| 1. |
- Altuntas Vural, Ceren, et al.
(author)
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International container shipping through the Covid-19 pandemic - Disruptions from a Swedish perspective
- 2024
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Other publication (other academic/artistic)abstract
- At the onset of the pandemic in spring 2020, the Swedish shipping sector was first affected by border closures preventing passengers to use RoPax shipping and cruise ferries. There were some blank sailings but in general they kept operating to foster intra-European trade by trucks despite the missing revenues from passengers. Shipping in general was affected by port disruptions and complicated crew changes. Eventually, however, it was clear that the most dramatic disruptions on a global scale where experienced in the container segment. General media reported on delayed goods, high freight rates and, however not related to the pandemic, the Ever Given blocking the Suez Canal for a week in March 2021. Currently, there are few reports of supply chains and shipping suffering from disruptions and capacity constraints related to the pandemic. The peak in freight rates was rather replaced by depressed rates and there is a certain risk that some logisticians and supply chain managers regard the pandemic as a once-in-a-lifetime event and just want to get back to a previous behaviour seeing container shipping as a commodity with indefinite capacity at a reasonable price. Nevertheless, the war in Ukraine, the drought in the Panama Canal and the attacks by the Houthi rebels in the Red Sea create other problems for container shipping. Freight rates increase significantly, but from very low levels. The purpose of the report is to describe and analyse how international container shipping was affected by the Covid-19 pandemic and other disruptions. The analysis takes a Swedish perspective on disruptions and tries to go beyond the anecdotal reporting and capture what happened and why. Container shipping is put into a context of economy, consumption, world trade, supply chains and logistics. The pandemic and more current events affecting container shipping market are described together with how shipping lines responded. A series of interviews with Swedish actors revealed how they perceived the disruptions and what countermeasures the actors have applied to mitigate the effects, their organisational learning and how they prepare for future disruptions.
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| 2. |
- Altuntas Vural, Ceren, et al.
(author)
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The effects of the coronavirus pandemic on the Swedish shipping industry and its resilience capabilities - Part 1 – the acute phase March 2020 – May 2021
- 2021
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This prestudy aims to investigate how the Swedish shipping industry has been affected by the coronavirus pandemic and how it is likely to affect shipping in the mid-term and longterm future. This report covers the effects and actions taken during the acute phase from March 2020 to May 2021 with a certain focus on the Swedish shipping companies’ resilience capabilities. In order to evaluate the role of the Swedish shipping industry in promoting strategies to mitigate coronavirus effects, the study carried out a review of Swedish newspaper articles and briefly reviewed publications in international scientific outlets. The rendering is structured along a framework of resilience capabilities. The main results suggest that different shipping segments were affected differently from the pandemic. The impact on RoRo and RoPax segment has been more severe in comparison to tanker and container segments. The frequently changing rules at international borders created a lot new responsibilities for shipping companies to manage the operations in a complying way. Existing risk mitigation capabilities in standard shipping operations have been mobilized successfully to respond to the pandemic’s acute effects. In addition, collaboration between shipping companies and government’s financial support are the most regular resilience capability factors. Furthermore, this study suggest that the shipping industry has enhanced the use of digitalization and new technologies to mitigate negative effects associated with the coronavirus pandemic situation.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Christodoulou, Anastasia, et al.
(author)
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Targeting the reduction of shipping emissions to air: A global review and taxonomy of policies, incentives and measures
- 2019
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In: Maritime Business Review. - 2397-3757. ; 4:1, s. 16-30
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Abstract Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to identify and classify the various initiatives developed and implemented across the globe for the abatement of maritime air emissions. Design/methodology/approach – In this paper, an extensive survey of various sources was conducted, including the official reports of international and regional institutions, government policy documents, port authority websites, classification society pages, private firms’ sites and the academic literature. The initiatives were then categorized in accordance with the classification of the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency and analyzed using the SPSS Statistics software to give some insight into their frequencies and the interrelationships between them. Findings – This exploratory review resulted in the establishment of a comprehensive global database of initiatives encouraged by the whole range of shipping stakeholders and decision-makers for the reduction of shipping air emissions. According to the findings, economic incentives that provide motivation for the adoption of less environmentally damaging practices are the most commonly used initiative, followed by infrastructure investments and informative policies. Research limitations/implications – The results provide implications for further research that include an in-depth analysis of ports’ policies, as well as an evaluation of initiatives applied on a large scale to map their emissions reduction potential for shipping. Originality/value – The main contribution of this paper is the identification and analysis of all the diverse initiatives implemented globally in a comprehensive way and its dealing with air pollution from shipping as a whole.
