| 1. |
- Pettersson, Stefan, 1972, et al.
(författare)
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Off- to in-season body composition adaptations in elite male and female endurance and power event athletics competitors: an observational study
- 2024
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Ingår i: BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation. - : Springer Nature. - 2052-1847. ; 16
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Monitoring elite athletes’ body composition (BC) is vital for health and optimizing performance in sports emphasizing leanness, such as athletics. This study aims to investigate and compare sex- and event-specific off-to in-season BC changes in endurance and power event athletics competitors.Methods: Elite male and female endurance athletes (> 800 m runners; n = 21) and power event athletes (sprinters, jumpers; n = 32) underwent dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans for whole and regional lean mass (LM), fat mass (FM), bone mineral content (BMC), and density (BMD) during off-season (September-October) and in-season (April-May). Linear mixed models tested between-group off-season differences in BC, within-group off-season to in-season changes, and between-group differences in change. To assess meaningful or least significant changes (LSC) in BC, DXA precision errors were determined from two consecutive total body scans in a subsample of athletes (n = 30).Results: Male athletes (n = 26) gained significantly (p < 0.05) more body mass (BM; mean difference 1.5 [95% confidence interval (CI):0.5–2.4] kg), LM (843 [95% CI:-253:1459] g), and trunk LM (756 [-502:1156] g) than female athletes (n = 27). The proportion of changes in athlete’s BC exceeding the LSC threshold for LM and trunk LM were 70% and 65% in males, and 48% and 26% in females. Significant (p < 0.05) within-group off-season to in-season increases in LM were found for male endurance and power athletes, and female power athletes. All groups significantly increased BMD (p < 0.05). Only male and female power athletes had significant in- to-off-season increases in BMC. 80% of all athletes who had a meaningful increase in BMC belonged to the power event group. No significant within- or between group change in FM was observed.Conclusions: The present study found that male athletes gained more BM, LM and trunk LM than females. Within-group increases in regional and whole-body LM and BMC were predominantly found among power event competitors. Incorporating individual meaningful changes alongside traditional statistics provided additional insights into sex and event-group differences. Future research on elite athletic event groups should include DXA measurements closer to major outdoor-season competitions, coupled with site-specific measures (ultrasound, MRI) for better detection of subtle changes in LM and FM.
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| 2. |
- Arndt, Anton, 1968-, et al.
(författare)
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Editorial
- 2021
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Ingår i: Footwear Science. - : Taylor & Francis. - 1942-4280 .- 1942-4299. ; 13:SUP1, s. S1-S3
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Desai, Pia, et al.
(författare)
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Effectiveness of an 18-week general strength and foam-rolling intervention on running-related injuries in recreational runners
- 2023
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. - : Wiley. - 0905-7188 .- 1600-0838. ; 33:5, s. 766-775
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Rationale: More research is needed to uncover the effectiveness of combined strength and foam-rolling interventions to prevent running-related injuries. Objectives: To evaluate effectiveness of an 18-week general strength and foam-rolling intervention on the incidence of running-related injuries. Method: This is an 18-week observational comparative study. A total of 433 recreational runners participated (n = 203 female). The intervention group (n = 228) performed general strength and foam-rolling exercises twice weekly for 18 weeks, the control group (n = 205) maintained their regular training habits. Running volume and running-related pain were reported weekly. Secondary analyses were performed on the subgroups of the intervention group based on compliance; low compliance (n = 100), intermediate compliance (n = 63), and high compliance (n = 65). Cumulative incidence proportions were calculated and time-to- event statistics were performed to compare survival times between groups. Univariate cox proportional hazards ratio was calculated to estimate the risk of running-related injuries at 18 weeks. Results: A total of 100 running-related injuries were sustained. The cumulative incidence proportion for the control and intervention groups was 27.1% (95% CI:21.4–33.9) and 23.0% (95% CI: 17.8–29.4), respectively. No statistically significant difference was found between the overall intervention group and control group (log- rank p = 0.31). A significant difference existed between the high-compliance subgroup and the control group (log-rank p = 0.00). Highly compliant runners were 85% less likely (hazard rate ratio = 0.15; 95% CI: 0.05–0.46) to sustain an injury during the study compared with controls. Conclusion: Recreational runners highly compliant with the intervention were 85% less likely and took on average 57 days longer to sustain a running-related injury when compared with controls, with a cumulative incidence proportion of 4.6% after 18 weeks.
