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1.	Elcadi, Guilherme H. (författare) Near infrared spectroscopy for assessing oxygenation and hemodynamics in the upper extremities of healthy subjects and patients with work-related muscle pain 2012 Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract The prevalence of work-related muscle pain (WRMP) is large in the general population in the industrialized world. Despite significant advances over recent years in some research areas, the mechanisms of why WRMP occurs and the pathophysiological mechanisms behind the disorders are still unclear. One suggested explanation is that WRMP is caused initially by a limitation of the local muscle circulation and oxidative metabolism. There is a lack of objective methods to gauge the development and diagnosis of WRMP. Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a non-invasive technique that allows for determinations of oxygenation and blood flow. The purpose of this thesis was to evaluate NIRS (1) as a method for measuring muscle oxygenation and hemodynamics for the extensor carpi radialis (ECR) and trapezius descendens muscles (TD), and (2) to investigate whether variables measured by NIRS differed between patients diagnosed with WRMP and healthy subjects. Several variables of NIRS were produced and investigated. These included muscle oxygenation (StO2%), changes during contractions (∆StO2%) and StO2% recovery (Rslope), total hemoglobin (HbT) as an indication of blood volume and its changes during contractions (∆HbT). In addition, for the ECR, by applying an upper arm venous occlusion (VO) HbTslope increase as a surrogate of blood flow, and for both VO and arterial occlusion (AO) HHbslope increase (i.e. deoxyhemoglobin slope) as a surrogate of oxygen consumption were variables of interest. A first objective was to determine how StO2% and HbT responded to various contraction forces and how it related to muscle activation measured by electromyography (EMG). For both muscles isometric contractions of 10, 30, 50 and 70% of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) were maintained for 20 s each by healthy males and females; additionally a 10% MVC contraction was sustained for 5 min. For the different contraction levels, predictable relationships were seen between ∆StO2% and force, and between ∆StO2% and EMG RMS amplitude. The general trend was a decrease in ∆StO2% with increasing force and increasing EMG. Females showed a tendency for a higher oxygen use (i.e., drop in StO2%) for the ECR over force levels than males and a higher RMS% MVC for the TD. For the 10% MVC contraction sustained for 5 min gender specific changes over time for HbT and RMS for the ECR, and for StO2% for the TD muscle were seen. A second objective was to determine the day-to-day reliability of NIRS variables for the ECR and TD muscles at group level (Pooled data) and at gender level (males and females). Measurements were performed on two occasions separated by 4-6 days and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and limits of agreement (LOA) were determined as reliability and reproducibility indicators, respectively. Variables tested were ∆StO2% during submaximal isometric contractions of 10, 30, 50 and 70% MVC and StO2% recovery (Rslope) after contractions and after AO. For the ECR, HbTslope as an indication of blood flow (using VO) and HHbslope as a surrogate of oxygen consumption for both VO and AO were computed. For ∆StO2% for the ECR the highest ICC was at 30% MVC for both the pooled data and at gender level. For the TD ICCs were comparably high for 30, 50, 70 % MVC (for both muscles the ∆StO2% at 10% MVC showed the lowest ICC). Further, females showed a higher ICC than males for contraction levels of 50 and 70% MVC. For both muscles, LOA for ∆StO2% was lowest at 10% and highest at 50 and 70% MVC. For the ECR Rslope ICCs were high for all contraction levels, but was lower for AO; LOA was lowest at 70% MVC. For the TD, Rslope ICCs were also high for all contraction levels and LOA was lowest at 30 % MVC. ICC for HbTslope was the lowest of all variables tested. For HHbslope ICC was higher for AO than for VO, and LOA was lower for AO. A third objective was to determine if there were differences between healthy subjects and patients diagnosed with WRMP in ∆StO2% and ∆HbT responses during varying submaximal contractions (10, 30, 50 and 70% MVC), and StO2% recovery (Rslope) immediately after contractions and AO. Additional variables tested in the ECR at rest were HHbslope to indicate oxygen consumption (using AO) and HbTslope as an indication of blood flow. There were no differences between groups in ∆StO2% and ∆HbT variables during the contractions or Rslope in the recovery after contractions or AO. Furthermore, HbTslope was not different between groups However, oxygen consumption for the ECR and StO2% for the TD at rest were significantly greater for healthy subjects compared to patients. A fourth objective was to determine if there were differences in StO2% and HbT between healthy subjects and WRMP patients during a 12 min sustained contraction of 15 % MVC. In addition, the protocol included a recovery period of 30 min. Prior to contraction, as well as during the recovery period, HbTslope as a surrogate of blood flow was determined for the ECR. Neither the ECR nor the TD exhibited significant differences between groups for StO2% and HbT during the contraction. For the TD patients showed a lower StO2% value at rest and throughout the contraction than healthy subjects. For the ECR HbT during the sustained contraction the general trend was an initial decrease with gradual increase throughout the contraction for both groups. For HbTslope no differences were seen between patients and healthy subjects before the sustained contraction and during the recovery period for both muscles.NIRS is deemed a suitable technique for assessing physiological measurements of the upper extremity, including for day-to-day testing.NIRS was not able to distinguish between the patients with WRMP and controls. A concern in the thesis is the characteristics of the patient group in being equally active in recreational sports, actively working, and similar in muscle strength as controls. Thus, applying NIRS for studying a more severe patient group could yield different results.
2.	Palm, Peter, 1975- (författare) Methods to assess physical load at work : With a focus on the neck and upper extremities 2017 Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract To prevent work-related musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs), useful, reliable and valid methods for assessing physical workload and risks for MSDs are needed. Ergonomists often assess work by short visual observations without a specific tool. A branch-specific tool was developed for assessing working technique during cash register work (BAsiK observation protocol).Inclinometers are an alternative for assessing upper arm postures - over several days. Ergonomists need guidelines explaining how to analyze and interpret such data.The aim was to examine and investigate methods for assessing physical load at work, with focus on the neck and upper extremities.In Paper:I, the reliability and criterion validity of the BAsIK observation protocol were assessed.II, the reliability of risk assessments of repetitive work, based on visual observations performed by 21 ergonomists without a specific tool, was assessed.III, whole-day inclinometer measurements of upper arm elevation were compared between work and leisure, across 13 different occupations – before and after arm elevations during sitting time was excluded.IV, the association between inclinometer-based upper arm elevation and neck/shoulder pain was assessed among 654 blue-collar workers. The intra-observer reliability of the BAsIK protocol was deemed acceptable, but only 3 of 10 questions in the protocol showed acceptable inter-observer reliability, and 3 showed acceptable criterion validity.Neither the inter- or intra-observer reliability of risk assessment without any specific method was acceptable for any upper body regions.None of the occupation groups, in paper III, had higher proportion of time with arm elevation during work than leisure. However, when arm elevation during sitting was excluded, 8 occupation groups had higher proportion of time with elevated arms during work than leisure.Whole-workday inclinometer-based upper arm elevation was not associated with neck/shoulder pain within the assessed population. The results indicate that, in most cases, a single visual observation of a work sequence is not a reliable means of assessing repetitive work. A large proportion of arm elevation may derive from sitting time. At low exposure levels, arm elevation per se may not be a risk factor for neck/shoulder pain.This must be taken into account when evaluating the risk for MSDs.
3.	Palm, Peter, 1975- (författare) Efficient methods for assessment of physical load at work 2016 Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
4.	Yang, Liyun, 1992- (författare) Ergonomic Risk Assessment and Intervention through Smart Workwear Systems 2019 Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract The rapid development of wearable technology has provided opportunities to ergonomics research and practice with new ways for workload measurements, data analytics, risk assessment and intervention. This thesis aims at developing and evaluating methods using wearable technologies to assess physical risk factors at work, and further to give feedback to employees to improve their work techniques.One smartphone application (ErgoArmMeter) was developed for the assessment of upper arm postures and movements at work. The application uses integrated signals of the embedded accelerometer and gyroscope, and processes and presents the assessment results directly after a measurement. Laboratory validation with 10 participants was performed using an optical tracking system as standard measurement. The results showed that the application had similar accuracy compared to standard inclinometry for static postures and improved accuracy in dynamic conditions. With its convenience and low cost, the application may be used by researchers and practitioners in various scenarios for risk assessment.Three models for assessment of work metabolism (WM) using heart rate (HR) and accelerometers (ACCs) were evaluated during simulated work tasks with 12 participants against indirect calorimetry as standard measurement. The HR + arm-leg ACC model showed best accuracy in most work tasks. The HR-Flex model showed a small bias for the average of all tasks. For estimating WM in the field using wearable technologies, the HR-Flex model or the HR + arm-leg ACC model may be chosen depending on the need for accuracy level and resource availabilities. Further improvement of the classification algorithm in the HR + arm-leg ACC model is needed in order to suit various types of work.Two smart workwear systems were developed and evaluated. Smart workwear system 1.0 consisted of a sensorized vest, an inertial measurement unit (IMU) and an Android tablet application. It assessed risks of high physiological workload and prolonged occupational sitting/standing. The results were visualized by color-coded risk levels. The system was evaluated with 8 participants from four occupations in a field study. It was perceived as useful, comfortable and not disturbing by most participants. Further development is required for the system for automated risk assessment of various ergonomic risk factors in real work situations.Smart workwear system 2.0 consisted of an instrumented t-shirt with IMUs, vibration units and an Android smartphone application. It provided vibrotactile feedback to users’ upper arm and trunk when predefined angular thresholds were exceeded. The system was evaluated for work postures intervention in industrial order picking among 15 participants. It showed to be effective in improving the trunk and dominant upper arm postures. The system was perceived as comfortable and useful. The vibrotactile feedback was evaluated as supportive for learning regarding workplace and task design among the participants.In conclusion, the research in this thesis showed that wearable technologies can be used both in the laboratory and field for assessment of physical risk factors at work and intervention in work technique improvement. With further research and development, smart workwear systems may contribute to automated risk assessment, prevention of work-related ill health, and improvement of the design and overall quality of work.