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| 6. |
- Fageda, Xavier, et al.
(author)
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Port Governance Reform in Spain
- 2018
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In: Port management cases in port geography, operations and policy edited by Stephen Pettit and Anthony Beresford. - London : Kogan Page. - 9780749474324 ; , s. 94-113
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In this chapter, we examine the successive reforms in the governance of ports in Spain which has lead to a movement from a bureaucratic model to a more market oriented approach. We also provide some data that shows that those port authorities more exposed to competition have reduced prices and increase traffic after the price liberalization took place. However, the existence of a formal scheme of cross-subsidies and the modest advances in the deregulation of stevedoring services suggest that the devolution process is, in Spain, still incomplete.
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| 7. |
- Gonzalez-Aregall, Marta, et al.
(author)
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A Global Review of the Hinterland Dimension of Green Port Strategies
- 2018
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In: Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 1361-9209. ; 59:March 2018, s. 23-34
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Despite a growing literature on strategies to reduce emissions and other externalities in shipping and ports, very little attention has been given to the port’s role in reducing negative externalities in its hinterland. This paper addresses this gap by reviewing ports across the globe to identify which ports have implemented measures to improve the environmental performance of hinterland transport. Results show that only 76 out of 365 ports examined are doing so. The measures applied are identified, related to different goals and their challenges discussed. The most common measures are found to be technology improvements, infrastructure development and monitoring programmes, and the most advanced ports in green hinterland strategies are Rotterdam, Los Angeles/Long Beach and Hamburg, although many ports that are world leaders in green port strategies have not implemented measures in the hinterland dimension. Different port groups are segmented according to their mix of goals and measures as a foundation for future research.
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| 8. |
- Gonzalez-Aregall, Marta, et al.
(author)
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A Review of Port Initiatives to Promote Freight Modal Shifts in Europe: Evidence from Port Governance Systems
- 2021
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In: Sustainability. - : MDPI AG. - 2071-1050. ; 13:11
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This study analyses how port governance systems in Europe have influenced the implementation of port initiatives focused on promoting modal shifts in freight transportation. Through a comprehensive review of port strategies, this research identified 49 individual modal shift initiatives among 21 port authorities in Europe. The results show that ports located in the Northern regions and managed by local governments, particularly in Belgium and the Netherlands, are leaders in executing strategies for modal shifts in freight transportation. Technological solutions and promoting intermodal transportation were found to be the most popular initiatives used to promote hinterland movements of freight by rail and waterborne transportation.
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| 9. |
- Gonzalez-Aregall, Marta
(author)
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Description of the Gothenburg container port conflict and its logistics consequences
- 2018
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Port conflict issues can have a significant impact on port performance (Galvao et al., 2016). With that fact in mind, this study aims to outline the basic events of the Port of Gothenburg (Sweden) conflict and the logistical disturbances that have arisen since June 2016. Thus, this report starts with a description of the most important international port conflicts that have occurred during the last decade. Following that, an in-depth examination of the Port of Gothenburg’s conflict is laid out. First, the organization of the Swedish port system is reviewed. Second, the importance of container cargo and intermodal transportation in the Port of Gothenburg is stated. Third, the study traces a chronological investigation of the port dispute, categorizing all agents involved in the dispute as well as the consequences of their actions. Finally, the main conclusions and policy implications are discussed in the last section.
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| 10. |
- Gonzalez-Aregall, Marta, et al.