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| 6. |
- Desai, Pia, et al.
(författare)
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Recreational Runners With a History of Injury Are Twice as Likely to Sustain a Running-Related Injury as Runners With No History of Injury: A 1-Year Prospective Cohort Study
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy. - 0190-6011. ; 51:3, s. 144-150
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To investigate (1) the cumulative incidence proportion and the most common anatomical locations of running-related injuries in recreational runners, and (2) the associations between running-related injuries and previous injury, running experience, weekly running distance, age, gender and body mass index (BMI).A one-year prospective cohort study.224 recreational runners (average of 15km weekly running distance for the past 12 months) were included (89 women, 135 men). Pain information was reported weekly for one year and all running-related injuries with time-loss or requiring medical consultation were recorded. We accounted for censoring when calculating cumulative incidence proportion, and used crude Cox proportional hazards regression to evaluate if the variables of interest were associated with running-related injuries.The one-year cumulative incidence proportion of running-related injuries was 46% (95% CI: 38.4-54.1). The most common anatomical locations were the knee (20 of 75, 27%) and Achilles tendon/calf (19 of 75, 25%). Previous injury was associated with a higher injury rate (hazard ratio: 1.9, 95% CI: 1.2-3.2), while the other variables had no statistically significant association with injury.There were 75 running-related injuries during the one-year surveillance period for a cumulative incidence proportion of 46%. The most common injuries were to the knee and Achilles tendon/calf. Recreational runners with a previous injury were twice as likely to sustain a running-related injury than runners with no previous injury.
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| 7. |
- Fridolfsson, Jonatan, 1992, et al.
(författare)
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Measurement of physical activity by shoe-based accelerometers—calibration and free-living validation
- 2021
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Ingår i: Sensors. - : MDPI AG. - 1424-8220. ; 21:7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There is conflicting evidence regarding the health implications of high occupational physical activity (PA). Shoe-based accelerometers could provide a feasible solution for PA measurement in workplace settings. This study aimed to develop calibration models for estimation of energy expenditure (EE) from shoe-based accelerometers, validate the performance in a workplace setting and compare it to the most commonly used accelerometer positions. Models for EE estimation were calibrated in a laboratory setting for the shoe, hip, thigh and wrist worn accelerometers. These models were validated in a free-living workplace setting. Furthermore, additional models were devel-oped from free-living data. All sensor positions performed well in the laboratory setting. When the calibration models derived from laboratory data were validated in free living, the shoe, hip and thigh sensors displayed higher correlation, but lower agreement, with measured EE compared to the wrist sensor. Using free-living data for calibration improved the agreement of the shoe, hip and thigh sensors. This study suggests that the performance of a shoe-based accelerometer is similar to the most commonly used sensor positions with regard to PA measurement. Furthermore, it high-lights limitations in using the relationship between accelerometer output and EE from a laboratory setting to estimate EE in a free-living setting.
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| 8. |
- Fridolfsson, Jonatan, 1992, et al.
(författare)
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Workplace activity classification from shoebased movement sensors
- 2020
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Ingår i: BMC Biomedical Engineering. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2524-4426. ; 2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: High occupational physical activity is associated with lower health. Shoe-based movement sensors can provide an objective measurement of occupational physical activity in a lab setting but the performance of such methods in a free-living environment have not been investigated. The aim of the current study was to investigate the feasibility and accuracy of shoe sensor-based activity classification in an industrial work setting. Results: An initial calibration part was performed with 35 subjects who performed different workplace activities in a structured lab setting while the movement was measured by a shoe-sensor. Three different machine-learning models (random forest (RF), support vector machine and k-nearest neighbour) were trained to classify activities using the collected lab data. In a second validation part, 29 industry workers were followed at work while an observer noted their activities and the movement was captured with a shoe-based movement sensor. The performance of the trained classification models were validated using the free-living workplace data. The RF classifier consistently outperformed the other models with a substantial difference in in the free-living validation. The accuracy of the initial RF classifier was 83% in the lab setting and 43% in the free-living validation. After combining activities that was difficult to discriminate the accuracy increased to 96 and 71% in the lab and freeliving setting respectively. In the free-living part, 99% of the collected samples either consisted of stationary activities or walking. Conclusions: Walking and stationary activities can be classified with high accuracy from a shoe-based movement sensor in a free-living occupational setting. The distribution of activities at the workplace should be considered when validating activity classification models in a free-living setting.
