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| 2. |
- Artman, Henrik, 1968-, et al.
(författare)
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Effektiv miljötillsyn : slutrapport
- 2013
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Målsättningen har varit att ta fram ny kunskap inom miljötillsynen och därigenom uppnå en effektivare miljötillsyn samt att få in nya vetenskapliga perspektiv på miljötillsyn.I rapporten studeras metoder för inspektioner och det kommunikativa samspelet mellan inspektören och företrädare för den verksamhet som inspekteras, hur den institutionella ramen för inspektionsprocessen fungerar samt visar på möjligheter att mäta effekterna av inspektioner och tillsyn.Naturvårdsverket kommer att ha resultatet som ett kunskapsunderlag i fortsatt arbete med tillsynsvägledning och utveckling av hur tillsyn och tillsynsvägledning kan följas upp och utvärderas.
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| 3. |
- Ghilagaber, Gebrenegus, et al.
(författare)
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A Family of Flexible Parametric Duration Functions and their Applications to Modeling Child-Spacing in Sub-Saharan Africa
- 2014
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Ingår i: Advanced techniques for modelling maternal and child health in Africa. - Dordrecht : Springer. - 9789400767775 - 9789400767782 ; , s. 185-209
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Examining the dynamics of child spacing is of interest for several reasons. First, several inferences are consistent with the view that in much of the developing world, women with large families have shorter birth intervals than those with smaller families. There is thus an indication of an inverse relationship between spacing and completed or cumulative fertility. The spacing of births also has a significant bearing on maternal and child health through the dynamics of sibling competition, maternal depletion and interval effect hypotheses.
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| 10. |
- Ghilagaber, Gebrenegus, et al.
(författare)
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Modeling Spatial Effects on Childhood Mortality Via Geo-additive Bayesian Discrete-Time Survival Model : A Case Study from Nigeria
- 2014
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Ingår i: Advanced Techniques for Modelling Maternal and Child Health in Africa. - Dordrecht : Springer. - 9789400767775 - 9789400767782 ; , s. 29-48
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Childhood mortality is an important indicator of overall health and development in a country. It is the result of a complex interplay of determinants at many levels, and as such several studies have recognized that, for instance, maternal (Caldwell 1979; Cleland and van Ginneken 1988), socio-economic (Castro-Leal et al. 1999; Wagstaff 2001), and environmental (Wolfe and Behrman 1982; Lee et al. 1997) factors are important determinants of childhood mortality. However, only a few studies have incorporated environmental factors that are spatial in nature and derived from geographic databases, such as distances from households or communities (Watson et al. 1997).
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| 11. |
- Ghilagaber, Gebrenegus, et al.
(författare)
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Sequential probit modelling of family and community effects on educational progress among children to Polish and Turkish immigrants in Sweden
- 2014
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Ingår i: Quality and quantity. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0033-5177 .- 1573-7845. ; 48:6, s. 3243-3253
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We explore effects of individual, family, and neighborhood effects on educational progress. The statistical model used is a multilevel sequential probit model. Such formulation allows the covariate-effects to vary across different educational levels. Results based on about 2,100 children whose parents are either native Swedes or migrants from Poland or Turkey provide new insights with regard to differentials in educational progress across background varaiables. Among others, we find that parental education is a strong predictor of educational progress at all levels. On the other hand, while family structure, family economy, and ethinic background are strongly correlated to educational progress at lower levels, their effect diminishes at higher levels of education. Possible exaplanations and implications of the results are presented.
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| 13. |
- Hiswåls, Anne-Sofie, et al.
(författare)
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Inequalities and Suicide Ideation during Recession Times
- 2014
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Ingår i: European Journal of Public Health. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1101-1262 .- 1464-360X. ; 24:Suppl. 2, s. 361-
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- BackgroundSuicide behaviour is a serious public health problem as it imposes economic and human costs to individuals, families and communities. Available evidence from some European countries indicates a significant rise in suicides related to economic recession. However, the debate continues regarding the role of unemployment in the reported suicide rates. In Sweden, very few studies have investigated the relationship between suicide behaviours and employment status in the context of the recent economic crisis although unemployment increased nationally and across different counties.The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between employment status and suicide ideation in Gävleborg, Sweden.MethodsThe study used data from a cross-sectional survey, Health in Equal terms, carried out in Gävleborg County in Sweden, 2010. A total of 4245 individuals, aged 16–65 years were included in the analysis. The relationship between employment status and suicide ideation was assessed using descriptive and logistic regression analyses.ResultsPeople who were not working had odds of suicide ideation of 4.21 (95% Cl 3.14–5.64) as compared to those employed. Controlling for other covariates reduced the risk to 1.73 (95% CI 1.16-2.57) but remained statistically significant. In addition variables like anxiety, self-reported stress and young age were also associated with suicide ideation. However among the covariates, people who reported anxiety had the highest odds of suicide ideation.ConclusionsThis study found a statistically significant association between being out of work and suicide ideation. The association was largely explained by self-reported stress, anxiety, socioeconomic and demographic variables.Policy-makers within the County need to pay attention to the health status of those out of work, especially during times of combined economic and labour market fluctuations.Key messagesSuicide ideation was more common among people out of labor force in Gävleborg County, Sweden.Further studies are needed to investigate suicide ideation among unemployed persons during times of economic and labor market insecurity.
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| 14. |
- Khatab, Khaled, et al.