5.	Zetterberg, Camilla, 1970- (författare) The impact of visually demanding near work on neck/shoulder discomfort and trapezius muscle activity : Laboratory studies 2016 Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract Introduction: Musculoskeletal discomfort in the neck and shoulders is common among workers performing visually demanding near work, e.g., on a computer screen, and sustained low-level muscle activity during such work can lead to work-related pain. The relationships between visual demands and muscle activity and discomfort in the neck/shoulder region are at present unclear. Aim: The aims of this thesis were to determine whether neck/shoulder discomfort and trapezius muscle activity increases during visually demanding experimental near work, and to investigate whether eye-lens accommodation is a mediating mechanism behind increased trapezius muscle activity. Methods: The four papers included are based on two experiments with different visually demanding near work tasks (duration 5 and 7 min). Trial lenses of different diopters were used to manipulate the visual demands (i.e., induce more or less accommodation) and thereby create different viewing conditions. Monocular viewing, which does not require active convergence, was used to examine the isolated effect of accommodation. Eye-lens accommodation and trapezius muscle activity were measured continuously during the visual tasks, and in one experiment the participants rated their eye and neck/shoulder discomfort at baseline and after each visual task. Results: Neck/shoulder discomfort and trapezius muscle activity increased during the visually demanding near work and participants experiencing a greater increase in eye discomfort (compared with baseline) also developed more neck/shoulder discomfort with time. There were no significant differences in muscle activity among the viewing conditions, and no effect of isolated accommodation response within the monocular viewing conditions. Conclusion: These findings indicate that accommodation per se is unlikely to mediate trapezius muscle activity. Instead, the increase in trapezius muscle activity observed here may be due to a combination of high visual attention and enhanced requirement for eye-neck (head) stabilisation. Since these results suggest that neck/shoulder discomfort may aggravate with time when the visual demands are high, it is important to provide good visual conditions in connection with visually demanding occupations.
6.	Eliasson, Kristina, 1979- (författare) Ergonomists’ risk assessments : From guesstimates to strategic approaches 2020 Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract Musculoskeletal disorders are among the most prevalent causes of work-related ill-health, consequently risk assessments of hazardous factors related to these disorders are important for prevention. Occupational Health Services (OHS) providers are independent experts, supporting employers regarding work environment issues and rehabilitation. Ergonomists represents one of the professions within OHS, and risk assessment regarding musculoskeletal disorders is within the scope of their work tasks. The overall objective was to explore Swedish ergonomists’ practices and approaches with risk assessments, in order to contribute new knowledge about how ergonomists’ work methods can be further developed to improve prevention of work-related musculoskeletal disorders. Paper I explored the process of risk assessment assignments and the ergonomists’ use of observation-based risk-assessment tools. The result showed a lack of systematic approaches regarding risk assessment assignments and limited use and knowledge of observation-based risk-assessment tools. In Paper II inter-observer and intra-observer reliability of risk assessments, without the use of an explicit observational method were assessed. The results showed a non-acceptable reliability. Paper III explored ergonomists experiences of an e-learning concept for knowledge translation in the OHS context. The e-learning concept was considered as feasible. The knowledge translation inspired increased use of risk-assessment tools, changes in the risk assessment procedures, e.g. selection of tools, and employing a participatory approach. Paper IV described the development of a process model for occupational health surveillance for workers exposed to hand-intensive work (HIW-model), and the studies that will explore the model. Paper V explored company representatives’ experiences of the HIW-model, and factors which facilitated the execution of the model. The model contributed to increased risk awareness and understanding of how individual workers’ musculoskeletal ill-health relates to exposures in work. Facilitating factors were: a joint start-up meeting in which the process was planned, clear communication, and clarity regarding the ownership of the process. In conclusion, the findings showed that ergonomists’ expertise is needed in the entire risk management process and not only in the risk assessment phase. In this process, the ergonomists need to be active and take the expert role (which includes a stocked toolbox) and support the employer through the whole risk management process from initiation to evaluation of risk controlling measures.
7.	Eliasson, Kristina, 1979- (författare) Occupational health services in the prevention of musculoskeletal disorders : Processes, tools and organizational aspects 2017 Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract Work-related musculoskeletal disorders are associated with high costs and it is essential to prevent them. Occupational Health Services(OHS) provide expert services regarding work environment, health and rehabilitation of work related disorders. Risk assessments of the work environment can be an initial step for preventive measures, and ergonomists can be assigned by clients to assess exposures in the work environment. For such assignments different tools can be used. The aim of this thesis was to explore prerequisites, processes and practices of OHS consultants in Sweden within the domain of primary prevention of work-related musculoskeletal disorders. This was explored through the work of ergonomists in their role of assessing ergonomics risks. The research methodology was both quantitative and qualitative. Data collection includes a web questionnaire, semi-structured interviews and inter- and intra-observer reliability tests. The results shows that ergonomics risk assessments were most commonly initiated reactively and a systematic work methodology for the risk assessment process was often lacking. Swedish ergonomists used only a few standardized tools for risk assessment. The Ergonomics provision from the Swedish Work Environment Authority, AFS-98, was widely used, but other observation-based tools were used far less often. Ergonomics risks were often assessed solely by means of observation, based on ergonomists’ knowledge and experience. The results also pointed to that that the reliability was not acceptable when risk assessment was performed without any standardized tool. Furthermore, the results point to that support from the OHS organizations is an important prerequisite for ergonomists to work with primary prevention. Further, opportunities for specialization within a specific industry sector seem to facilitate ergonomic interventions. It is also important to have close relationships with clients and to make them aware about ergonomists competence. Conclusively, this thesis identifies a numbers of areas in which OHS must develop to improve primary preventive services regarding work environment.
8.	Fan, Xuelong, et al. (författare) Effects of sensor types and angular velocity computational methods in field measurements of occupational upper arm and trunk postures and movements 2021 Ingår i: Sensors. - : MDPI AG. - 1424-8220. ; 21:16 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Accelerometer-based inclinometers have dominated kinematic measurements in previous field studies, while the use of inertial measurement units that additionally include gyroscopes is rapidly increasing. Recent laboratory studies suggest that these two sensor types and the two commonly used angular velocity computational methods may produce substantially different results. The aim of this study was, therefore, to evaluate the effects of sensor types and angular velocity computational methods on the measures of work postures and movements in a real occupational setting. Half-workday recordings of arm and trunk postures, and movements from 38 warehouse workers were compared using two sensor types: accelerometers versus accelerometers with gyroscopes—and using two angular velocity computational methods, i.e., inclination velocity versus generalized velocity. The results showed an overall small difference (<2° and value independent) for posture percentiles between the two sensor types, but substantial differences in movement percentiles both between the sensor types and between the angular computational methods. For example, the group mean of the 50th percentiles were for accelerometers: 71°/s (generalized velocity) and 33°/s (inclination velocity)—and for accelerometers with gyroscopes: 31°/s (generalized velocity) and 16°/s (inclination velocity). The significant effects of sensor types and angular computational methods on angular velocity measures in field work are important in inter-study comparisons and in comparisons to recommended threshold limit values.
9.	Forsman, Mikael, Professor, et al. (författare) Mind the gap – development of conversion models between accelerometer- and IMU-based measurements of arm and trunk postures and movements in warehouse work 2022 Ingår i: Applied Ergonomics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0003-6870 .- 1872-9126. ; 105 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Sensor type (accelerometers only versus inertial measurement units, IMUs) and angular velocity computational method (inclination versus generalized velocity) have been shown to affect the measurements of arm and trunk movements. This study developed models for conversions between accelerometer and IMU measurements of arm and trunk inclination and between accelerometer and IMU measurements of inclination and generalized (arm) velocities. Full-workday recordings from accelerometers and IMUs of arm and trunk postures and movements from 38 warehouse workers were used to develop 4 angular (posture) and 24 angular velocity (movement) conversion models for the distributions of the data. A power function with one coefficient and one exponent was used, and it correlated well (r2 > 0.999) in all cases to the average curves comparing one measurement with another. These conversion models facilitate the comparison and merging of measurements of arm and trunk movements collected using the two sensor types and the two computational methods.
10.	Lind, Carl Mikael, et al. (författare) Wearable Motion Capture Devices for the Prevention of Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders in Ergonomics-An Overview of Current Applications, Challenges, and Future Opportunities 2023 Ingår i: Sensors. - : MDPI AG. - 1424-8220. ; 23:9 Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) are a major contributor to disability worldwide and substantial societal costs. The use of wearable motion capture instruments has a role in preventing WMSDs by contributing to improvements in exposure and risk assessment and potentially improved effectiveness in work technique training. Given the versatile potential for wearables, this article aims to provide an overview of their application related to the prevention of WMSDs of the trunk and upper limbs and discusses challenges for the technology to support prevention measures and future opportunities, including future research needs. The relevant literature was identified from a screening of recent systematic literature reviews and overviews, and more recent studies were identified by a literature search using the Web of Science platform. Wearable technology enables continuous measurements of multiple body segments of superior accuracy and precision compared to observational tools. The technology also enables real-time visualization of exposures, automatic analyses, and real-time feedback to the user. While miniaturization and improved usability and wearability can expand the use also to more occupational settings and increase use among occupational safety and health practitioners, several fundamental challenges remain to be resolved. The future opportunities of increased usage of wearable motion capture devices for the prevention of work-related musculoskeletal disorders may require more international collaborations for creating common standards for measurements, analyses, and exposure metrics, which can be related to epidemiologically based risk categories for work-related musculoskeletal disorders.