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| 9. |
- Gemmell, Neil J., et al.
(författare)
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The tuatara genome reveals ancient features of amniote evolution
- 2020
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Nature. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 584:7821, s. 403-409
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus)—the only living member of the reptilian order Rhynchocephalia (Sphenodontia), once widespread across Gondwana1,2—is an iconic species that is endemic to New Zealand2,3. A key link to the now-extinct stem reptiles (from which dinosaurs, modern reptiles, birds and mammals evolved), the tuatara provides key insights into the ancestral amniotes2,4. Here we analyse the genome of the tuatara, which—at approximately 5 Gb—is among the largest of the vertebrate genomes yet assembled. Our analyses of this genome, along with comparisons with other vertebrate genomes, reinforce the uniqueness of the tuatara. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that the tuatara lineage diverged from that of snakes and lizards around 250 million years ago. This lineage also shows moderate rates of molecular evolution, with instances of punctuated evolution. Our genome sequence analysis identifies expansions of proteins, non-protein-coding RNA families and repeat elements, the latter of which show an amalgam of reptilian and mammalian features. The sequencing of the tuatara genome provides a valuable resource for deep comparative analyses of tetrapods, as well as for tuatara biology and conservation. Our study also provides important insights into both the technical challenges and the cultural obligations that are associated with genome sequencing.
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| 10. |
- Hall, Ulrika Andersson, et al.
(författare)
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Exercise, aerobic fitness, and muscle strength in relation to glucose tolerance 6 to 10 years after gestational diabetes
- 2022
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Ingår i: Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice. - : Elsevier BV. - 0168-8227. ; 191
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aims: We sought to identify self-reported exercise and objectively measured fitness variables associated with glucose tolerance and metabolic health 6–10 years after gestational diabetes (GDM) Methods: Women (n = 84) underwent oral glucose tolerance testing (OGTT), body composition measurements, and lifestyle questionnaires 6 and 10 years after GDM. In a subset (n = 45), peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak), peak fat oxidation, and maximal isometric strength of five muscle groups were tested. Results: At 10 years, 41 women (49%) had impaired glucose metabolism or type 2 diabetes (T2D). VO2peak and muscle strength were lowest in the T2D group. In a regression analysis, VO2peak and all strength measurements were associated negatively with HbA1c and waist-hip ratio and positively with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. However, only muscle strength was associated with fasting and area-under-the-curve glucose. For changes between the 6- and 10-year follow-ups, only muscle strength was associated with HbA1c change, whereas both VO2peak and strength were associated with high-density lipoprotein level and changes in waist-hip ratio. Peak fat oxidation and self-reported physical activity showed no or weak relationships with glycemic variables. Conclusion: Objectively measured fitness variables, particularly muscle strength, were strongly associated with glycemic and other metabolic outcomes in a high-risk group after GDM.
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| 11. |
- Hausken-Sutter, Solveig E., et al.
(författare)
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Interdisciplinary sport injury research and the integration of qualitative and quantitative data.
