| 1. |
- Butler, Simon, et al.
(författare)
-
An Investigation of Work Practices Used by Companies Making Contributions to Established OSS Projects
- 2018
-
Ingår i: ICSE-SEIP '18 Proceedings of the 40th International Conference on Software Engineering: Software Engineering in Practice. - New York : Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). - 9781450356596 ; , s. 201-210
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Professionals contribute to open source software (OSS) projects aspart of their employment. Previous research has addressed motivationsof individuals and the ways they engage with OSS projects.However, there is a lack of research which examines and explainswork practices used by companies in their engagement with projects.Work practices used by companies to contribute to five establishedOSS projects are investigated through examination of the actions ofemployees in public communication channels and draw on our experienceswhen analysing engagement with the same projects. Wefind that companies utilise work practices for contributing whichare congruent with the circumstances and their capabilities thatsupport their short and long term needs. We find that companiescontribute to OSS projects in different ways, such as employing coreproject developers, making donations, and joining project steeringcommittees in order to advance strategic interests.
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| 2. |
- Gamalielsson, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
-
On organisational influences in software standards and their open source implementations
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Information and Software Technology. - : Elsevier. - 0950-5849 .- 1873-6025. ; 67, s. 30-43
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Context: It is widely acknowledged that standards implemented in open source software can reduce risks for lock-in, improve interoperability, and promote competition on the market. However, there is limited knowledge concerning the relationship between standards and their implementations in open source software. This paper reports from an investigation of organisational influences in software standards and open source software implementations of software standards. The study focuses on the RDFa standard and its implementation in the Drupal project.Objective: The overarching goal of the study is to establish organisational influences in software standards and their implementations in open source software. More specifically, our objective is to establish organisational influences in the RDFa standard and its implementation in the Drupal project.Method: By conduct of a case study of the RDFa standard and its implementation in the Drupal project we investigate organisational influences in software standards and their implementations in open source software. Specifically, the case study involved quantitative analyses of issue tracker data for different issue trackers for W3C RDFa and the Drupal implementation of RDFa.Results: The case study provides details on how and to what extent organisational influences occur in W3C RDFa and the Drupal implementation of RDFa, by specifically providing a characterisation of issues and results concerning contribution to issue raising and commenting, organisational involvement over time, and individual and organisational collaboration on issues.Conclusion: We find that widely deployed standards can benefit from contributions provided by a range of different individuals, organisations, and types of organisations either directly to a standardisation project or indirectly via an open source project implementing the standard. Further, we also find that open processes for standardisation adopted by W3C may also contribute to open source projects implementing specific standards.
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| 3. |
- Gamalielsson, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
-
On the availability and effectiveness of open source software for digital signing of PDF documents
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Open Source Systems: Adoption and Impact. - Cham : Springer. - 9783319178363 - 9783319178370 ; , s. 71-80
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Digital signatures are important in order to ensure the integrity and authenticity of information communicated over the Internet involving different stakeholders within and beyond the borders of different nations. The topic has gained increased interest in the European context and there is legislation and project initiatives aiming to facilitate use and standardisation of digital signatures. Open standards and open source implementations of open standards are important means for the interoperability and long-term maintenance of software systems implementing digital signatures. In this paper we report from a study aiming to establish the availability and effectiveness of software provided under an open source license for digital signing and validation of PDF documents. Specifically, we characterise the use of digital signatures in Swedish Governmental agencies, report on the interoperability of open source and proprietary licensed software for digital signatures in PDF documents, and establish the effectiveness of software provided under an open source license for validation of digital signatures in PDF documents.
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| 4. |
- Lundell, Björn, et al.
(författare)
-
Addressing Lock-in, Interoperability, and Long-Term Maintenance Challenges Through Open Source : How Can Companies Strategically Use Open Source?
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Open Source Systems. - Cham : Springer. - 9783319577340 - 9783319577357 ; , s. 80-88
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This industry paper reports on how strategic use of open source in company contexts can provide effective support for addressing the fundamental challenges of lock-in, interoperability, and longevity of software and associated digital assets. The fundamental challenges and an overview of an ongoing collaborative research project are presented. Through a conceptual model for open source usage in company contexts we characterise how companies engage with open source and elaborate on how the fundamental challenges can be effectively addressed through open source usage in company contexts.
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| 5. |
- Atif, Yacine, 1967-, et al.
(författare)
-
Open Source Collaboration Tools and Organisational Learning : On Adopting EtherPad in Small Companies
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of FLOSSEdu.