11.	Mazaheri, Ava, 1992- (författare) Beyond the Force: Redefining load exposure assessments of nutrunners for improved power tool ergonomics 2023 Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract Reaction force exposure from handheld tightening tools (also known as nutrunners) constitutes an acknowledged contributor to musculoskeletal disorders among assembly operators, and are today not regulated by explicit limits. The research presented in this thesis aimed at contributing to the development of recommended exposure limits for, and assessments of, reaction loads from handheld right-angle and pistol-grip tightening tools.In order to address the thesis objectives, four research studies were conducted. A literature review was conducted to provide an overview of the current state of knowledge within the topic area. Knowledge gaps were identified by mapping available publications and based on those suggesting directions for further research. Thereafter, two psychophysically based experimental studies were conducted where acceptability limits related to load exposure from handheld tightening tools were derived for right-angle and pistol-grip tightening tools. Finally, an automotive manufacturer’s approach to evaluating and managing the use of handheld tightening tools was outlined by means of an interview study.As found through the literature review, four of the forty included publications had stated exposure limits (general recommendations) or acceptability limits (load acceptance as assessed by study participants) for reaction load exposure from handheld tightening tools. However, some of the reported limits did not consider relevant physical parameters, and some did not comply with modern power tool technologies. Based on this, it was suggested that researchers should emphasize physical quantities relevant to the reaction load such as impulse, express exposure limits in terms of reaction load relevant parameters (and not only the tightening torque), and further study modern power tool technologies.The experimental studies resulted in acceptability limits for right-angle and pistol-grip tightening tools expressed as screw-joint tightening torque (i.e. a task-related factor), where acceptable tightening torque limits were higher for the inertia-controlled tightening program compared to the continuous drive tightening program, in both studies. In addition, corresponding acceptable reaction load levels (i.e. the exposure) were derived, indicating load levels resulting from the tool use that the study participants assessed as acceptable for an 8-hour workday. It should be noted that the experimental times on which the acceptability limits are based were limited, and that the acceptability limits therefore should not be prescribed to full workdays.From the interview study, three main topic categories were identified based on the interviewees’ responses: ‘A holistic approach’, ‘Information and knowledge availability’ and ‘Negotiating criteria’. Within the studied automotive organization, a comprehensive approach to ergonomics assessments is incorporate, where both objective and subjective evaluations form the basis for addressing physically demanding tool use situations. Further, it was found that there are different instances where the employees lack sufficient knowledge related to the tools, and which can influence the employment of handheld tightening tools. In addition, it was found that criteria such as safety and quality could in some situations compete with ergonomics efforts. In conclusion, the findings from this thesis can contribute to the development of recommended exposure limits and evaluation methods for reaction load exposure from handheld tightening tools. Policymakers could utilize the insights presented in this thesis to form general guidelines directed at power tool manufacturers as well as tool using organizations. Through standardized guidelines, reaction loads from handheld tightening tools, which is one of the contributors to MSDs within assembly work, can be managed and reduced.
12.	Rhén, Ida-Märta (författare) Ergonomics risk assessment methods for creating healthy work environments 2023 Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract Risk assessments of ergonomic conditions in pre-production and in field are necessary to prevent work-related musculoskeletal disorders and to increase productivity and quality. Methods for such assessments include simulations, direct measurements and observations. In order to carry out correct ergonomic assessments, which is an important part in the work of creating healthy workplaces, it is vital that these methods are user-friendly, accurate and reliable. However, several methods are insufficiently tested with respect to these factors.The aim of this thesis was to increase the knowledge of some relevant risk assessment methods for the prevention of musculoskeletal disorders. The methods include risk assessments in both planned and existing work environments.A risk assessment approach for digital human modelling was developed. The approach included a reference database of epidemiological relationships between directly measured exposure and related musculoskeletal disorders. For illustration, a case in manual assembly was simulated; exposures were calculated and compared to the reference data to indicate the risk of work-related musculoskeletal disorders. The application and detailed assessment would be helpful to prioritise among different design solutions.A 3D digital prototype of a laparoscopic robotic open console was ergonomically evaluated using the simulation tool Intelligently Moving MAnikins (IMMA); twelve manikins representing anthropometries of the Swedish and US populations were used. The work-ranges of the console and the manikins were calculated and compared. The ergonomics was evaluated using a US checklist and the Swedish standard for computer work. The assessment criteria, which are related to the adjustability of the screen, the armrests, and the pedals, were not fulfilled. The result showed that IMMA, with its built-in functions, provides the opportunity for risk assessment of planned static work tasks. With some improvements, tools like IMMA may increasingly be used efficiently for early assessments of planned products or work environments.The inter- and intra-rater reliability and validity of six observation-based assessment methods, ART, HARM, SI, QEC, OCRA and SWEA, were studied through twelve ergonomists' and an expert group's repeated risk assessments of ten videotaped tasks. The results showed a low to moderate inter- and intra-rater reliability. Both the percent agreement and the reliability differed for the assessments of the methods' overall risk levels. Using a standardised task duration of 3.75 hours (rather than different durations for the different tasks) in the statistical calculations, the reliability of all methods decreased, except for OCRA. The decrease was most evident for HARM and ART, which was due to the fact that the duration of the task has a large impact in the methods' calculation of the total risk level. The validity was similar to the inter-rater reliability for each method.This thesis emphasizes the importance of detailed quantification of exposure and reliable methods to draw accurate conclusions about the risk of musculoskeletal disorders, both in planned and existing work environments.Today's technology, with small and wireless devices for direct measurements and methods for analysing physical exposure, provides opportunities to perform accurate and reliable ergonomic assessments. The possibility of using similar measurement strategies in digital human modelling, allows the discrimination of small differences in exposure which simplifies comparisons of different design solutions as well as between planned and existing work environment. Although the reliability of several observation-based methods was found to be low, observational methods are still important in the risk assessments of physical exposure, in order to include parts of the work environment that are not yet possible to measure. However, observational methods should preferably be used for screening and in combination with technical measurements.
13.	Barkstedt, Vanda, et al. (författare) Sophämtares fysiska och psykosociala arbetsbelastning 2016 Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract Arbetet som sophämtare inkluderar manuell hantering som hämtning och hantering av hushållsavfall i kärl och säckar. Det finns tidigare studier som visat att arbetet kan vara tungt med en hög helkroppsbelastning. Tungt arbete förknippas ofta med besvär i rörelseorganen. Psykologiska påfrestningar i arbetet kan också bidra till besvärsuppkomst.Biltrafikens arbetsgivarförbund och Svenska Transportarbetareförbundet tog gemensamt initiativ till det här projektet ”Sophämtarnas arbetsmiljö - allas ansvar”. Projektet har utförts av Transportfackens Yrkes- och Arbetsmiljönämnd (TYA) i samarbete med Karolinska Institutet (KI) och Centrum för belastningsskadeforskning (CBF) vid Högskolan i Gävle. I den här delen av projektet var syftet att kartlägga branschens förekomst av arbetsrelaterade besvär och undersöka den fysiska och psykosociala arbetsbelastningen hos sophämtare vid arbete med insamling av hushållsavfall.Samtliga Sveriges sophämtare som arbetar med insamling av hushållsavfall, knappt 2000, erbjöds att fylla i ett omfattande frågeformulär avseende arbete och hälsa. Sextiosex procent svarade. Inom projektetet genomfördes också heldagsmätningar av puls och arbetsställningar för rygg och armar på 56 sophämtare som arbetade med baklastande sopbil. På 12 sophämtare som arbetade med sidlastande sopbil genomfördes dessutom mätningar av muskelbelastning i skulder- och underarmsmuskulatur under en hel arbetsdag. I samband med heldagsmätningarna observerades sophämtarnas arbete av en observatör från en efterföljande bil, eller via en personburen videokamera. För att få fram ytterligare information om belastning på skuldror, rygg och knän genomfördes även biomekaniska fältexperiment där sophämtare fick utföra typiska arbetssituationer samtidigt som förekommande skjut- och drag-krafter registrerades.Enligt enkätundersökningen ansåg 17 procent av sophämtarna att deras fysiska arbetsförmåga var låg, vilket är samma procentandel som tidigare har registrerats hos flygplanslastare, men något bättre än vad man brukar se bland män med kort utbildningstid.Det var vanligare med kroppsliga besvär bland sophämtare än generellt i befolkningen. Andelen med besvär för olika kroppsdelar som skuldror (60 procent), ländrygg (62 procent), nacke (49 procent), händer/handleder (44 procent), motsvarade situationen för flygplanslastare; det fanns dock en skillnad för knän, där 52 procent av sophämtarna hade besvär mot 44 procent av flyglastarna.Sophämtarnas psykosociala arbetsbelastning liknade i stort den hos flygplanslastare, och motsvarar generellt förhållandena i den arbetande befolkningen. I genomsnitt rapporterar sophämtarna även samma upplevda stöd ifrån ledningen som andra yrkesgrupper, men sophämtare på arbetsställen med särskilt lågt stöd ifrån ledningen rapporterade fler olyckstillfällen, hade högre förekomst av kroppsliga besvär och lägre arbetsförmåga än sophämtare på arbetsställen med högt stöd. Mycket talande var att många fler, 27 procent skattade låg psykisk arbetsförmåga av dem på arbetsställen med generellt lågt upplevt stöd från ledningen jämfört med 8 procent av dem på arbetsställen med högt stöd.Det var vanligare med olycksfallstillbud bland de som angav ett ständigt högt arbetstempo, vilka återfanns både bland de som svarade att de, 64 procent av sophämtarna, som fick och bland de som inte fick gå hem tidigare om de var klara med dagens uppgifter.Fyrtiofyra procent av sophämtarna svarade att de en eller flera gånger hade råkat ut för olycksfall som lett till sjukskrivning. Halkolyckor var klart vanligast. Bland de som rapporterade ett ständigt högt arbetstempo var det vanligare med olyckor.De 41 kvinnor som ingick i enkätstudien rapporterade generellt högre upplevd fysisk och psykosocial belastning, samt sämre hälsa och arbetsförmåga än sina manliga kollegor.Heldagsmätningarna visade att baklastarnas genomsnittliga arbetstid utanför depån var drygt 6½ timma, varav 43 procent utgjordes av bilkörning. Pulsmätningarna visade, liksom enkäterna, att hämtning från flerbostadhus var mera belastande än hämtning i villaområden och på landsbygden. Pulsen var stundtals hög, men i genomsnitt var den för de flesta sophämtare acceptabel enligt internationella rekommendationer.De biomekaniska analyserna visade att krafterna vid dragning av sopkärl ibland var höga, speciellt på snöunderlag, men de föreföll inte att innebära några tydliga risker för ländryggen enligt amerikanska rekommendationer för acceptabla nivåer. Det finns dock forskning som indikerar att upprepad exponering för höga dragkrafter kan innebära risk för skulderbesvär. Att hoppa eller att gå framlänges ned från styrhytt var förknippat med knäbesvär, och kan enligt de biomekaniska analyserna även ge höga ländryggsbelastningar.Mot bakgrund av dessa resultat kan några rekommendationer/frågeställningar i syfte att förbättra arbetsmiljön vara följande:Kan man öka stödet från ledningen? Ledarskaps- och arbetsmiljöutbildning för första linjens chefer? Strategi vid chefsrekrytering?Kan man påverka sophämtarna att inte arbeta i ett ”onödigt” högt tempo, om det egentligen inte är bråttom?Kan man se till att det finns tid (eller om det redan finns tid, att få sophämtarna att använda denna tid) att arbeta i ett rimligt tempo, och kanske hjälpas åt vid hantering av mycket tunga kärl?Kan man få alla att ta sig ner från hytten på "rätt sätt"? Kan man i större utsträckning använda sopbilar med låga insteg?