- 2023
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Ingår i: BMC Medical Research Methodology. - : BioMed Central (BMC). - 1471-2288. ; 23:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: To understand and prevent sport injuries, scholars have employed different scientific approaches and research methods. Traditionally, this research has been monodisciplinary, relying on one subdiscipline of sport science and applying qualitative or quantitative research methods. Recently, scholars have argued that traditional approaches fail to address contextual components of sport and the nonlinear interactions between different aspects in and around the athlete, and, as a way forward, called for alternative approaches to sport injury research. Discussion of alternative approaches are today taking place, however, practical examples that demonstrate what such approaches entails are rare. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to draw on an interdisciplinary research approach to (1) outline an interdisciplinary case analysis procedure (ICAP); and (2) provide an example for future interdisciplinary sport injury research.METHODS: We adopt an established definition and application of interdisciplinary research to develop and pilot the ICAP for interdisciplinary sport injury teams aiming to integrate qualitative and quantitative sport injury data. The development and piloting of ICAP was possible by drawing on work conducted in the interdisciplinary research project "Injury-free children and adolescents: Towards better practice in Swedish football" (the FIT project).RESULTS: The ICAP guides interdisciplinary sport injury teams through three stages: 1. Create a more comprehensive understanding of sport injury aetiology by drawing on existing knowledge from multiple scientific perspectives; 2. Collate analysed qualitative and quantitative sport injury data into a multilevel data catalogue; and 3. Engage in an integrated discussion of the collated data in the interdisciplinary research team.CONCLUSION: The ICAP is a practical example of how an interdisciplinary team of sport injury scholars can approach the complex problem of sport injury aetiology and work to integrate qualitative and quantitative data through three stages. The ICAP is a step towards overcoming the obstacles of integrating qualitative and quantitative methods and data that scholars have identified.
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| 12. |
- Hausken-Sutter, Solveig E., et al.
(författare)
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Methodological implications of adapting and applying a web‑based questionnaire on health problems to adolescent football players
- 2021
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Ingår i: BMC Medical Research Methodology. - : BioMed Central. - 1471-2288. ; 21:252
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: The Oslo Sport Trauma Research Centre Questionnaire on Health Problems (OSTRC‑H) has become a popular tool to monitor health status in athletes. Originally developed for adult athletes, the tool is today also being used in adolescent athletes. However, little is known on the suitability of the questionnaire for the adolescent age group and the methodological implications of applying the tool to prospectively monitor illness and injury. To address this gap in methodological knowledge, the aim of this study is to outline and discuss the adaption and application process of the OSTRC‑H to adolescent football players.Method: The adaption process included a slightly modified back‑translation method to translate the questionnaire. The application process included a web‑based version of the Swedish OSTRC‑H sent out once a week over 23 weeks to 115 adolescent football players aged 10‑19 attending two football schools in Sweden. The response rate and prevalence of health problems over 23 weeks were calculated as feasibility indicators. Additionally, comprehensibility questions were added to the questionnaire in the end of the study.Result: No major disagreement was found between the original and translated versions of the questionnaire. However, significant changes to the wording of the questions and answer categories were necessary to adapt it to ado‑lescents. A visual body figure was also added. The average weekly response rate was 38% (SD 13.5). To increase this rate, questionnaire data was gathered retrospectively through telephone and email contact with the participants and their parents, elevating the response rate to 53% (SD 15.5). The adolescents experienced the questionnaire as easy to understand and to cover all relevant health problems.Conclusion: Our study demonstrates the importance of adapting the questionnaire to the adolescent target group through translation, pre‑tests, adjustments of wording and the facilitation of answering the questionnaire using a visual body figure. The study further shows the importance of keeping close and personal contact with the participants, their parents, teachers, and coaches throughout data collection. Future studies should take into account the age group and study context when adapting and applying the OSTRC‑H to adolescents.
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| 13. |
- Hausken-Sutter, Solveig E., et al.