(författare)
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Risk Factors Associated with Asbestos-related Diseases : Results of the Asbestos Surveillance Programme Aachen
- 2014
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Ingår i: European medical journal. Respiratory. - 2054-3166. ; , s. 1-9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this study was to examine the association between workplace exposure to asbestos and risk factors for developing related chronic respiratory diseases, using the analysis of a cohort of 8,582 formerly asbestos-exposed workers, as well as to assess the grade value of three risk categories used for a focused surveillance procedure. The results showed that the participants who were aged over 65 (OR and 95% CI: 11.47 [5.48-23.99]) and active smokers (OR and 95% CI: 9.48 [4.07-22.09]), were at a significantly high risk for developing lung cancer. The risk of developing benign lesions of the lung or pleura (BLLP) was almost 6-times higher (OR and 95% CI: 5.76 [4.7-7]) for the age group over 65. The risk of developing mesothelioma was influenced by exposure duration (OR and 95% CI: 4.36 [1-19.01]); and for the age group over 65 (OR and 95% CI: 4.58 [1.86-11.27]). The study has demonstrated that the use of risk categories based on a combination of risk factors (age, smoking status, and duration of exposure) could be advantageous for planning the target health surveillance programmes.
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| 15. |
- Kum, Cletus Kwa, et al.
(författare)
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A Nonparametric Bayesian Approach to Estimating Malaria Prophylactic Effect After Two Treatments
- 2013
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Ingår i: International Journal of Statistics in Medical Research. - : LifeScience Global. - 1929-6029. ; 2:2, s. 76-87
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Two treatment regimens for malaria are compared in their abilities to cure and combat reinfection. Bayesian analysis techniques are used to compare two typical treatment therapies for uncomplicated malaria in children under five years, not only in their power to resist recrudescence, but also how long they can postpone recrudescence or reinfection in case of failure. We present a new way of analysing this type of data using Markov Chain Monte Carlo techniques. This is done using data from clinical trials at two different centres. The results which give the full posterior distributions show that artemisinin-based combination therapy is more efficacious than sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine. It both reduced the risk of recrudescence and delayed the time until recrudescence.
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| 16. |
- Kum, Cletus Kwa, et al.
(författare)
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On the Effects of Malaria Treatment on Parasite Drug Resistance : Probability Modelling of Genotyped Malaria Infections
- 2013
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Ingår i: The International Journal of Biostatistics. - : Walter de Gruyter GmbH. - 1557-4679 .- 2194-573X. ; 9:1, s. 135-148
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We compare the frequency of resistant genes of malaria parasites before treatment and at first malaria incidence after treatment. The data come from a clinical trial at two health facilities in Tanzania and concerns single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at three positions believed to be related to resistance to malaria treatment. A problem is that mixed infections are common, which both obscures the underlying frequency of alleles at each locus as well as the associations between loci in samples where alleles are mixed. We use combinatorics and quite involved probability methods to handle multiple infections and multiple haplotypes. The infection with the different haplotypes seemed to be independent of each other. We showed that at two of the three studied SNPs, the proportion of resistant genes had increased after treatment with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine alone but when treated in combination with artesunate, no effect was noticed. First recurrences of malaria associated more with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine alone as treatment than when in combination with artesunate. We also found that the recruited children had two different ongoing malaria infections where the parasites had different gene types.
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| 17. |
- Macassa, Gloria, et al.
(författare)
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Geographic differentials in mortality of children in Mozambique : Their implications for achievement of millennium development goal 4
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1606-0997 .- 2072-1315. ; 30:3, s. 331-345
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the light of Mozambique's progress towards the achievement of Millennium Development Goal 4 of reducing mortality of children aged less than five years (under-five mortality) by two-thirds within 2015, this study investigated the relationship between the province of mother's residence and under-five mortality in Mozambique, using data from the 2003 Mozambican Demographic and Health Survey. The analyses included 10,326 children born within 10 years before the survey. Results of univariate and multivariate analyses showed a significant association between under-five mortality and province (region) of mother's residence. Children of mothers living in the North provinces (Niassa, Cabo Delgado, and Nampula) and the Central provinces (Zambezia, Sofala, Manica, and Tete) had higher risks of mortality than children whose mothers lived in the South provinces, especially Maputo province and Maputo city. However, controlling for the demographic, socioeconomic and environmental variables, the significance found between the place of mother's residence and under-five mortality reduced slightly. This suggests that other variables (income distribution and trade, density of population, distribution of the basic infrastructure, including healthcare services, climatic and ecologic factors), which were not included in the study, may have confounding effects. This study supports the thought that interventions aimed at reducing under-five mortality should be tailored to take into account the subnational/regional variation in economic development. However, research is warranted to further investigate the potential determinants behind the observed differences in under-five mortality.
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| 18. |
- Manda, Samuel O. M., et al.
(författare)
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Advanced Techniques for Modelling Maternal and Child Health in Africa
- 2014
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Ingår i: Advanced Techniques for Modelling Maternal and Child Health in Africa. - Dordrecht : Springer. - 9789400767775 ; , s. 1-7
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- More than ten million women die or experience adverse consequences during pregnancy and childbirth each year (WHO 2005). Furthermore, nearly nine million children under the ages of 5 years die each year, largely from preventable and treatable diseases (UNICEF 2010). The hardest hit countries in poor maternal health (defined as the health of mothers during pregnancy, childbirth, and in the postpartum period) and child health (defined as the health of children from birth through adolescence) are in the developing world. For example, the global estimates of maternal and child mortality rates in 2008 were at 260 per 100,000 and 60 per 1,000 live births, respectively. The rates ranged from 21 to 620 and 13 to 127 respectively, with the African region at the top of both ranges (WHO 2011)
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