(author)
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Green port initiatives for a more sustainable port-city interaction: The case study of Barcelona
- 2020
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In: Maritime Transport and Regional Sustainability. - : Elsevier. - 9780128191347 ; , s. 109-132
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This study examines port-based strategies that improve environmental performance and promote sustainable solutions for combating climate change in the context of large urban areas. Using Barcelona as a case study, this investigation analyzes past and present hinterland initiatives that could successfully facilitate growth and resilience of this port city. The geographically-sensitive location of this European seaport on the Mediterranean Sea results in high volumes of freight traffic and cruise passengers, and it presents an interesting case study for addressing the sustainability challenges associated with freight transport paths and urban areas.
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| 11. |
- Gonzalez-Aregall, Marta, et al.
(author)
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Port Initiated Incentives and Fees for more Sustainable Transport from a Hinterland Perspective
- 2017
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This present framework aims to identify incentives and fees established by ports in order to improve the environmental performance of its connecting transport network, with focus on hinterland logistics. Through an analysis of several case studies around the world, it has been identified and analysed five main incentives from a Swedish perspective with the help of key stakeholders. Thus, this study permits proposed measures based on effect and feasibility for further research. The results from the workshop session suggests that the reduction of air emission measure, the modal shift and intermodal incentive would have higher impact on sustainability. However, not all cases would gain industry acceptance and finally, only the reduction of air emission incentive would be easy to implement and be interesting to analyse in the future.
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| 12. |
- Gonzalez-Aregall, Marta, et al.
(author)
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Port Initiated Measures for more Sustainable Transport -a Hinterland Perspective
- 2017
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In: 14th NECTAR International Conference: Transport in a networked society, 31st of May to 2nd of June 2017, Madrid, Spain.
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Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- As a consequence of more globalization, concentration and specialization of production, urbanization and environmental awareness, there is an increased focus on global supply chain, where seaports play a key role as transshipment hubs. Ports have become more important in the sense of global logistic actors (Suykens & Van de Voorde, 1998). Their influence stretches far, as their strategies and services have great impact on the decision making of both global and local logistic service providers. A vital part of port efficiency and port value proposition is sea- and land-side connectivity and services. The role of hinterland logistics and transportation is getting increasing attention, and ports strategies and management focus more and more on incorporating and coordinating hinterland logistic activities with the activities of the seaport (cf. Notteboom & Winkelmans, 2001; Woxenius & Bergqvist, 2011). Ports are often publicly owned but often privately operated, normally, by means of concessions. Ports are an interesting focal point since their activities, directly and indirectly, heavily affects the local and regional traffic system. The ports constitute an important part of the global supply chains and their role in the transport chain have the potential to shape the social and environmental performance of transportation systems. Ports have the potential for the internalisation of both social and environmental externalities by means of differentiated fees and other incentives. Most “green” incentives and port dues relate to the seaside by e.g. the Environmental Ship Index (ESI) initiative and tool. This paper analyze the growing attention of port environmental strategies with special focus on hinterland logistics. This paper aims at identifying and analysing incentives and fees established by port to improve the environmental performance of their connecting transport network. Of particular interest and focus are measures implemented that focus on hinterland logistics and transport. The study is based on data collection by means of literature review in order to identify cases where incentives and fees for more environmentally friendly hinterland transport have been implemented. Secondly, the cases have been analysed by complementary data collection by means of interviews and correspondence with key stakeholders. Furthermore, the identified cases are characterised based on key dimension of perceived effect, difficulty to implement, etc., based on previous research. Finally, the feasibility of the different types of identified measures (incentives and fees) have been analysed from a Swedish perspective with the help of key stakeholders.
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| 13. |
- Gonzalez-Aregall, Marta, et al.
(author)
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Reducing undeclared and misdeclared dangerous goods to improve maritime transport safety
- 2021
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Transport of dangerous goods creates substantial utility to society, but carries a risk to the environment, health and safety. Some of the accidents and incidents occurring during dangerous goods transport can be attributed to poor practices, such as misdeclaration or failure to declare the goods. This pre-study aims to investigate the problem of undeclared and misdeclared dangerous goods transport on container, RoRo and RoPax vessels and to investigate the circumstances and causes that lead to incorrect declaration. For this purpose, this research carried out a literature review and conducted several interviews with main stakeholders in Sweden such as port authorities, port terminals, shipping companies, insurance companies and public institutions. Main results suggest that the existence of different regulations (land transport and sea transport for dangerous goods), can be a risk for managing these goods. Furthermore, it is important to enhance coordination between different actors and increase digitalization to control information flows. This pre-study is coordinated with the longer and larger project Transparent information management and collaboration for improved reliability during transportation of dangerous goods funded by the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency (MSB).