14.	Bernmark, Eva, et al. (författare) Head movements during two computer work tasks assessed by accelerometry 2011 Ingår i: Applied Ergonomics. - : Elsevier. - 0003-6870 .- 1872-9126. ; 42:2, s. 309-313 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract We investigated whether potential differences in head inclinations and accelerations for two highly similar computer work tasks could be detected using (1) a triaxial accelerometer and (2) a simulated uniaxial accelerometer.Ten subjects’ head movements were registered with a triaxial accelerometer system for two similar document-management tasks at their work place: a fully electronic document-management task and one also involving paper documents.In situations where head movements were small, a triaxial accelerometer was able to discriminate between the different degrees of static work of the neck in terms of range of head inclinations and accelerations. A difference in head acceleration was also found by using a simulated uniaxial accelerometer. Thus, in terms of head movement and for work similar to this office work, potential dynamic differences in observationally similar work tasks can be investigated by using a triaxial accelerometer. For acceleration alone, a uniaxial accelerometer can also be used.
15.	Bernmark, Eva, et al. (författare) Validity of heart-rate based measurements of oxygen consumption during work with light and moderate physical activity 2012 Ingår i: Work. - : IOS Press. - 1051-9815. ; 4141 Suppl 1, s. 5475-5476 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract For ergonomic purposes it is useful to quantify the energy expenditure and the level of physical activity imposed on workers. Oxygen consumption (VO₂) is often used to calculate energy expenditure and can be used as an indication of physical activity. Twenty-five subjects participated in the study. Oxygen consumption (VO₂) in L O₂/min and heart-rate (HR) in beats per minute (bpm) were simultaneously measured during different work tasks at each individual's workplace. Ninety-one different work tasks with light or moderate physical activity were included (physical activity was classified by the VO₂ measurements). Estimated oxygen consumption (L O₂/min) was then calculated by using the HR measurements in bpm combined with individual HR-VO₂ equations established in a laboratory. Although heart-rate based estimations of individual oxygen consumption showed relatively low precision, heart-rate measurements in combination with individual exponential HR-VO₂ equations can be used to discriminate between work involving light physical activity and work involving moderate physical activity.
16.	Christmansson, Marita, et al. (författare) A case study of a principally new way of materials kitting—an evaluation of time consumption and physical workload 2002 Ingår i: International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics. - : Elsevier. - 0169-8141 .- 1872-8219. ; 30:1, s. 49-65 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract This article presents a materials kitting case study, using an alternative method for materials kitting: the traditional picker-to-material principle was replaced with a material-to-picker approach. The study was made in a materials supply workshop of an automobile plant shortly after this kitting process had been introduced. The materials kitting was video recorded and the material pickers’ physical exposure was assessed using ambulatory equipment to make an integrated registration of muscular activity, work postures and movements. The material pickers assessed work situations perceived as physically stressful. The materials kitting showed improved productivity as compared with other kitting methods. The study indicated that the work situation offered pickers low levels of physical exposure. The picking work was rather light but involved great repetitiveness in arm movements. The material pickers experienced the work as repetitive and having some physically stressful work situations. The integrated analyses showed: (1) that exposure in picking operations was similar to, but could be distinguished from, other work activities and (2) that picking from one type of storage package, Euro pallets, resulted in higher exposure than picking from plastic containers. More studies are needed on the implications of exposure levels in materials picking.
17.	Christmansson, Marita, et al. (författare) Modified method time measurements for ergonomic planning of production systems in the manufacturing industry 2000 Ingår i: International Journal of Production Research. - : Taylor & Francis. - 0020-7543 .- 1366-588X. ; 38:17, s. 4051 - 4059 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The paper reports on an evaluation of a method called ErgoSAM. This method is based on SAM, a higher-level method-time-measurement (MTM) system, and is for use by production planners, e.g. production engineers. In addition to the SAM information, the ErgoSAM method considers information on weight handled or forces applied, and work zone. The method is designed to predict the physical demands of work postures, force and repetitivity, according to a scientific model, the Cube model. In co-operation with the Volvo Car Corporation, six workstations of an assembly line, were analysed by a production engineer using ErgoSAM. The total assembly time analysed was about 17 minutes. The results were compared to results from ergonomic analyses made by an ergonomist using the Volvo Car Corporations standards. The results showed that ErgoSAM predicts work situations of high physical stress for the workers. However, the method does not consider stressful positions for the hand, wrist and neck or mental stress. The production engineer judged the ErgoSAM analyses to require about 5% more time than SAM analyses alone. It is concluded that the method shows considerable promise for predicting physically stressful work situations, but needs to be further evaluated and refined.
18.	Dahlgren, Gunilla, et al. (författare) Correlations between Ratings and Technical Measurements in Hand-Intensive Work 2023 Ingår i: Bioengineering. - : MDPI AG. - 2306-5354. ; 10:7 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract An accurate rating of hand activity and force is essential in risk assessment and for the effective prevention of work-related musculoskeletal disorders. However, it is unclear whether the subjective ratings of workers and observers correlate to corresponding objective technical measures of exposure. Fifty-nine workers were video recorded while performing a hand-intensive work task at their workplace. Self-ratings of hand activity level (HAL) and force (Borg CR10) using the Hand Activity Threshold Limit Value(& REG;) were assessed. Four ergonomist observers, in two pairs, also rated the hand activity and force level for each worker from video recordings. Wrist angular velocity was measured using inertial movement units. Muscle activity in the forearm muscles flexor carpi radialis (FCR) and extensor carpi radialis (ECR) was measured with electromyography root mean square values (RMS) and normalized to maximal voluntary electrical activation (MVE). Kendall's tau-b correlations were statistically significant between self-rated hand activity and wrist angular velocity at the 10th, 50th, and 90th percentiles (0.26, 0.31, and 0.23) and for the ratings of observers (0.32, 0.41, and 0.34). Significant correlations for force measures were found only for observer-ratings in five of eight measures (FCR 50th percentile 0.29, time > 10%MVE 0.43, time > 30%MVE 0.44, time < 5% -0.47) and ECR (time > 30%MVE 0.26). The higher magnitude of correlation for observer-ratings suggests that they may be preferred to the self-ratings of workers. When possible, objective technical measures of wrist angular velocity and muscle activity should be preferred to subjective ratings when assessing risks of work-related musculoskeletal disorders.
19.	Dahlgren, Gunilla, et al. (författare) Ratings of Hand Activity and Force Levels among Women and Men Who Perform Identical Hand-Intensive Work Tasks 2022 Ingår i: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. - : MDPI AG. - 1661-7827 .- 1660-4601. ; 19:24, s. 16706- Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract We compared hand activity and force ratings in women and men doing identical hand-intensive work tasks. Musculoskeletal disorders are more common in women and hand-intensive work leads to an increased risk of these disorders. Knowledge of the gender influence in the rating of work exposure is lacking. The aim of this study was to investigate whether women and men performing identical hand-intensive work tasks were equally rated using hand activity and normalized peak force levels with the Hand Activity Threshold Limit Value((R)). Fifty-six workers participated, comprising 28 women-men pairs. Four observers-two woman-man pairs-were also involved. Self-ratings and observers' ratings of hand activity and force level were collected. The results of these ratings showed no significant gender differences in self-rated hand activity and force, as well as observer-rated hand activity. However, there was a significant gender difference in the observer-rated force, where the women were rated higher (mean (SD): women 3.9 (2.7), men 3.1 (1.8) (p = 0.01)). This difference remained significant in the adjusted model (p = 0.04) with grip strength and forearm-finger anthropometrics. The results provide new insights that observers' estimates of force can be higher in women compared with men in the same work tasks. Force should be further investigated and preferably compared to objective measurements.
