| 1. |
- Back, Jenny, 1984-, et al.
(author)
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Psychological risk factors for exercise dependence
- 2021
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In: International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. - New York : Routledge. - 1612-197X .- 1557-251X. ; 19:4, s. 461-472
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The main aim of this study was to investigate if exercisers' personality characteristics were associated with exercise dependence. Specifically, the purpose was to examine if anxiety, obsessive passion, and physical appearance orientation were associated to an increased risk for exercise dependence. Participants were 330 exercisers from exercise groups, sport clubs and university sport science classes in the southwest of Sweden. Data were analysed using CHAID (Chi-squared Automatic Interaction Detection) analysis. The CHAID analysis indicated that anxiety was the main predictor of exercise dependence. More specifically, 12.7% more exercisers who experienced high levels of anxiety symptoms (i.e. scores above 6), were, in comparison to the exercises experiencing low levels of anxiety, classified as ?at risk for exercise dependence?. For exercisers that reported low levels of anxiety symptoms (i.e. scores below 7), obsessive passion for exercise was a positive statistically significant predictor (absolute risk difference?=?8.6%). Overall, the results highlight anxiety as a main risk factor behind exercise dependence. Also, the risk of exercise dependence may increase either from obsessive passion or as a coping strategy for anxiety. Furthermore, results may illustrate two types of exercise dependence; ?primary? exercise dependence driven mainly by an obsessive passion for exercise and ?secondary? exercise dependence where exercise function as a strategy to cope with anxiety.
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| 2. |
- Back, Jenny, 1984-, et al.
(author)
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Psychosocial Predictors of Drop-Out from Organised Sport : A Prospective Study in Adolescent Soccer
- 2022
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In: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. - Basel : MDPI. - 1661-7827 .- 1660-4601. ; 19:24
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In recent years an increased drop-out rate in adolescents' soccer participation has been observed. Given the potentially adverse consequences of drop-out from soccer, more information about risk factors for drop-out is warranted. In the current study, Classification and Regression Tree (CRT) analysis was used to investigate demographic and motivational factors associated with an increased risk of drop-out from adolescent soccer. The results of this study indicate that older age, experiencing less autonomy support from the coach, less intrinsic motivation, being female, and lower socioeconomic status are factors associated with an increased risk of drop-out. An interpretation of the results of this study is that coaches play a central part in creating a sports context that facilitates motivation and continued soccer participation. Based on the findings of the current study we propose that soccer clubs implement theoretically informed coach education programs to help coaches adopt autonomy-supportive coaching strategies.
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| 3. |
- Bartura, Khelifa, et al.
(author)
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A systematic review of ironic effects of motor task performance under pressure : The past 25 years
- 2023
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In: International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology. - : Taylor & Francis. - 1750-984X .- 1750-9858.
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Wegner's theory of ironic processes of mental control emphasizes how the implementation of cognitive load-induced avoidant instructions can cause inefficient motor cognition in sports, thereby inducing so-called ironic effects where an individual-ironically-does precisely what s(he) intended not to do. This systematic review synthesizes relevant existing research and evaluates the effectiveness of experimental manipulations and cognitive load measurements for investigating ironic effects on motor task performance under pressure conditions. This review identified twenty-four empirical studies published before January 2022, including studies with experimental (21%) and quasi-experimental (79%) within- and between-subject designs. The most common reported pressure (i.e., cognitive load) manipulations fell into two categories: anxiety (77%) and dual-task (33%) techniques. The review also identified positive action-oriented instructional interventions to reduce ironic errors. Although most reported findings supported Wegner's assumptions about ironic performance effects, the review also identified inconclusive evidence (8%), which indicates a need for more research with a greater focus on: robust experimental design; the inclusion of competitive stressors; expert athletes; elite athletes; and intervention-based studies. These additions will clarify the mechanisms of ironic effects and assist in the development of interventional programs to diminish the likelihood of ironic effects in sports performance.
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| 4. |
- Bartura, Khelifa, et al.