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| 14. |
- Gonzalez-Aregall, Marta, et al.
(author)
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Strategic Framework for Environmentally Differentiated Port Dues
- 2019
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In: Green Ports: Inland and Seaside Sustainable Transportation Strategies. - Oxford, UK : Elsevier. - 9780128140543
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- As key hubs in international transport chains, ports have the potential to promote the choice and composition of sustainable transport solutions as a form of corporate social responsibility. They can promote the internalization of both social and environmental externalities by means of differentiated fees and other incentives, seeking to influence factors such as the efficiency of the transport distribution, the selection of the mode of transport, and the type of vehicles and fuels used, all of which have an effect on the environmental impact of hinterland distribution of cargo. This chapter aims to identify the green incentives and measures related to hinterland transport that are available to ports and analyze their feasibility.
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| 15. |
- Gonzalez-Aregall, Marta, et al.
(author)
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The role of dry ports in solving seaport disruptions: A Swedish case study
- 2019
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In: Journal of Transport Geography. - : Elsevier BV. - 0966-6923. ; 80
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper analyzes the effects on Swedish hinterland logistics of a port labor disruption that occurred in the Port of Gothenburg's container terminal in 2016–2017. Because of this dispute, several companies initiated mitigation strategies by moving their cargo by truck or rail in the area, thus utilizing the inherent advantages of hinterland locations and dry ports. Researching hinterland logistics in Sweden, this article conducts a case study on a dry port and the warehouse industry. The results show that the traffic share of inland terminals was higher during and soon after the conflict. Thus, this study suggests that dry ports are significant as potential solutions for this kind of disruption.
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| 16. |
- Gonzalez-Aregall, Marta
(author)
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What drives European port traffic? The role of competition
- 2018
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In: International Journal of Shipping and Transport Logistics. - : Inderscience Publishers. - 1756-6517 .- 1756-6525. ; 10:5-6, s. 618-641
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This article examines the determinants of traffic in European ports in 2010 by estimating a generalised linear model with a gamma distribution. We examine the influence of various economic and geographic attributes of the urban areas in which the ports are located, along with the influence of variables that identify the intensity of competition that the respective port authorities face. We include a range of explanatory factors of port traffic including the GDP of the urban area, location, the share of transhipment traffic, the share of dedicated terminals, the volume of traffic from neighbouring ports, the level of connectivity with other transportation modes and the port's model of governance. Our results suggest that variables outside of port manager control, like the economic size of the urban area or the amount of traffic of neighbouring ports, are key determinants of the traffic that a port is able to reach.
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| 17. |
- Haraldson, Sandra, et al.
(author)
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Digitalisation and automation in small and medium sized Swedish ports (SMPs)
- 2020
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Large pressure is now put upon Swedish small and medium sized ports (SMPs) due to an increased demand of goods expected to be transported, a strong desire to make a modal shift from road to sea, and also the introduction of new regulations on reporting formalities. This also means that the same requirements on supply visibility are now put upon each means of transport from the transport buyers’ point of view. In the transport chain, ports provide the important link between land-based and sea-based transports. This also concerns small and medium sized ports (SMPs), being an important part of the infrastructure catering for the distribution of people and goods within national and international transportation processes. Most often SMPs have a role in feeding goods to larger transportation hubs, and they offer a gateway towards sustainable transport modes. The ongoing process of digitalisation and automation is something that SMPs cannot ignore. As SMPs often rely on scarce personnel resources, there is a need to seek opportunities, why it is of great importance to find ways to share knowledge and possibly co-utilize diverse solutions. This report concludes the conducted pre-study seeking challenges and opportunities related to digitalisation and automation that are acknowledged by the ports of HallandsHamnar (Varberg and Halmstad ports), Karlshamn, Karlskrona, Kvarken Ports (Umeå), and Landskrona. The prestudy has resulted in identification of areas of collaboration regarding digitalisation, automation, and electrification in a larger innovation project gathering SMPs in Sweden.
