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- Hillier, Ladeana W, et al.
(författare)
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Sequence and comparative analysis of the chicken genome provide unique perspectives on vertebrate evolution
- 2004
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Ingår i: Nature. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 432:7018, s. 695-716
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present here a draft genome sequence of the red jungle fowl, Gallus gallus. Because the chicken is a modern descendant of the dinosaurs and the first non-mammalian amniote to have its genome sequenced, the draft sequence of its genome--composed of approximately one billion base pairs of sequence and an estimated 20,000-23,000 genes--provides a new perspective on vertebrate genome evolution, while also improving the annotation of mammalian genomes. For example, the evolutionary distance between chicken and human provides high specificity in detecting functional elements, both non-coding and coding. Notably, many conserved non-coding sequences are far from genes and cannot be assigned to defined functional classes. In coding regions the evolutionary dynamics of protein domains and orthologous groups illustrate processes that distinguish the lineages leading to birds and mammals. The distinctive properties of avian microchromosomes, together with the inferred patterns of conserved synteny, provide additional insights into vertebrate chromosome architecture.
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| 2. |
- Pamela, J., et al.
(författare)
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Overview of results and possibilities for fast particle research on JET
- 2002
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Ingår i: Nuclear Fusion. - : IOP Publishing. - 0029-5515 .- 1741-4326. ; 42:8, s. 1014-1028
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The large physical size of the JET tokamak, its heating systems and diagnostics, and its capability to operate with full deuterium-tritium (D-T) plasmas, including high-power tritium neutral beam injection (NBI), give it unique possibilities in fast particle research in fusion plasmas. These have already been used to generate significant (2-3 MW level) power in fusion a-particles in the 1997 D-T campaign. Recent JET experiments have concentrated on two important scenarios of relevance to next-step tokamak devices: the ELMy H-mode plasmas and plasmas with strong internal transport barriers (ITBs). The achieved progress will help in preparation for a possible second D-T experiment on JET. Fast particle studies have also been carried out recently using ion cyclotron resonance heating (ICRH)-accelerated particles and external-excitation methods to study Alfven eigenmodes (AEs). Looking towards the future, the capability of JET will be enhanced by upgrades to the NBI system, ICRH system and various diagnostics. Results of the first JET D-T experiment (DTE1) form a basis on which to elaborate a second D-T experiment (DTE2) which could be proposed after these enhancements. The alpha-physics part of this programme would be divided between the investigation of alpha-particle confinement, heating and loss processes in the 'integrated scenarios' (where the discharge is as close as possible to an ITER-relevant scenario), and dedicated 'alpha-physics' experiments, with specially prepared plasmas. In ELMy H-mode plasmas the fusion performance could roach Q(=P-fusion/P-input) of similar to0.33 at the highest combined heating powers, corresponding to similar to 6x10(-4), allowing a test of the margins of TAE stability in quasi-steady-state conditions. The integrated-scenario fast particle programme could concentrate on the instabilities and heating in plasma regimes with strong steady-state ITBs, with expected Q values similar to0.58 and similar to2x10(-3), demonstrating the compatibility of these operating scenarios with alpha-effects. Excitation of TAEs by alpha-particles in the plasma core could also be studied in such integrated scenarios. An issue which will receive attention is the confinement of MeV energy ions in the centre of ITB plasmas with strongly reversed shear, where the low current density in the centre may lead to the alpha-particles entering loss orbits. In preparation for a D-T campaign, studies of triton burn-up in deuterium ITB plasmas will begin in the 2002 experimental campaigns. Special 'afterglow' experiments to measure TAEs after the termination of the (stabilizing) NBI have already been explored in JET deuterium ITB scenarios and would be planned for DTE2. It is intended to develop special versions of ITB plasmas with dominant ion heating which would maximize the sensitivity to degradation of alpha-heating effects.
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