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Organisations could benefit from the improvements in collaborative learning and increased control gained by the use of open source software. EtherPad enables simultaneous updates on a shared document from remotely located participants. We discuss the adoption life-cycle of this open source tool in the context of a strategic intervention, with a focus on a learning agenda to guide the installation and configuration processes, and to reduce the learning curve involved in the adoption experience.
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| 6. |
- Francke, Helena, et al.
(författare)
-
Institutional repositories as infrastructures for long-term preservation
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Information research. - : Högskolan i Borås. - 1368-1613. ; 22:2
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction. The study describes the conditions for long-term preservation of the content of the institutional repositories of Swedish higher education institutions based on an investigation of how deposited files are managed with regards to file format and how representatives of the repositories describe the functions of the repositories. Method. The findings are based on answers to a questionnaire completed by thirty-four institutional repository representatives (97% response rate). Analysis. Questionnaire answers were analysed through descriptive statistics and qualitative coding. The concept of information infrastructures was used to analytically discuss repository work. Results. Visibility and access to content were considered to be the most important functions of the repositories, but long-term preservation was also considered important for publications and student theses. Whereas a majority of repositories had some form of guidelines for which file formats were accepted, very few considered whether or not file formats constitute open standards. This can have consequences for the long-term sustainability and access of the content deposited in the repositories. Conclusion. The study contributes to the discussion about the sustainability of research publications and data in the repositories by pointing to the potential difficulties involved for long-term preservation and access when there is little focus on and awareness of open file formats.
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| 7. |
- Francke, Helena, et al.
(författare)
-
Tillgängliggöra på kort eller lång sikt? : En studie av svenska lärosätens institutionella repositorier
- 2016
-
Konferensbidrag (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Presentationen redogör för resultaten av en enkät som besvarades av personal vid 34 svenska lärosätens institutionella repositorier under sommaren 2015. Syftet med studien var att utveckla förståelse för förutsättningarna för långsiktigt digitalt bevarande av materialet i de svenska lärosätenas institutionella repositorier. Detta gjordes dels genom att undersöka organisationernas syn på det institutionella repositoriets funktion och livscykel, dels genom att skapa en bild av innehållet i repositorierna. Presentationen behandlar enkätsvaren kring det institutionella repositoriets funktion med fokus på hur viktigt respondenterna uppskattar att tillgängliggörande och långsiktigt bevarande av forskningspublikationer, studentarbeten och forskningsdata genom repositoriet är. Dessutom behandlas svar som rör policy och arbetssätt vad gäller filformat eftersom dessa val är viktiga vid långsiktigt digitalt bevarande.
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| 8. |
- Gamalielsson, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
-
On Involvement in Open Standards : How Do Organisations Contribute to W3C Standards Through Editorship?
- 2016. - 1
-
Ingår i: Open Source Systems: Integrating Communities. - Cham : Springer. - 9783319392240 - 9783319392257 - 9783319818443 ; , s. 57-70
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Over the years, a number of open standards have been developed and implemented in software for addressing a number of challenges, such as lock-in, interoperability and longevity of software systems and associated digital artefacts. Understanding organisational involvement and collaboration in standardisation is important for informing any future policy and organisational decisions concerning involvement in standardisation. The overarching goal of the study is to establish how organisations contribute to open standards development through editorship. Specifically, the focus is on open standards development in W3C. Through an analysis of editorship for all W3C recommendations we contribute novel findings concerning organisational involvement and collaboration, and highlight contributions from different types of organisations and countries for headquarter of each organisation. We make three principal contributions. First, we establish an overall characterisation of organisational involvement in W3C standardisation. Second, we report on organisational involvement in W3C standardisation over time. Third, we establish organisational collaboration in W3C standardisation through social network analysis.
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| 9. |
- Gamalielsson, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
-
On licensing and other conditions for contributing to widely used open source projects : an exploratory analysis
- 2017
-
Ingår i: OpenSym '17. - New York : Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). - 9781450351874 ; , s. 9:1-9:14
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Open source software (OSS) projects are provided under different open source licenses and some projects use other conditions (in addition to licensing terms) for contributors to adhere to. Licensing terms and conditions may affect community involvement and contributions, and are perceived differently by different stakeholders in different OSS projects. The study reports from an exploratory analysis of licensing terms and other conditions for 200 widely used OSS projects, and an investigation of the relationship between licensing terms and other conditions for contributing. We find that strong copyleft licenses are most common and are used in the majority of the projects. Further, a clear majority of the OSS projects use no specific other condition for contributing in addition to the license terms. However, a clear majority of the OSS projects supported by foundations use other conditions for contributing in addition to the license terms. Finally, use of no specific other conditions in addition to the license terms is more common for projects using strong copyleft licensing compared to projects using non-copyleft licensing.