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| 18. |
- Parsmo, Rasmus, et al.
(author)
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BRAVE ECO – Benchmark for Reduction of Anchoring Vessels’ Emissions – Enabling Change of Operation
- 2021
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This feasibility study aims to evaluate the possibilities to reduce air emissions from ships anchored in port areas and, then especially the Port of Gothenburg. For this purpose, the study uses two main approaches. Firstly, it analyses the reasons and legal/business aspects for anchoring. Secondly, this study develops a reproducible calculation model for anchored vessels' CO2 emissions. Regulation of anchoring sites are not entirely clear since international regulation partly applies, also it is not clear who is responsible for the anchoring sites. This implies that the port´s scope of action is limited mainly to the ships that are calling the port. However, also emission from other ships at in the port area has been evaluated in this study to get a broader perspective. This pre-study provides both qualitative and quantitative findings and it is produced using mixed methods, including workshops with relevant port stakeholders. It also involves different scientific disciplines and several authors from the Port of Gothenburg Authority, IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Maritime Studies at Chalmers University of Technology and the School of Business, Economics and Law at the University of Gothenburg. Furthermore, in connection to this study, one bachelor's thesis and two master's theses have been carried out. The results show that it is mainly tanker ships that are anchoring in Gothenburg and that their main reasons for anchoring are related to awaiting Laycan or waiting for an available berth. The companies involved in the study generally combine time charter and voyage charter contracts to access vessel capacity. The inputs from the workshops, the interviews conducted with stakeholders and the international literature are “rather” consistent: combining just in time arrival with slow steaming has a great potential for making a business case and to reduce fuel consumption and thereby emissions. However, there are many barriers which needs to be addressed, such as: lack of trust, improving information sharing (actors now communicate via phone or email), loss of income (due to demurrage), attitudes in the industry, the “first come, first serve” concept, risk of missing estimated time of arrival and port infrastructure. Even if there are many barriers, several actors in the port already have experience of combining just in time arrival and slow steaming. In this study, we develop a reproducible emission calculation model that calculates CO2eq emissions. The emissions are partly calculated by using the ships’ positions (AIS-data) from 2019, to extract the time spent at anchor. The emission model calculates the anchored vessels' total CO2eq emissions, but the model also calculates the theoretical potential for avoiding emission by using the time at anchor to slow steam. The results show that all tanker ships that anchored outside the port in 2019, could theoretically have reduced their emissions with about 30 ktonnes CO2eq, if they would have been notified of delays 24 hours before arrival and then reduced their speed to 10 knots. The results also show that using time to slow steam have a much greater potential to reduce emissions than if the ships would only reduce the time at anchor (by using fewer ships to perform the same transport work). This is especially true for the initial speed reductions (10-14 knots). This study also evaluates the emission calculation methods and assesses the uncertainties, by comparing different sources and underlying assumptions with real world data. The study argues that it is problematic to just use default values proposed in the global emission inventory issued by the International Maritime Organization (IMO). Using default values for estimating emission makes it harder to estimate the real effect of a new policy, regulation, or incentive in the port. However, a better emission inventory requires that on-board visits are made or that data is obtained digitally. The largest calculation uncertainties now are for boiler fuel consumption and bunker ships fuel consumption at the anchorage areas.
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| 19. |
- Parsmo, Rasmus, et al.
(author)
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LIGHTHOUSE REPORTS BRAVE ECO - Benchmark for Reduction of Anchoring Vessels’ Emissions - Enabling Change of Operation
- 2021
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Reports (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Denna förstudie syftar till att utvärdera möjligheterna att minska luftutsläppen från fartyg som ligger ankrade i hamnområden och då särskilt i Göteborgs Hamn.För detta ändamål använder denna studie två huvudsakliga tillvägagångssätt. Dels analyserar vi de juridiska/affärsmässiga aspekterna bakom ankring, och dels utvecklar vi i en reproducerbar beräkningsmodell för de ankrade fartygens CO2- utsläpp.De förordningar och regler som finns för ankringsplatser är inte tydliga eftersom internationell lag delvis gäller, dessutom är det inte heller helt klart vem som är ansvarig för ankringsplatserna. Detta innebär att hamnens handlingsutrymme i huvudsak begränsas till de fartyg som anlöper hamnen.Trots det har även utsläpp från andra fartyg i hamnområdet utvärderats i denna studie, i syfte att få ett bredare perspektiv.
