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| 2. |
- Ahmad, F, et al.
(author)
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IL-3 and IL-4 activate cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases 3 (PDE3) and 4 (PDE4) by different mechanisms in FDCP2 myeloid cells
- 1999
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In: Journal of Immunology. - 1550-6606. ; 162:8, s. 4864-4875
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In FDCP2 myeloid cells, IL-4 activated cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases PDE3 and PDE4, whereas IL-3, granulocyte-macrophage CSF (GM-CSF), and phorbol ester (PMA) selectively activated PDE4. IL-4 (not IL-3 or GM-CSF) induced tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin-receptor substrate-2 (IRS-2) and its association with phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K). TNF-alpha, AG-490 (Janus kinase inhibitor), and wortmannin (PI3-K inhibitor) inhibited activation of PDE3 and PDE4 by IL-4. TNF-alpha also blocked IL-4-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS-2, but not of STAT6. AG-490 and wortmannin, not TNF-alpha, inhibited activation of PDE4 by IL-3. These results suggested that IL-4-induced activation of PDE3 and PDE4 was downstream of IRS-2/PI3-K, not STAT6, and that inhibition of tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS molecules might be one mechnism whereby TNF-alpha could selectively regulate activities of cytokines that utilized IRS proteins as signal transducers. RO31-7549 (protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor) inhibited activation of PDE4 by PMA. IL-4, IL-3, and GM-CSF activated mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase and protein kinase B via PI3-K signals; PMA activated only MAP kinase via PKC signals. The MAP kinase kinase (MEK-1) inhibitor PD98059 inhibited IL-4-, IL-3-, and PMA-induced activation of MAP kinase and PDE4, but not IL-4-induced activation of PDE3. In FDCP2 cells transfected with constitutively activated MEK, MAP kinase and PDE4, not PDE3, were activated. Thus, in FDCP2 cells, PDE4 can be activated by overlapping MAP kinase-dependent pathways involving PI3-K (IL-4, IL-3, GM-CSF) or PKC (PMA), but selective activation of PDE3 by IL-4 is MAP kinase independent (but perhaps IRS-2/PI3-K dependent).
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| 4. |
- Spies, W, et al.
(author)
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Recombination experiments at CRYRING
- 1998
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In: Hyperfine Interactions. - 0304-3843. ; 114:1-4, s. 237-243
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Recent advances in studies of electron-ion recombination processes at low relative energies with the electron cooler of the heavy-ion storage ring CRYRING are shown. Through the use of an adiabatically expanded electron beam, collisions down to 10(-4) eV relative energies were measured with highly charged ions stored in the ring at around 15 MeV/amu energies. Examples of recombination measurements for bare ions of D+, He2+, N7+, Ne10+ and Si14+ are presented. Further on, results of an experiment measuring laser-induced recombination (LIR) into n = 3 states of deuterium with polarized laser light are shown.
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| 5. |
- Weller, K. R., et al.
(author)
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Media wear in stirred milling
- 1997
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In: Particulate Science and Technology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0272-6351 .- 1548-0046. ; 15:2, s. 132-
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A method for measuring media wear using a commercially available 0.751 stirred mill is described. Five material groups, namely steel, ceramics, natural materials, glass, and ore pebbles (autogenous grinding) were tested using water alone and a 60% by weight slurry of sulfide ore. Other variables were stirrer speed and media size. The relative wear rates of the different materials and their effects on grinding efficiency are reported. Relative costs of media were taken into account in the assessment. Ottawa sand was the most cost effective medium for wear, and steel shot for grinding efficiency.
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