20.	Dahlqvist, Camilla, et al. (författare) Comparing two methods to record maximal voluntary contractions and different electrode positions in recordings of forearm extensor muscle activity : refining risk assessments for work-related wrist disorders 2018 Ingår i: Work. - : IOS Press. - 1051-9815. ; 59:2, s. 231-242 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Background: Wrist disorders are common in force demanding industrial repetitive work. Visual assessment of force demands have a low reliability, instead surface electromyography (EMG) may be used as part of a risk assessment for work-related wrist disorders. For normalization of EMG recordings, a power grip (hand grip) is often used as maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) of the forearm extensor muscles. However, the test-retest reproducibility is poor and EMG amplitudes exceeding 100% have occasionally been recorded during work. An alternative MVC is resisted wrist extension, which may be more reliable.Objective: To compare hand grip and resisted wrist extension MVCs, in terms of amplitude and reproducibility, and to examine the effect of electrode positioning.Methods: Twelve subjects participated. EMG from right forearm extensors, from four electrode pairs, was recorded during MVCs, on three separate occasions.Results: The group mean EMG amplitudes for resisted wrist extension were 1.2-1.7 times greater than those for hand grip. Resisted wrist extension showed better reproducibility than hand grip.Conclusions: The results indicate that the use of resisted wrist extension is a more accurate measurement of maximal effort of wrist extensor contractions than using hand grip and should increase the precision in EMG recordings from forearm extensor muscles, which in turn will increase the quality of risk assessments that are based on these.
21.	Dahlqvist, Camilla, et al. (författare) Mätning av arbetsbelastning för höger överarm vid kontorsstädning 2016 Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
22.	Dahlqvist, Camilla, et al. (författare) Validity of a small low-cost triaxial accelerometer with integrated logger for uncomplicated measurements of postures and movements of head, upper back and upper arms 2016 Ingår i: Applied Ergonomics. - : Elsevier. - 0003-6870 .- 1872-9126. ; 55, s. 108-116 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Repetitive work and work in constrained postures are risk factors for developing musculoskeletal disorders. Low-cost, user-friendly technical methods to quantify these risks are needed. The aims were to validate inclination angles and velocities of one model of the new generation of accelerometers with integrated data loggers against a previously validated one, and to compare meaurements when using a plain reference posture with that of a standardized one. All mean (n = 12 subjects) angular RMS-differences in 4 work tasks and 4 body parts were <2.5° and all mean median angular velocity differences <5.0 °/s. The mean correlation between the inclination signal-pairs was 0.996. This model of the new generation of triaxial accelerometers proved to be comparable to the validated accelerometer using a data logger. This makes it well-suited, for both researchers and practitioners, to measure postures and movements during work. Further work is needed for validation of the plain reference posture for upper arms.
23.	Domkin, Dmitry, et al. (författare) Ciliary muscle contraction force and trapezius muscle activity during manual tracking of a moving visual target 2016 Ingår i: Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1050-6411 .- 1873-5711. ; 28, s. 193-198 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Previous studies have shown an association of visual demands during near work and increased activity of the trapezius muscle. Those studies were conducted under stationary postural conditions with fixed gaze and artificial visual load. The present study investigated the relationship between ciliary muscle contraction force and trapezius muscle activity across individuals during performance of a natural dynamic motor task under free gaze conditions. Participants (N = 11) tracked a moving visual target with a digital pen on a computer screen. Tracking performance, eye refraction and trapezius muscle activity were continuously measured. Ciliary muscle contraction force was computed from eye accommodative response. There was a significant Pearson correlation between ciliary muscle contraction force and trapezius muscle activity on the tracking side (0.78, p < 0.01) and passive side (0.64, p < 0.05). The study supports the hypothesis that high visual demands, leading to an increased ciliary muscle contraction during continuous eye–hand coordination, may increase trapezius muscle tension and thus contribute to the development of musculoskeletal complaints in the neck–shoulder area. Further experimental studies are required to clarify whether the relationship is valid within each individual or may represent a general personal trait, when individuals with higher eye accommodative response tend to have higher trapezius muscle activity.
24.	Dong, Yidan, et al. (författare) Association between long-term static postures exposure and musculoskeletal disorders among university employees : A viewpoint of inflammatory pathways 2022 Ingår i: Frontiers In Public Health. - : FRONTIERS MEDIA SA. - 2296-2565. ; 10 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract BackgroundMusculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are critical occupational and social problems. With the improvement of production mechanization and automation, and the widespread application of computers, more occupations are exposed to static postures and load. This study explored the role of inflammation in the association between static postures exposure and MSDs. MethodsThis study adopted a prospective nested case-control design in which 66 lower back MSDs cases and 66 healthy controls were selected from a cohort study of university employees. The personal information, postural load, musculoskeletal symptoms, pressure pain thresholds (PPTs), and inflammatory cytokines were collected. Logistic and linear regressions were used to investigate the association among postural load, inflammatory cytokines, and lower back MSDs. Mediation analysis was used to calculate the mediation effect. ResultsThe results of logistic and linear regressions showed that postural load and inflammatory cytokines were positively associated with lower back MSDs (P < 0.05), and postural load was positively associated with inflammatory cytokines (P < 0.05). Further, mediation analysis showed that the mediation effect of postural load on the lower back MSDs through TNF-alpha was 0.073 (95%CI: 0.025-0.128), and the mediation effect of posture load on the lower back MSDs through IL-6 was 0.098 (95%CI: 0.041-0.179), respectively. ConclusionStatic postures were associated with the occurrence of MSDs through inflammatory cytokines, and low-level inflammation may be a critical early event in the generation of MSDs. This study may help bridge the gap of potential mechanisms linking static postures to increased risks of MSDs, and provide new evidence for targeted protection against the global increasing MSDs.
25.	Dong, Yidan, et al. (författare) Derived patterns of musculoskeletal symptoms and their relationships with ergonomic factors among electronic assembly workers : A latent class analysis 2022 Ingår i: Journal of Safety Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-4375 .- 1879-1247. ; 82, s. 293-300 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Introduction: Multi-site musculoskeletal symptoms (MSS) are considered to be more common and have more serious consequences than single-site MSS. This study aimed to determine whether derived patterns of MSS may be identified in electronic assembly workers and if extracted MSS classes are associated with personal and work-related factors. Method: A cross-sectional questionnaire study was performed with 700 participating electronic assembly workers. The questionnaire included individual factors, psychosocial and physical exposures, and MSS. The derived patterns of MSS and their relationships with ergonomic factors were analyzed using latent class analysis (LCA) and multinomial logistic regression models (MLRM). Results: The 1-year prevalence of MSS affecting only one body site or two or more body sites was 14.9% and 32.7%, respectively. The results of LCA showed three distinct classes of MSS patterns, which were labelled 'MSS in most sites' (5.0%), 'MSS in neck and shoulder' (27.0%), and 'MSS in one or no site' (68.0%). The results of MLRM showed that the 'MSS in neck and shoulder' was associated with job tenure (OR 5.579, 95% CI 2.488-12.511), excessive dynamic and static loads (OR 3.868, 95% CI 1.702- 8.793 and OR 5.270, 95% CI 2.020-13.747, respectively); while the 'MSS in most sites' was associated with high job demands (OR 4.528, 95% CI 1.647-12.445) and excessive dynamic loads (OR 111.554, 95% CI 4.996-2490.793). Conclusions: The results showed unique patterns of MSS among electronic assembly workers that were associated with personal and work-related factors. Practical applications: The findings highlight that the high prevalence of multi-site MSS in this group should be a focus. It also provides further evidence that LCA considering the number and location of anatomical sites involving MSS can be used to determine distinct classes of MSS patterns, which is of great significance for the epidemiological study and management of MSS in the future.
26.	Eklund, Jörgen, et al. (författare) Smart work clothes give better health - Through improved work technique, work organization and production technology 2019 Ingår i: 20th Congress of the International Ergonomics Association, IEA 2018. - Cham : Springer. - 9783319960821 ; , s. 515-519 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) constitute a major health problem for employees, and the economic consequences are substantial for the individuals, companies and the society. The ageing population creates a need for jobs to be sustainable so that employees can stay healthy and work longer. Prevention of MSD risks therefore needs to become more efficient, and more effective tools are thus needed for risk management. The use of smart work clothes is a way to automate data collection instead of manual observation. The aim of this paper is to describe a new smart work clothes system that is under development, and to discuss future opportunities using new and smart technology for prevention of work injuries. The system consists of a garment with textile sensors woven into the fabric for sensing heart rate and breathing. Tight and elastic first layer work wear is the basis for these sensors, and there are also pockets for inertial measurement units in order to measure movements and postures. The measurement data are sent wireless to a tablet or a mobile telephone for analysis. Several employees can be followed for a representative time period in order to assess a particular job and its workplace. Secondly, the system may be used for individuals to practice their work technique. The system also gives relevant information to a coach who can give feedback to the employees of how to improve their work technique. Thirdly, the data analysis may also give information to production engineers and managers regarding the risks. The information will support decisions on the type of actions needed, the body parts that are critical and the emergency of taking action.