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| 10. |
- Gamalielsson, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
-
On organisational involvement and collaboration in W3C standards through editorship
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Journal of Internet Services and Applications. - : Hindawi Publishing Corporation. - 1867-4828 .- 1869-0238. ; 8:1, s. 5:1-5:26
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Over time, a number of open standards have been developed and implemented in software for addressing a number of challenges, such as lock-in, interoperability and longevity of software systems and associated digital artefacts. An understanding of organisational involvement and collaboration in standardisation is important for informing any future policy and organisational decisions concerning involvement in standardisation. The overarching goal of the study is toestablish how organisations contribute to open standards development through editorship. Specifically, the focus is on open standards development in the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). Through an analysis of editorship for all W3C recommendations we contribute novel findings concerning organisational involvement and collaboration, and highlight contributions from different types of organisations and countries. We make five principal contributions. First, we establish an overall characterisation of organisational involvement in W3C standardisation. Second, we report on organisational involvement in W3C standardisation over time. Third, we establish how different organisations, organisation types, and countries are involved in W3C technologies. Fourth, we report on organisational involvement in relation to standard development time. Fifth, we establish how organisations collaborate in W3C standardisation through social network analysis.
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| 11. |
- Katz, Andrew, et al.
(författare)
-
Software, copyright and the learning environment : An analysis of the IT contracts Swedish schools impose on their students and the implications for FOSS
- 2016
-
Ingår i: International Free and Open Source Software Law Review. - : International Free and Open Source Software Law Review. - 1877-6922. ; 8:1, s. 1-28
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Free and open source software (FOSS) is commonly made available to students in schools, but the schools do not necessarily take a holistic approach to their provision of IT (including software) which takes into account the nature of FOSS. In particular, we have identified a number of contracts with which Swedish students who are provided with laptops by their schools are required to comply which set out conditions for the use of the laptops, and associated software and content. Many clauses in these contracts are legally incompatible with certain FOSS licences, or contain misconceptions about FOSS, licensing and culture. This paper explores the relationship between the contracts and FOSS licensing and culture, and suggests a number of resolutions to the contradictions and misconceptions, as well as considering related issues.
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| 12. |
- Lundell, Björn, et al.
(författare)
-
Collaborative research involving small companies : Experiences from co-production of knowledge for research and practice through use of an action case approach
- 2017
-
Ingår i: SER&IP '17 Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Software Engineering Research and Industrial Practice. - : IEEE Press. - 9781538627976 - 9781538627983 ; , s. 24-30
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In order for the conduct of collaborative research projects and their outcomes to be valuable for both research and practice it is necessary to successfully address a number of sociotechnical challenges in the field of software engineering. Collaborative research involving researchers and practitionersrelated to software systems have utilised a variety of different research approaches. Adoption of an effective research approach for the situation at hand in a research project may significantly contribute to project success. Experiences from collaborative research show that action case can be an appropriate choice of approach for addressing socio-technical challenges in the software domain, which is appealing to both practitioners and researchers. This paper elaborates on a number of challenges for successful conduct of collaborative research projects and reports on experiences from use of action case as a research approach for conduct of collaborative research related to software systems.
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| 13. |
- Lundell, Björn, et al.
(författare)
-
D8.8 : Monitoring of the Open Source Project implementation
- 2017
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Deliverable D8.8 reports on monitoring of the Open Source Project implementations. Based on development efforts for each supplier, this updated deliverable (version 2.1) provides feedback on their use of: an open work practice for development; frequent open releases; and promotion activities aiming towards a sustainable community. In particular, it focuses on establishing sustainable communities, together with an assessment of how this is succeeded. The deliverable presents an evaluation of how each open source project implementation adheres to requirements expressed in deliverable D4.3 and how projects and suppliers have acted upon feedback and recommendations from PREFORMA. In so doing, the deliverable provides an evaluation of the extent to which best practices from community driven open source projects have been adopted with adherence to full transparency for all digital assets. Specifically, the evaluation considers software and associated digital assets provided via links to developed and provided resources (including source code, executables, and test files) and tools (including software configuration management system, mailing lists, and build environment) used in each open source project. An important outcome from this evaluation is a report on adherence to requirements (as specified in D4.3 and clarified in feedback from PREFORMA) and an assessment of how contracted organisations have managed to provide open source software and establish thriving and long-term sustainable open source communities of relevance for memory institutions and other stakeholder groups. Based on these outcomes, recommendations are given for further actions by the suppliers, the PREFORMA Consortium, and any potential adopter of software from the Open Source Portal provided by the PREFORMA Consortium.