(författare)
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Youth sport injury research : a narrative review and the potential of interdisciplinarity
- 2021
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Ingår i: BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine. - : BMJ Publishing Group Ltd. - 2055-7647. ; 7:1
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- To prevent sports injuries, researchers have aimed to understand injury aetiology from both the natural and social sciences and through applying different methodologies. This research has produced strong disciplinary knowledge and a number of injury prevention programmes. Yet, the injury rate continues to be high, especially in youth sport and youth football. A key reason for the continued high injury rate is the development of injury prevention programmes based on monodisciplinary knowledge that does not account for the complex nature of sport injury aetiology. The purpose of this paper is to consider and outline an interdisciplinary research process to research the complex nature of sport injury aetiology. To support our proposition, we first present a narrative review of existing youth football and youth sport injury research demonstrating an absence of paradigmatic integration across the research areas’ main disciplines of biomedicine, psychology and sociology. We then demonstrate how interdisciplinary research can address the complexity of youth sport injury aetiology. Finally, we introduce the interdisciplinary process we have recently followed in a youth football injury research project. While further research is necessary, particularly regarding the integration of qualitative and quantitative sport injury data, we propose that the pragmatic interdisciplinary research process can be useful for researchers who aim to work across disciplines and paradigms and aim to employ methodological pluralism in their research.
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| 14. |
- Jansen, Iris E, et al.
(författare)
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Genome-wide meta-analysis for Alzheimer's disease cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers.
- 2022
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Ingår i: Acta neuropathologica. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1432-0533 .- 0001-6322. ; 144:5, s. 821-842
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Amyloid-beta 42 (Aβ42) and phosphorylated tau (pTau) levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) reflect core features of the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) more directly than clinical diagnosis. Initiated by the European Alzheimer & Dementia Biobank (EADB), the largest collaborative effort on genetics underlying CSF biomarkers was established, including 31 cohorts with a total of 13,116 individuals (discovery n=8074; replication n=5042 individuals). Besides the APOE locus, novel associations with two other well-established AD risk loci were observed; CR1 was shown a locus for Aβ42 and BIN1 for pTau. GMNC and C16orf95 were further identified as loci for pTau, of which the latter is novel. Clustering methods exploring the influence of all known AD risk loci on the CSF protein levels, revealed 4 biological categories suggesting multiple Aβ42 and pTau related biological pathways involved in the etiology of AD. In functional follow-up analyses, GMNC and C16orf95 both associated with lateral ventricular volume, implying an overlap in genetic etiology for tau levels and brain ventricular volume.
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| 15. |
- Jungmalm, Jonatan, 1991, et al.
(författare)
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Associations between biomechanical and clinical/anthropometrical factors and running-related injuries among recreational runners: a 52-week prospective cohort study.
- 2020
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Ingår i: Injury epidemiology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2197-1714. ; 7:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this exploratory study was to investigate whether runners with certain biomechanical or clinical/anthropometrical characteristics sustain more running-related injuries than runners with other biomechanical or clinical/anthropometrical characteristics.The study was designed as a prospective cohort with 52-weeks follow-up. A total of 224 injury-free, recreational runners were recruited from the Gothenburg Half Marathon and tested at baseline. The primary exposure variables were biomechanical and clinical/anthropometrical measures, including strength, lower extremity kinematics, joint range of motion, muscle flexibility, and trigger points. The primary outcome measure was any running-related injury diagnosed by a medical practitioner. Cumulative risk difference was used as measure of association. A shared frailty approach was used with legs as the unit of interest. A total of 448 legs were included in the analyses.The cumulative injury incidence proportion for legs was 29.0% (95%CI=24.0%; 34.8%). A few biomechanical and clinical/anthropometrical factors influence the number of running-related injuries sustained in recreational runners. Runners with a late timing of maximal eversion sustained 20.7% (95%CI=1.3; 40.0) more injuries, and runners with weak abductors in relation to adductors sustained 17.3% (95%CI=0.8; 33.7) more injuries, compared with the corresponding reference group.More injuries are likely to occur in runners with late timing of maximal eversion or weak hip abductors in relation to hip adductors.
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
- Lundberg Zachrisson, Andreas, 1987, et al.