27.	Elcadi, Guilherme H., 1966-, et al. (författare) Shoulder and forearm oxygenation and myoelectric activity in patients with work related muscle pain and healthy subjects 2013 Ingår i: European Journal of Applied Physiology. - New York : Springer. - 1439-6319 .- 1439-6327. ; 113:5, s. 1103-1115 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract We tested hypotheses of (i) reduced oxygen usage, oxygen recovery, blood flow and oxygen consumption; and (ii) increased muscle activity for patients diagnosed with work related muscle pain in comparison to healthy controls. Oxygenation was measured with near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), and muscle activity with EMG for the extensor carpi radialis (ECR) and trapezius descendens (TD) muscles. Eighteen patients with diffuse neck-shoulder-arm pain and seventeen controls (matched in age and sex) were equipped with NIRS and EMG probes. After determining an individual’s maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) force, short term (20 sec) isometric contractions for the ECR and TD of 10%, 30%, 50% and 70% MVC generated ∆StO2% and StO2% recovery (Rslope) from NIRS, and RMS%max from EMG signals. In addition, upper arm venous (VO) and arterial (AO) occlusions generated slopes of total hemoglobin (HbTslope) and deoxyhemoglobin (HHbslope) for the resting ECR as surrogates of blood flow and oxygen consumption, respectively. Mixed Model analyses, t-tests, and Mann-Whitney test were used to assess differences between groups. There was no significant difference in MVC between groups for either muscle. Also, ∆StO2%, Rslope for either muscle, and ECR-HbTslope were not different between groups, thus our hypotheses of reduced oxygen use, recovery, and blood flow for patients were not confirmed. However, patients had a significantly lower ECR-HHbslope confirming our hypothesis of reduced consumption. Further, there was no difference in RMS%max during contractions meaning that the hypothesis of increased activity for patients was not confirmed. When taking into account the number of NIRS variables studied, differences we found between our patient group and healthy controls (i.e. in forearm oxygen consumption and shoulder oxygen saturation level) may be considered modest. Overall our findings may have been impacted by the fact that our patients and controls were similar in muscle strength, which is in contrast to previous studies.
28.	Elcadi, Guilherme, et al. (författare) The relationship between myoelectric activity and oxygenation during isometric contractions in the forearm and shoulder muscles of healthy males and females 2010 Ingår i: The XVIII Congress of the International Society of Electrophysiology and Kinesiology (ISEK) Aalborg, Denmark, June 16-19, 2010. Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)
29.	Eliasson, Kristina, et al. (författare) Exploring ergonomists' experiences after participation in a theoretical and practical research project in observational risk assessment tools 2022 Ingår i: International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1080-3548 .- 2376-9130. ; 28:2, s. 1136-1144 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Objective. The aim of this qualitative study was to explore how ergonomists experienced an e-learning concept as a tool for knowledge translation; furthermore, to explore what, if any, impact the knowledge translation had regarding the ergonomists’ work with risk assessments.Methods. Twelve Swedish ergonomists employed in the occupational health service (OHS) participated in a research project, which included an e-learning program in risk assessment training. Focus group interviews and individual interviews were used for data collection. Results. The ergonomists appreciated the e-learning concept, e.g., its flexibility enabled them to decide when and where to practice. The concept was considered feasible within the context of the OHS. The ergonomists experienced an increased knowledge of different observation-based risk assessment tools, which expanded their professional toolboxes. Additionally, they began to reflect more regarding the reliability of risk assessment tools and how to enhance quality in risk assessment assignments.Conclusion. This study showed that e-learning may comprise an efficient knowledge translation for improved risk assessments in the OHS. The program contributed to changes in ergonomists’ risk assessment procedures, e.g., in the selection of tools, increasing the number of observers, employing a participatory approach and more often actively involving stakeholders during the risk assessment process.
30.	Elvnäs, Simon, et al. (författare) Assessing and improving supervisory behaviours at standardised meetings using self-recorded video and the operant supervisory taxonomy index 2024 Ingår i: International Journal of Human Factors and Ergonomics. - : Inderscience Publishers. - 2045-7804 .- 2045-7812. ; 11:2 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The aims of this study were to use the operant supervisory taxonomy index (OSTI) with self-recorded videos: 1) to assess three crucial supervisory behaviours at recurrent workplace meetings; 2) to assess an intervention to increase supervisors' use of performance consequences; 3) to demonstrate how using OSTI with video for studying supervisor-employee interactions contributes to the field of human factors and ergonomics. Eight supervisors at a technical company video-recorded themselves at standardised daily staff meetings for ten weeks (360 videos, in total). All supervisors increased their delivery of performance consequences per meeting after participating in weekly sessions focusing on their use of this behaviour. The use of the crucial supervisory behaviours varied within and between supervisors. A combination of self-recorded videos over time and OSTI is a useful method for objectively analysing supervisor performance in detail and can contribute to improving supervisory behaviours and their impact on performance and health.
31.	Fan, Xuelong, et al. (författare) Ergonomics and performance of using prismatic loupes in simulated surgical tasks among surgeons – a randomized controlled, cross-over trial 2023 Ingår i: Frontiers In Public Health. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 2296-2565. ; 11 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Introduction: Recently developed prismatic loupes may mitigate the high physical workload and risk of neck disorders associated with traditional surgical loupes among surgeons. However, research in this area, particularly among surgeons, is sparse. This study examines the impact of prismatic loupes on surgeons’ physical workload, musculoskeletal discomfort, and performance during simulated surgical tasks. Materials and methods: Nineteen out of twenty recruited surgeons performed three tasks in a fixed-order with their own loupes and both low-tilt (LT) and high-tilt (HT) prismatic loupes, in a randomized order. The primary outcomes were the median inclination angles and velocities of the head, trunk, and upper arms, along with the median muscle activity of the cervical erector spinae (CES), upper trapezius (UT), and lumbar erector spinae (LES) for each pair of loupes. The secondary outcomes included performance (completion time and errors), perceived body-part discomfort, and subjective evaluation of the three pairs of loupes. Results: Using prismatic loupes, either LT or HT, compared with the surgeons’ own loupes yielded lower head inclinations (all p < 0.001), lower neck muscle activity (all p < 0.05), and lower neck discomfort in indirect comparisons (p < 0.01) with no significant difference in surgical errors (p = 0.628). However, HT loupes resulted in a longer task completion time in two tasks (p < 0.001). Most surgeons preferred LT loupes (N = 12) for their comfort and visual functions. Discussion: The results indicate that prismatic loupes can reduce physical workload in the neck during simulated surgical task, with no significant difference in surgical errors. Future studies are needed to investigate the long-term effects of prismatic loupes among surgeons.
32.	Fan, X., et al. (författare) Surgeons’ physical workload in open surgery versus robot-assisted surgery and nonsurgical tasks 2022 Ingår i: Surgical Endoscopy. - : Springer Nature. - 0930-2794 .- 1432-2218. ; 36:11, s. 8178-8194 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Background: Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are common among surgeons, and its prevalence varies among surgical modalities. There are conflicting results concerning the correlation between adverse work exposures and MSD prevalence in different surgical modalities. The progress of rationalization in health care may lead to job intensification for surgeons, but the literature is scarce regarding to what extent such intensification influences the physical workload in surgery. The objectives of this study were to quantify the physical workload in open surgery and compare it to that in (1) nonsurgical tasks and (2) two surgeon roles in robot-assisted surgery (RAS). Methods: The physical workload of 22 surgeons (12 performing open surgery and 10 RAS) was measured during surgical workdays, which includes trapezius muscle activity from electromyography, and posture and movement of the head, upper arms and trunk from inertial measurement units. The physical workload of surgeons in open surgery was compared to that in nonsurgical tasks, and to the chief and assistant surgeons in RAS, and to the corresponding proposed action levels. Mixed-effects models were used to analyze the differences. Results: Open surgery constituted more than half of a surgical workday. It was associated with more awkward postures of the head and trunk than nonsurgical tasks. It was also associated with higher trapezius muscle activity levels, less muscle rest time and a higher proportion of sustained low muscle activity than nonsurgical tasks and the two roles in RAS. The head inclination and trapezius activity in open surgery exceeded the proposed action levels. Conclusions: The physical workload of surgeons in open surgery, which exceeded the proposed action levels, was higher than that in RAS and that in nonsurgical tasks. Demands of increased operation time may result in higher physical workload for open surgeons, which poses an increased risk of MSDs. Risk-reducing measures are, therefore, needed.
33.	Forsman, Lina Davies, et al. (författare) Plasma concentrations of second-line antituberculosis drugs in relation to minimum inhibitory concentrations in multidrug-resistant tuberculosis patients in China : a study protocol of a prospective observational cohort study 2018 Ingår i: BMJ Open. - : BMJ. - 2044-6055. ; 8:9 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Individualised treatment through therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) may improve tuberculosis (TB) treatment outcomes but is not routinely implemented. Prospective clinical studies of drug exposure and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) in multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) are scarce. This translational study aims to characterise the area under the concentration-time curve of individual MDR-TB drugs, divided by the MIC for Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates, to explore associations with markers of treatment progress and to develop useful strategies for clinical implementation of TDM in MDR-TB.Methods and analysis: Adult patients with pulmonary MDR-TB treated in Xiamen, China, are included. Plasma samples for measure of drug exposure are obtained at 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 hours after drug intake at week 2 and at 0, 4 and 6 hours during weeks 4 and 8. Sputum samples for evaluating time to culture positivity and MIC determination are collected at days 0, 2 and 7 and at weeks 2, 4, 8 and 12 after treatment initiation. Disease severity are assessed with a clinical scoring tool (TBscore II) and quality of life evaluated using EQ-5D-5L. Drug concentrations of pyrazinamide, ethambutol, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, cycloserine, prothionamide and para-aminosalicylate are measured by liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry and the levels of amikacin measured by immunoassay. Dried blood spot on filter paper, to facilitate blood sampling for analysis of drug concentrations, is also evaluated. The MICs of the drugs listed above are determined using custom-made broth microdilution plates and MYCOTB plates with Middlebrook 7H9 media. MIC determination of pyrazinamide is performed in BACTEC MGIT 960.Ethics and dissemination: This study has been approved by the ethical review boards of Karolinska Institutet, Sweden and Fudan University, China. Informed written consent is given by participants. The study results will be submitted to a peer-reviewed journal. Trial registration number NCT02816931; Pre-results.