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| 14. |
- Lundell, Björn, et al.
(författare)
-
Implementing IT Standards in Software : Challenges and Recommendations for Organisations Planning Software Development Covering IT Standards
- 2019
-
Ingår i: European Journal of Law and Technology. - 2042-115X. ; 10:2
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To develop software based on standards, developers will often require patent licences for the patents which impinge on those standards. This paper reports on an investigation into acquiring patent licences required to implement three specific formal standards in software, namely ISO 32000-1 (a standard based on PDF 1.7), ISO/IEC 29500 (Office Open XML), and ISO 20022 (a standard for international financial business communication). In particular, the licences were requested in the context of implementation of those standards in open source software. We elaborate on the challenges of seeking to obtain those rights, providing examples. Findings show evidence of significant practical difficulty of obtaining the necessary licences, and we examine the implications of that evidence. We make specific recommendations both in terms of the steps which an organisation should take into account prior to considering implementing such a standard in software, as well as recommendations to changes in policy and practice aimed at reducing friction in implementing such standards in open source software.
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
- Lundell, Björn, et al.
(författare)
-
On Challenges for Implementing ISO Standards in Software : Can Both Open and Closed Standards Be Implemented in Open Source Software?
- 2018. - 1
-
Ingår i: Corporate and Global Standardization Initiatives in Contemporary Society. - Hershey : IGI Global. - 9781522553205 - 1522553207 - 9781522553212 ; , s. 219-251
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Over the years, the importance of open standards has been acknowledged in EU and national policies. Formal (e.g., ISO) standards are often referred to in software development and procurement. Use of formal (ISO) standards and to what extent ISO standards can be implemented in open source software is considered, with particular reference to patent licensing. It is shown that not all formal standards are open standards and that FRAND commitments may impose major challenges for use of such standards. Further policies and procedures set by standards setting organisations (SSOs) regarding the notification of standards-essential patents (SEPs) present challenges for organisations wishing to implement standards in software. This chapter elaborates implications and suggests ways of addressing the challenges identified. Use of formal standards may create barriers for implementation in open source software and inhibit an open and inclusive business-friendly ecosystem.
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| 17. |
- Lundell, Björn, et al.
(författare)
-
On Implementation of Open Standards in Open Source Software : Under What Conditions Can Formal and Open Standards Be Used?
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Proceedings 20th EURAS Annual Standardisation Conference. - : European Academy for Standardisation. - 9783958860353 ; , s. 235-252
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The European Commission and several European countries have acknowledged the importance of open standards and have taken various initiatives for addressing specific challenges. Formal standards (e.g. from ISO) are often referred to in software development and procurement. However, there is a lack of knowledge concerning use of formal and open standards in national policy and implications for implementation in software. This paper characterises how requirements for open standards have been adopted in national policy, elaborates on conditions for use of formal standards in scenarios when national policy imposes requirements for use of open standards, and elaborates conditions for implementation of specific open and formal standards in open source software. It is shown that not all formal standards are open standards. Specifically, while some formal standards (e.g. the ISO standard for PNG) are also considered open standards according to the definition adopted in national policies for open standards, it is also clear that other formal standards (e.g. the ISO standard for JPEG 2000) are not considered open standards by the same policies. Use of such formal standards creates barriers for implementation in open source software and inhibits an open and inclusive business friendly ecosystem, something which is of particular importance for small companies that are essential players in an innovative and international society.
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| 18. |
- Lundell, Björn, et al.
(författare)
-
On implementation of Open Standards in software : To what extent can ISO standards be implemented in open source software?
- 2015
-
Ingår i: International Journal of Standardization Research. - : IGI Global. - 2470-8542. ; 13:1, s. 47-73
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Several European countries, as well as the European Commission, have acknowledged the importance of open standards (under various definitions of that term) and have taken steps accordingly. Formal (e.g. ISO) standards are often referred to in software development and procurement, but may not necessarily also be open standards. The authors consider the application of formal standards where national policy promotes their use, and, since much contemporary software development involves open source software, they further consider the interaction between the requirement to comply with open standards, and the implementation of open and formal standards in open source software, with particular reference to patent licensing. It is shown that not all formal standards are open standards. SSO policies and procedures regarding the notification of standards-essential patents (SEPs) present challenges for organisations wishing to implement standards in software since such policies and procedures need to be compliant with procurement requirements, patent licences and open source software licences. This paper draws out some implications for those organisations (differentiating where appropriate between small companies and other organisations) and suggests a number of ways of addressing the challenges identified. Use of formal standards may create barriers for implementation in open source software and inhibit an open and inclusive business-friendly ecosystem, and to avoid such barriers is of particular importance for small companies that are essential players in an innovative and international society.