(författare)
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Athlete availability and incidence of overuse injuries over an athletics season in a cohort of elite Swedish athletics athletes - A prospective study
- 2020
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Ingår i: Injury Epidemiology. - London : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2197-1714. ; 7:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Athletics is a sport with a high incidence of injury, where most injuries are caused by overuse. Research on injury incidence and the occurrence of overuse injuries during a season in athletics is scarce. An athlete availability (unrestricted ability to participate in training or competition) of less than 80% has been linked with athletes being less likely to reach their performance goals. The purpose of this study was to estimate the monthly injury incidence rates, athlete availability, and the overuse injury incidence rate per 1000 athletics-hours of training in a cohort of Swedish elite athletics athletes. Methods: The cohort consisted of 59 male and female elite athletes competing in either middle or long-distance running, sprint, or jumping events. Injury and training data were collected during one athletics season, from October to the end of August. All injury data were collected by medical professionals. Training data were collected monthly, and consisted of event-specific training diaries covering training sessions, training days, and non-training or non-competition days. Monthly injury incidence rates were based on the number of new injuries per month in relation to the number of exposed (injury-free) athletes. Results: The overall injury incidence rate for all athletes was highest in October (22.0%). Monthly injury incidence rate for middle and long-distance runners was highest in October (26.1%), for sprinters in April (19.0%), and for jumpers in October (21.4%). The overall athlete availability was 78.0% for the cohort. Sprinters had the lowest athlete availability (71.4%), followed by jumpers (77.3%), and middle-distance and long-distance runners (82.7%). Female athletes (76.5%) had a lower athlete availability than male athletes (79.7%). The injury incidence rate was 1.81 injuries per 1000 athletics hours of training. Middle and long-distance runners had the highest injury incidence rate (2.38), followed by jumpers (1.62), and sprinters (1.34). Conclusion: Monthly injury incidence rates during a season appears to correspond to periods of high training volume (conditioning phases and training camps). The low overall athlete availability (> 80%) indicates that many Swedish elite athletes are less likely to reach their full potential. © 2020 The Author(s).
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| 18. |
- Lundberg Zachrisson, Andreas, 1987, et al.
(författare)
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Occurrence of overuse injuries in elite Swedish athletics—A prospective cohort study over one athletics season
- 2020
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Ingår i: Translational Sports Medicine. - : Hindawi Limited. - 2573-8488. ; 3:6, s. 649-656
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The incidence proportion and severity of overuse injuries (OIs) in elite athletics are still unclear due to methodological limitations of prior studies. The aim was to pro-spectively measure OI incidence proportion, severity, and anatomic location during a complete Swedish elite athletics season. Seventy-five male and female elite ath-letes between 18 and 32 years of age, competing in either middle- and long-distance running, sprint, jumping, or throwing events were recruited. A medical professional diagnosed injuries during a physical examination. All injuries were classified as gradual or sudden onset incident injuries due to overuse. An athlete was considered injury free after reporting full return to training in their training documentation. The OI incidence proportion was 72.4% (95% CI: 60.8%, 84%), with 71 recorded injuries. Most injuries were severe, with 38% of them being moderately serious (8-28 days) and 36.6% serious (>28 days-6 months). The most common injury location was the thigh/hip at 41% followed by the foot/shank at 39%. The incidence proportion and severity of OIs were higher when medical professionals evaluated each athlete who developed symptoms, compared to self-reporting athletes. Future research should evaluate possible risk factors for OIs to try to lower the OI incidence proportion.
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| 19. |
- Lundberg Zachrisson, Andreas, 1987, et al.
(författare)
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Risk factors for overuse injuries in a cohort of elite Swedish track and field athletes
- 2021
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Ingår i: Bmc Sports Science Medicine and Rehabilitation. - London : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2052-1847. ; 13:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Most injuries in track and field are caused by overuse with conflicting reports concerning the underlying mechanisms. The purpose of this study was to evaluate how biomechanical and clinical factors relate to the risk of overuse injuries, and to investigate whether the relationships between potential risk factors and injury become stronger if injuries are grouped by location. Methods The study is a prospective cohort study conducted during a Swedish track and field season over eleven months, from October to August. The cohort consisted of elite male and female track and field athletes competing in either middle- and long-distance running, sprinting, jumping, or throwing events (n = 96). Athletes performed a baseline screening at enrollment consisting of a clinical examination, running, and strength tests. Injury data was collected during the season by medical professionals and divided according to their anatomical location into upper-body, thigh/hip, knee, or foot/shank injuries. Results Thirty-four (54.8%) injuries where located at the foot/shank, followed by sixteen injuries at the thigh/hip (25.8%). Only eight knee (12.9%) and four upper-body (6.5%) injuries were registered during the season and therefore not analysed. Effect sizes were calculated for all test variables. Small effect sizes (r(pb) = .10-.23) were found for eleven risk factors between the overall injured (all injuries combined) and non-injured athletes. By further sub-grouping the injured group into thigh/hip injuries, effect size increased in hip adduction range of motion knee flexion velocity and the muscle flexibility of the iliopsoas. For foot/shank injuries, only the hamstring:quadriceps strength ratios increased for the right side to a small effect size. Conclusions Injury grouping appears to increase effect size for certain risk factors. Athletes with a slower knee flexion velocity during stance phase were more likely to become injured (p-value <.03, r(pb) = .37). An increased cohort size to further sub-divide injuries into specific diagnoses is needed.
