-1269 .- 2044-8295.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study investigated infant predictors of early cognitive and emotional self-regulation from an intrinsic and caregiving environmental perspective. Sustained attention, reactive aspects of infant temperament, and maternal sensitivity were assessed at 10 months (n = 124) and early self-regulation (including executive functions, EF, and emotion regulation) was assessed at 18 months. The results indicated that sustained attention predicted early EF, which provide empirical support for the hierarchical framework of EF development, advocating early attention as a foundation for the development of cognitive self-regulation. Maternal sensitivity and surgency predicted emotion regulation, in that infants of sensitive mothers showed more regulatory behaviours and a longer latency to distress, whereas high levels of surgency predicted low emotion regulation, suggesting both the caregiving environment and temperament as important in the development of self-regulation. Interaction effects suggested high sustained attention to be a protective factor for children of insensitive mothers, in relation to emotion regulation. In addition, high levels of maternal sensitivity seemed to foster development of emotion regulation among children with low to medium levels of sustained attention and/or surgency. In all, our findings point to the importance of both intrinsic and extrinsic factors in infant development of self-regulation.
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| 23. |
- Lindberg, Lene, et al.
(författare)
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Maternal Sensitivity in Mothers with Mild Intellectual Disabilities is Related to Experiences of Maltreatment and Predictive of Child Attachment : A Matched-Comparison Study
- 2017
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Ingår i: JARID. - : Wiley. - 1360-2322 .- 1468-3148. ; 30:3, s. 445-455
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Scientific knowledge on the quality of caregiving/maternal sensitivity among mothers with mild intellectual disabilities (ID) is limited and subject to many methodological shortcomings, but seems to suggest that these mothers are less sensitive than mothers without intellectual disabilities.Methods: In this matched-comparison study (N = 48), the present authors observed maternal sensitivity for 20 min in four different laboratory play situations. The study also included semi-structured interviews to assess maternal experiences of maltreatment and child attachment.Results: The present authors found significantly lower sensitivity among mothers with intellectual disabilities than among a comparison group of mothers without intellectual disabilities. Among mothers with intellectual disabilities, low sensitivity was related to maternal experiences of maltreatment and predictive of disorganized child attachment. In the comparison group, high maternal sensitivity was related to partner presence and social support, and predictive of child intelligence.Conclusions: The present authors highlight the importance of attending to intellectual disabilities mothers' history of receiving care to understand their capacity for giving adequate care.
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