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| 20. |
- Styhre, Linda, et al.
(author)
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Environmentally differentiated port dues
- 2019
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This is the final report of the research project Environmentally differentiated port dues. The purposes of the research are to examine how environmentally differentiated dues and incentives in ports can reduce the environmental impact caused by transport modes that call at the port, and their consequences from legal, political and goods flow perspectives. Both land and sea transport are addressed. The project examines how ports, as important parts of international transport chains, can contribute to the environmental and climate objectives, by introducing environmentally differentiated port dues to promote a shift to more environmentally efficient transport, vehicles, ships, technologies and alternative fuels.
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| 21. |
- Takman, Johanna, 1992, et al.
(author)
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A review of policy instruments to promote freight modal shift in Europe: Evidence from evaluations.
- 2021
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This paper presents a review of past and present public policy instruments in Europe promoting a modal shift of freight transports. The identified policy instruments are categorized based on several shared characteristics. To the extent that ex-post evaluations are available, policy performance is discussed, and the evaluations are compared. The study identifies 93 public policy instruments in Europe. The most common type of policy is subsidies/grants to rail and/or water implemented at the national level. Most policy instruments only focus on the promotion of one specific transport mode, which most commonly is rail. Evaluations of policy performance were found for 20 policy instruments. The evaluated policy instruments are mainly subsidies/grants at the national level, or policy instruments at EU level. The bias in evaluation towards these types of policy instruments is partly explained by the commitment to evaluation at EU level, and the need for permission by the European Commission to implement and prolong subsidies/grants classified as state aid. The evaluations differ in methodology and regarding what type of performance indicators that are evaluated. The evaluation guidelines and criteria that exist at EU level are often followed to some extent but interpreted differently depending on for example type of policy and data availability. Thus, comparing policy performance is difficult. In general, there seem to be a more positive performance of policy instruments promoting a modal shift to rail than to waterborne transports. Several evaluations of EU-policy instruments describe a poor or a mixed performance of the policy instruments, while the performance of subsidies/grant at national level are often considered positive by the evaluations. A commonly mentioned factor for underachievement of the policy instruments is problems related to outreach of the policy, lack of applications, long and complicated application processes and a high administrative burden for the companies applying for financial support. Targets for the policy instruments are often broad and general, with a lack of clarity, making it difficult to meet all objectives, as well as to evaluate the policy instruments effectiveness and efficiency. Thus, well-defined targets, as well as better outreach and simpler processes could be one way forward in improving modal shift policy instruments in Europe.
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| 22. |
- Takman, Johanna, 1992-, et al.
(author)
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Public policy instruments to promote freight modal shift in Europe: evidence from evaluations
- 2023
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In: Transport reviews. - : Routledge. - 0144-1647 .- 1464-5327. ; 44:3, s. 612-633
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A modal shift of freight from road to rail and waterborne transport can contribute to reduced negative externalities (mainly air pollution) from freight transport. The purpose of this paper is to identify modal shift public policy instruments in Europe and analyse their performance based on existing ex post evaluations. This analysis identifies 93 public policy instruments, in which 20 ex post evaluations were found. The evaluations mainly consider subsidies/grants at the national level or regulations and directives at the European Union (EU) level. The results suggest that evaluations of subsidies and grants at the national level most commonly describe a positive performance, while several evaluations at the EU level describe a poor or mixed performance. Well-defined targets and simpler application processes are mentioned in several ex post evaluations as suggestions for improving the performance of modal shift policy instruments in Europe.
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| 23. |
- Wilmsmeier, Gordon, et al.
(author)
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Before the "hangover" ?
- 2017
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In: Maritime mobilities / edited by Jason Monios, Gordon Wilmsmeier. - Abingdon, Oxon : Routledge. - 9781138232808 ; , s. 171-189
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Book chapter (other academic/artistic)
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