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| 20. |
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| 21. |
- Westbury, Michael V, et al.
(författare)
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Ecological Specialization and Evolutionary Reticulation in Extant Hyaenidae
- 2021
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Ingår i: Molecular biology and evolution. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0737-4038 .- 1537-1719. ; 38:9, s. 3884-3897
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- During the Miocene, Hyaenidae was a highly diverse family of Carnivora that has since been severely reduced to four species: the bone-cracking spotted, striped, and brown hyenas, and the specialized insectivorous aardwolf. Previous studies investigated the evolutionary histories of the spotted and brown hyenas, but little is known about the remaining two species. Moreover, the genomic underpinnings of scavenging and insectivory, defining traits of the extant species, remain elusive. Here, we generated an aardwolf genome and analyzed it together with the remaining three species to reveal their evolutionary relationships, genomic underpinnings of their scavenging and insectivorous lifestyles, and their respective genetic diversities and demographic histories. High levels of phylogenetic discordance suggest gene flow between the aardwolf lineage and the ancestral brown/striped hyena lineage. Genes related to immunity and digestion in the bone-cracking hyenas and craniofacial development in the aardwolf showed the strongest signals of selection, suggesting putative key adaptations to carrion and termite feeding, respectively. A family-wide expansion in olfactory receptor genes suggests that an acute sense of smell was a key early adaptation. Finally, we report very low levels of genetic diversity within the brown and striped hyenas despite no signs of inbreeding, putatively linked to their similarly slow decline in effective population size over the last ∼2 million years. High levels of genetic diversity and more stable population sizes through time are seen in the spotted hyena and aardwolf. Taken together, our findings highlight how ecological specialization can impact the evolutionary history, demographics, and adaptive genetic changes of an evolutionary lineage.
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| 22. |
- Williams, Markus, et al.
(författare)
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Physical Performance and the Relationship to Game Performance in Elite Adolescent Ice Hockey: A Case Study
- 2020
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Ingår i: International Universities Strength and Conditioning Association Journal. - : International Universities Strength and Conditioning Association. - 2517-6110. ; 1:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Determining performance indicators within team sports is considerably important as it facilitates the underlying training methodologies of sports performance. The value of understanding individual contribution and the relevant physical factors is of importance when structuring appropriate strength and conditioning training. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyse the relationships between physical performance and game performance, as well as examining the relationships of physical performance and game performance dependent on competition level. This research project was a case study conducted with a team’s game performance measured across a full season. Twelve elite adolescent male ice hockey players (17.92 ± 0.9 years, 185 ± 8.45 cm, 83.17 ± 8.61 kg) participated in the study after giving informed consent. Physical performance was measured using four tests (horizontal jump, single-leg lateral jump, 15-meter sprint, corner S test), while game performance was calculated through the statistical equation Point Shares. Statistical significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. Physical performance did not depict any strong indications of overall game performance. Instead, results illustrated an inverse relationship between plyometric performance and offensive point shares. However, corner S test – non-dominant may be a relevant indicator of defensive game performance dependent on competition level (high; r = -0.618, low; r = -0.334). Given the results mostly exhibited non-significant correlations (p > 0.05), the findings suggest that explaining individual performance within team sports is a highly complex issue that needs further investigation.
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