34.	Forsman, Mikael, Professor, et al. (författare) A Low-Cost Sensor-Based Smartphone App for Wrist Velocity Measurements 2021 Ingår i: Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems. - Cham : Springer Nature. ; , s. 763-767 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract A quantitative wrist angular velocity to wrist-related disorders relation have been reported in hand intensive work. This velocity has been complicated to measure. A new sensors and smartphone method was developed and tested. The result indicate the prototype as a promising tool, which in the future may support researchers and practitioners in exposure quantification and risk assessment of hand intensive repetitive work tasks.
35.	Forsman, Mikael, Professor, et al. (författare) Can Borg’s RPE‐scale be used as an estimate of workday energy consumption in physically demanding work? 2018 Ingår i: 20th Congress International Ergonomics Association, 26-30 augusti, 2018, Florens, Italy. Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)
36.	Forsman, Mikael, Professor, et al. (författare) Co-variation in time between near-far accommodation of the lens and trapezius muscle activity 2012 Ingår i: Work. - Reading, MA, USA : Andover Medical Publishers. - 1051-9815 .- 1875-9270. ; 41:Suppl. 1, s. 3393-3397 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Visual strain and discomfort may contribute to the generation of work-related musculoskeletal disorders among e.g. computer workers. A positive correlation on a group level between eye-lens accommodation and trapezius muscle activity has been reported. In this study we investigated the possibility of a direct, fast, connection between lens accommodation and trapezius muscles activity. The subjects focused alternately on Near and Far targets, with a mean switch time of 5 s, through four different lenses. The cross-correlation, R(tau) was computed, between the time signals of accommodation and electromyography (EMG) from 23 subjects. In the overall mean R(tau) of 736 curves, a small but significant correlation peak (0.019) with a delay (of the EMG signal) of about 0.3 s, revealed a small common component in the two signals. Among the lenses, the positive lens (3.5 D), showed the highest correlation peak (0.040). The correlation may be caused by a direct “hard-wired” connection between the ciliary and trapezius muscles. But it could also be caused indirectly by the subject’s need for a more stable head in a more demanding visual task. The latter is supported by the result that the correlation was the highest in the positive lens condition. The present correlation is however weak and it has probably a low practical importance.
37.	Forsman, Mikael, Professor, et al. (författare) Concerning a Work Movement Velocity Action Level Proposed in "Action Levels for the Prevention of Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders in the Neck and Upper Extremities : A Proposal" by Inger Arvidsson et al. (2021) 2022 Ingår i: ANNALS OF WORK EXPOSURES AND HEALTH. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 2398-7308 .- 2398-7316. ; 66:1, s. 130-131 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
38.	Forsman, Mikael, Professor (författare) Ergonomic risk assessments : a need for reliable and attractive methods 2016 Ingår i: NES2016 - ERGONOMICS IN THEORY AND PRACTICE. - Kuopio, Finland : The University of Eastern Finland. Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)
39.	Forsman, Mikael, Professor, et al. (författare) Participative development of packages in the food industry–evaluation of ergonomics and productivity by objective measurements 2012 Ingår i: Work. - : IOS Press. - 1051-9815 .- 1875-9270. ; 4141 Suppl 1, s. 1751-1755 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Rationalizations generally have a negative effect on health and known risk factors for musculoskeletal disorders. These effects may be reduced by paying attention to modifiers as worker participation and a resonant management style. In this study a participatory approach was used in the food industry in order to improve ergonomics and productivity. The food industry shows a high prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders, and repetitive manual work occurs extensively. Prototypes of new packaging solutions were developed in three cases, and compared in a simulated production to the existing production system through direct measurements of working postures and muscle activity, ratings of physical load, and general productivity data. Measured and rated ergonomic exposures showed that workload was significantly lower for the prototypes, in all three cases. In two cases, the number of handling operations included in the packaging operations were greatly reduced with the prototype package, as were production costs. The impact on disorders of the obtained load reductions is difficult to assess, but we believe that in "critical" situations like this, even small improvements may have an effect. This study shows that workloads during manual handling of packages as well as production costs can be reduced by applying participative development of packages.
40.	Forsman, Mikael, Professor, et al. (författare) Systematic risk management with RAMP for riskassessment and adapted changes - an implementation study 2022 Ingår i: NES2022 WORK WELL Conference Proceedings Research. ; , s. 156-157 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract RAMP (Risk Assessment and Management tool for manual handling – Proactively), is arisk management tool focusing on manual handling work. Since 2017 RAMP has beenspread to over 105 countries. More than other methods, RAMP supports the entire riskmanagement process. RAMP is based on risk factors documented in scientific literature,and it has been evaluated regarding usability and reliability. It is now used for MSDrisk management in many organisations. The feedback from RAMP users is positive,and there are indications of reductions in sick absence.The purpose of the ongoing project is to investigate a selection of effects thatimplementation entails and to examine the implementation of RAMP from a leadershipand system perspective. Specific questions are: What happens when a companyimplements RAMP? Are the risk factors reduced? What affects the change? Whatstrategies do companies use when implementing RAMP? Are the effects of whichstrategies companies apply when implementing affected? What are the facilitators andbarriers to the implementation of this risk management method?The project is carried out as an implementation study based on mixed methods incollaboration between researchers and four production companies and two FHV actors.The effects and implementation of RAMP will be evaluated by comparing risk levels,qualitative interviews, document analyses, questionnaires and structured observationsof work processes. For changes in risk factors, RAMP risk assessments, which includeobservations and objectivemeasurements of push-pull forces, carried out at baseline andat follow-up will be compared. If possible, in addition to the above data collection, thecompany's own data on sick leave, productivity and quality (eg quality deficiency data)will be included and monitored over time.Implementations and effects of RAMP will be summarized in so-called logicalmodels. These models will identify inputs (e.g. time and resources set aside forimplementation), activities (e.g. training and measures implemented), intermediate(short-term) outcomes (e.g. the extent to which RAMP is used in the systematic workenvironment work and in the entire process for risk management, how much of the highrisks have been reduced, what type of measures have been taken and how the riskawareness has developed among employees), long-term outcomes (e.g. employees'perception of the workload, perceived health and perceived problems), and possiblylong-term outcomes (e.g. changes in sick absence, quality and productivity as well assharing good examples within the organisation).157At this point in the project, the questionnaire has been designed, companies havebeen contacted, and data collection at the first company, that now has assigned animplementation strategy, is about to start.The project is expected to show what effects on the work environment (possibly alsohealth, quality and productivity) that systematic application of the RAMP method canhave, aswell aswhich of the studied factors affect the implementation and to what extentthey do so. The results are expected to lead to new knowledge in the area of systematicrisk management and implementation strategies.
41.	Forsman, Mikael, Professor (författare) The search for practical and reliable observational or technical risk assessment methods to be used in prevention of musculoskeletal disorders. 2017 Ingår i: Agronomy Research. - : Estonian Research Institute of Agriculture. - 2228-4907. ; 15:3, s. 680-686 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMSDs) are still frequent, inducing verylarge costs for companies and societies all over the world. Ergonomists work to prevent thesedisorders and to make organisations sustainable. In their work it is important to identify risks ina reliable way, to prioritise risks, and then to perform interventions (participatory interventionshave shown to more often be successful), so that the risks and the disorders may be reduced. Risksare most often assessed by observation. Two projects are described. In the first project the interobserver reliability of six observational methods was found to be low in risk assessmentsconcerning repetition, movements and postures. Also the inter-method reliability was often low,i.e. when the same work is assessed with different methods different risk estimates are oftenobtained. In the second described project, easy-to-use methods for measurements of postures andmovements were developed and validated. Hence, there are now validated technical methods thatin developing tools, together with practitioners, that are attractive, easy and time efficient to use,and which should increase the reliability in risk assessments of work tasks and jobs.
42.	Grooten, Wilhelmus Johannes Andreas, et al. (författare) Health risk appraisals in Swedish occupational health services 2016 Ingår i: Work. - : IOS Press. - 1051-9815 .- 1875-9270. ; 55:4, s. 849-859 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Background: Health risk appraisals (HRAs) in occupational health services (OHS) in Sweden are very commonly used for health promotion issues, but not much research has explored the extent and nature of individual feedback that is provided.Objectives: This study aimed to describe and explore HRAs in OHS regarding the content of the feedback in relation to the individual status and overall employee satisfaction.Methods: Feedback (evaluation and advice) and employee satisfaction with HRA were studied in employees that participated in health risk appraisals with a specific feedback session (HRA-F) (n = 272) and employees that participated in a single session (HRA-S) (n = 104). Associations between feedback and individual status concerning life style were assessed with Cohen's kappa (k).Results: The employees received mainly information and advice for improvement on health and lifestyle issues (89-100%), while advice for improvement of working conditions was less common (15-59%). The feedback provided on life style was not based on individual status (k < 0.4), except for smoking and risky alcohol consumption (k > 0.55). A great majority of employees reported good overall satisfaction with their HRAs.Conclusions: The evaluation and feedback given to employees after HRAs should be based more on HRA-results and advice could be focused more on work-related factors.