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| 19. |
- Lundell, Björn, et al.
(författare)
-
On the potential for improved standardisation through use of open source work practices in different standardisation organisations : How can open source-projects contribute to development of IT-standards?
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Digitalisation: Challenge and Opportunity for Standardisation. - Aachen : Verlag Mainz. - 9783958861725 - 3958861725 ; , s. T137-T155
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Open source has had significant impact on how work practices for development and deployment of software and has thereby transformed the way of working in the domain of software. From a review of the literature and current activities amongst policy makers and standardisation organisations it is evident that there is potential for utilising open source work practices for improved standardisation processes in the domain of standards. This paper presents three principle contributions. First, we clarify core concepts and elaborate on work related to how organisations seek to utilise open source software for developing standards. Second, we present opportunities and challenges for how open source work practices can be used for development of IT-standards. Third, for different standardisation organisations we illustrate through a review of existing open source projects implementing standards provided by three different standardisation organisations how those projects have contributed to development and governance of each standard. We find that open source work practices may contribute to improved standardisation processes and thereby constitute an effective strategy for improved standardisation.
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| 20. |
- Lundell, Björn, et al.
(författare)
-
Sustainable digitalisation through different dimensions of openness : how can lock-in, interoperability, and long-term maintenance of IT systems be addressed?
- 2018
-
Ingår i: OpenSym '18. - New York : Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). - 9781450359368 ; , s. 3:1-3:10
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Lock-in, interoperability, and long-term maintenance are three fundamental challenges that need to be addressed by any organisation involved in development, use and procurement of IT systems. This paper clarifies fundamental concepts and key dimensions of openness and provides examples of work-practices and recommendations for achieving sustainable digitalisation through addressing the fundamental challenges. Specifically, there are three main contributions. First, the concepts open standard, open source software, and open content are clarified and elaborated. Second, the associated three dimensions standard, software, and content are elaborated through examples of how different combinations along the dimensions can enable and inhibit sustainable digitalisation when IT-systems are developed and procured. Third, work-practices used by public sector organisations in specific projects for development and procurement of IT-systems are elaborated with the view to discuss how the three fundamental challenges are being addressed and provide guidance for how organisations can achieve a sustainable digitalisation.
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| 21. |
-
Open Source Systems: Integrating Communities : 12th IFIP WG 2.13 International Conference, OSS 2016, Gothenburg, Sweden, May 30 - June 2, 2016, Proceedings
- 2016
-
Samlingsverk (redaktörskap) (refereegranskat)abstract
- This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 12th International IFIP WG 2.13 International Conference on Open Source Systems, OSS 2016, held in Gothenburg, Sweden, in May/June 2016. The 13 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 38 submissions. The papers cover a wide range of topics related to free, libre, and open source software, including: organizational aspects of communities; organizational adoption; participation of women; software maintenance and evolution; open standards and open data; collaboration; hybrid communities; code reviews; and certification.
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| 22. |
-
Proceedings of the 15th International Symposium on Open Collaboration
- 2019
-
Proceedings (redaktörskap) (refereegranskat)abstract
- We are very pleased to host the premier conference on open collaboration research and practice at the University of Skövde, Sweden and thereby promote stimulating discussions and dissemination of results in many areas of open collaboration, including open source, open data, open science, open education, wikis and related social media, Wikipedia, and IT-driven open innovation research.
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| 23. |
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| 24. |
- Robles, Gregorio, et al.
(författare)
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Setting Up Government 3.0 Solutions Based on Open Source Software : The Case of X-Road
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Electronic Government. - Cham : Springer. - 9783030273248 - 9783030273255 ; , s. 69-81
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Government 3.0, which builds on openness and transparency, sharing, increased communication and collaboration, government reorganization through integration and interoperability, and use of new technologies, is an emerging concept in eGovernance. However, few systems that qualify as Government 3.0 have been described in detail so far. And there is a lack of research on how governments can put in place such systems. This study investigates and characterizes an innovative eGovernment project, based on Open Source Software (OSS), that could be considered as an example of a Government 3.0 project. Therefore, we report from a case study of X-Road, an originally Estonian eGovernment project for creating a data sharing infrastructure, which today is also used in other countries. We present the main characteristics of X-Road from the point of view of Government 3.0, how the X-Road project is organized, compare its organization to other OSS projects, identify who contributes to the project, and point out what challenges are perceived by their stakeholders. We conclude offering some reflections on how X-Road and other Government 3.0 projects can benefit from OSS.
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