43.	Gupta, Nidhi, et al. (författare) Does occupational forward bending of the back increase long-term sickness absence risk? : A 4-year prospective register-based study using device-measured compositional data analysis 2022 Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health. - : Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health. - 0355-3140 .- 1795-990X. ; 48:8, s. 651-661 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Objective Forward bending of the back is common in many jobs and a risk factor for sickness absence. However, this knowledge is based on self-reported forward bending that is generally imprecise. Thus, we aimed to investigate the dose-response relation between device-measured forward bending at work and prospective register-based risk of long-term sickness absence (LTSA). Methods At baseline, 944 workers (93% from blue-collar jobs) wore accelerometers on their upper back and thigh over 1-6 workdays to measure worktime with forward bending (>30 degrees and >60 degrees) and body positions. The first event of LTSA (>= 6 consecutive weeks) over a 4-year follow-up were retrieved from a national register. Compositional Cox proportional hazard analyses were used to model the association between worktime with forward bending of the back in an upright body position and LTSA adjusted for age, sex, body mass index (BMI), occupational lifting/carrying, type of work, and, in an additional step, for leisure time physical activity (PA) on workdays. Results During a mean worktime of 457 minutes/day, the workers on average spent 40 and 10 minutes on forward bending >30 degrees and >60 degrees in the upright position, respectively. Five more minutes forward bending >30 degrees and >60 degrees at work were associated with a 4% [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.01-1.07] and 8% (95% CI 1.01-1.16) higher LTSA risk, respectively. Adjustment for leisure-time PA did not influence the results. Conclusion We found a dose-response association between device-measured forward bending of the back and prospective LTSA risk. This knowledge can be integrated into available feasible methods to measure forward bending of the back for improved workplace risk assessment and prevention.
44.	Gupta, Nidhi, et al. (författare) How does accelerometry-measured arm elevation at work influence prospective risk of long-term sickness absence? 2022 Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health. - : Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health. - 0355-3140 .- 1795-990X. ; 48:2, s. 137-147 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Objective Elevated arm work is prevalent in many jobs. Feasible device-based methods are available to measure elevated arm work. However, we lack knowledge on the association between device-measured elevated arm work and prospective risk of long-term sickness absence (LTSA). We aimed to investigate this association.Methods At baseline, 937 workers wore accelerometers on the right arm and thigh over 1–5 workdays to measure work time spent with elevated arms in an upright position. Between baseline and 4-year prospective follow-up in the national registers, we obtained information on the individuals` first event of LTSA (≥6 consecutive weeks). We performed compositional Cox proportional hazard analyses to model the association between work time with arm elevation >30˚, >60˚, or >90˚ and the probability of LTSA.Results Workers spent 21% of their work time with >30˚ arm elevation, 4% with >60˚arm elevation, and 1% with >90˚ arm elevation; in the upright body position. We found a positive dose–response association between work time spent with elevated arm work and the risk of LTSA. Specifically, we found that increasing two minutes of work time spent with arm elevation at (i) >90˚ increased the risk of LTSA by 14% [hazard ratio (HR) 1.14, 95% confidence intervals (95% CI 1.04–1.25)] (ii) >60˚increased the LTSA risk by 3% (HR 1.03, 95% CI 1.03–1.06), and (iii) >30˚ increased the LTSA risk by 1% (HR 1.01, 95% CI 1.00–1.02).Conclusion Device-measured elevated arm work is associated with increased prospective LTSA. This information ought to be brought into preventive workplace practice by accessible and feasible device-based methods of elevated arm work.
45.	Hillert, Lena, et al. (författare) O4B. 6 Do we need repeated measurements for reliable classification of case status regarding musculoskeletal pain? 2019 Ingår i: Occupational and Environmental Medicine. - : BMJ Publishing Group Ltd. - 1351-0711 .- 1470-7926. Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
46.	Holtermann, Andreas, et al. (författare) A practical guidance for assessments of sedentary behavior at work: A PEROSH initiative 2017 Ingår i: Applied Ergonomics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0003-6870 .- 1872-9126. ; 63, s. 41-52 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Sedentary behavior is defined as sitting or lying with low energy expenditure. Humans in industrialized societies spend an increasing amount of time in sedentary behaviors every day. This has been associated with detrimental health outcomes. Despite a growing interest in the health effects of sedentary behavior at work, associations remain unclear, plausibly due to poor and diverse methods for assessing sedentary behavior. Thus, good practice guidance for researchers and practitioners on how to assess occupational sedentary behavior are needed. The aim of this paper is to provide a practical guidance for practitioners and researchers on how to assess occupational sedentary behavior. Ambulatory systems for use in field applications (wearables) are a promising approach for sedentary behavior assessment. Many different small-size consumer wearables, with long battery life and high data storage capacity are commercially available today. However, no stand-alone commercial system is able to assess sedentary behavior in accordance with its definition. The present paper offers decision support for practitioners and researchers in selecting wearables and data collection strategies for their purpose of study on sedentary behavior. Valid and reliable assessment of occupational sedentary behavior is currently not easy. Several aspects need to be considered in the decision process on how to assess sedentary behavior. There is a need for development of a cheap and easily useable wearable for assessment of occupational sedentary behavior by researchers and practitioners
47.	Håkansson, Malin, PhD, et al. (författare) Continuous lean development in industrial process work : Implications for physical workload and pain in the neck and upper extremities 2019 Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
48.	Jackson, Jennie (författare) Bias and Precision in Biomechanical Exposure Assessment : Making the Most of our Methods 2017 Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract Background: Insufficient exposure assessment is a suggested contributing factor to the current lack of clearly characterised relationships between occupational biomechanical risk factors and musculoskeletal disorders. Minimal attention has been paid to the potential bias of measurement tools from expected true values (i.e. accuracy) or between measurement tools, and empirical data on the magnitudes of variance contributed by methodological factors for measurement tool precision are lacking.Aim: The aim of this thesis was to quantify aspects of bias and precision in three commonly employed biomechanical risk factor assessment tools - inclinometry, observation, and electromyography (EMG) - and provide recommendations guiding their use. Methods: Upper arm elevation angles (UAEAs) were assessed using inclinometers (INC) and by computer-based posture-matching observation, and bias relative to true angles was calculated. Calibration models were developed for INC data, and their efficacy in correcting measurement bias was evaluated. The total variance of trapezius and erector spinae (ES) EMG recordings during cyclic occupational work was partitioned into biological and methodological sources, including the variance uniquely attributable to sub-maximal normalisation. Using algorithms to estimate the precision of a group mean, the efficacy of different trapezius EMG study designs was evaluated. Using precision criteria, the efficacy of different normalisation methods was assessed for ES EMG recordings.Results and Discussion: Inclinometer measured UAEAs were biased from true angles, with increasing bias at higher angles. In contrast, computer based posture-matching observations were not biased from true angles. Calibration models proved effective at minimizing INC data bias. The dispersion of estimates between- and within- observers at any given set angle underlined the importance of repeated observations when estimating UAEAs. For EMG, a unique but relatively small component of the total variance was attributable to the methodological process of normalisation. Performing three repeats of the trapezius EMG normalisation task proved optimal at minimizing variance for one-day EMG studies, while two repeats sufficed for multi-day EMG studies. A prone normalisation task proved superior for maximizing normalised lumbar ES EMG precision.Conclusion: Key aspects of measurement tool accuracy, bias between tools, and tool precision were quantified, and recommendations were made to guide future research study design.
49.	Jackson, Jennie, et al. (författare) Digging deeper into the assessment of upper arm elevation angles using standard inclinometry 2015 Ingår i: Applied Ergonomics. - : Elsevier. - 0003-6870 .- 1872-9126. ; 51, s. 102-103 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
50.	Jin, Xu, et al. (författare) Prevalence and associated factors of lower extremity musculoskeletal disorders among manufacturing workers : a cross-sectional study in China 2022 Ingår i: BMJ Open. - : BMJ. - 2044-6055. ; 12:2 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Objective To survey the prevalence of lower extremity musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) among Chinese manufacturing workers, and to identify the associated factors. Design Observational study with cross-sectional design. Setting A self-administered questionnaire survey was conducted in four manufacturing factories in China. Participants 7908 manufacturing workers were included in this study after excluding non-conforming personnel. Outcome measures Individual and work-related information, and MSDs in the whole leg and knee region were measured by the anonymous self-administered questionnaire. Individual and work-related factors associated with MSDs and their effects were identified through multivariate logistic regression. Results Of all respondents, 3241 (41.0%) reported having had lower extremity MSDs in the recent 12 months, and for the knees, ankles/feet and hips/thighs were 29.5%, 23.9% and 16.7%, respectively. After confounder-adjusted single-factor analysis, 22 variables (of 24) were significantly related to the disorders. Factors like always kneeling/squatting for long periods, always standing for long periods and often lifting in an uncomfortable position were shown to have higher risks, with ORs of 2.77 (95% CI: 2.33 to 3.30), 2.30 (1.96 to 2.69) and 2.25 (2.04 to 2.47). Comparable results were found on knee disorders. The final model included 15 variables of demography, biomechanics and work organisation. The following factors showed increased risks of lower extremity MSDs: being female, being older, longer working years, higher body mass index (BMI), keeping the same posture for a long time, awkward position, shift work and monotonous work. Whereas having enough breaks reduced the risk. Conclusion The prevalence of lower extremity MSDs among Chinese manufacturing workers is high. The most commonly affected body regions were the knees and ankles/feet. Multiple factors were found associated with lower extremity MSDs including age, BMI, work experience, work organisations, physical ergonomics exposures, etc.

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