(author)
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Ironic processes of concentration and suppression under pressure : A study on rifle shooting in Norwegian elite biathletes
- 2024
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In: Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0905-7188 .- 1600-0838. ; 34:5
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In rifle shooting, suppressing unwanted thoughts can backfire in one's performance, causing athletes to behave contrary to their desired intention and further deteriorate their performance.PurposeThis study examined how priming attentional and negative cues affected participants' shooting performances toward ironic error targets under cognitive load conditions in Stroop task across two experiments.MethodsSemi-elite biathletes (Experiment 1, n = 10; Experiment 2, n = 9) participated in the study. The study used a within-subject quasi-experimental design, particularly a one-way repeated measures multivariate analysis of variance and a 2 x 2 fully repeated measures analysis of variance, to determine the participants' hit rates and shooting response times (RTs). In both experiments, the participants completed the reverse-Stroop-based target shooting performance under low- and high-cognitive load conditions while receiving frequent priming attentional and negative cues.ResultsThe findings from Experiment 1 suggest that regulating repetitive priming attentional thoughts is efficacious in mitigating the likelihood of ironic performance errors and interference effects. The results of Experiment 2 show that repetitive priming negative cues resulted in negligible ironic error hit rates and slower RTs in target hits under high-cognitive load conditions. The Bayesian analyses provided evidence supporting the null hypotheses.ConclusionTrying to control repetitive priming attentional and negative thoughts reduces ironic performance errors to a similar degree under cognitive load conditions among biathletes, regardless of interference effects. Further research is needed to determine the effectiveness of suppressing task-relevant negative instructions in reducing the likelihood of ironic performance errors under pressure.
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| 5. |
- Davis, Louise, 1982-, et al.
(author)
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Thriving Through Relationships in Sport : The Role of the Parent-Athlete and Coach-Athlete Attachment Relationship
- 2021
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In: Frontiers in Psychology. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 1664-1078. ; 12
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The aim of this research was to examine whether attachment relationships to significant others, such as to parents and/or sports coaches, enable thriving and competition performance within sport. Two studies employing cross-sectional and prospective designs were carried out across different samples of athletes of varied skill levels and sports. In Study 1, we found athletes' attachment to their sports coach was significantly associated with athlete thriving and mediated by psychological needs satisfaction. Results of Study 2 found that athletes' secure attachment to their mother and/or father positively predicted the experience of thriving at the competition while athletes' insecure attachment did not predict thriving. Furthermore, athletes' attachment to both mother and father did not predict competition performance. Together, these two studies acknowledge the significant role that athletes' secure attachment relationships with parents and coaches play in facilitating thriving in athletes. These findings have significant implications for research and practice.
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| 6. |
- Davis, Paul A., et al.
(author)
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Written Emotional Disclosure can Promote Athletes’ Mental Health and Performance Readiness during the COVID-19 Pandemic
- 2020
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In: Frontiers in Psychology. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 1664-1078. ; 11
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Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The widespread effects of the COVID-19 pandemic have negatively impacted upon many athletes’ mental health and increased reports of depression as well as symptoms of anxiety. Disruptions to training and competition schedules can induce athletes’ emotional distress, while concomitant government-imposed restrictions (e.g., social isolation, quarantines) reduce the availability of athletes’ social and emotional support. Written Emotional Disclosure has been used extensively in a variety of settings with diverse populations as a means to promote emotional processing. The expressive writing protocol has been used to a limited extent in the context of sport, and predominantly in support of athletes’ emotional processing during injury rehabilitation. We propose that Written Emotional Disclosure offers an evidence-based treatment that can promote athletes’ mental health and support their return to competition. Research exploring the efficacy of the expressive writing protocol highlights a number of theoretical models underpinning the positive effects of Written Emotional Disclosure; we outline how each of these potential mechanisms can address the multidimensional complexity of the challenging circumstances arising from the COVID-19 pandemic (e.g., loss of earnings, returning to training and competition). Considerations and strategies for using Written Emotional Disclosure to support athletes during the COVID-19 pandemic are presented.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Ekelund, Rebecka, et al.
(author)
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Interventions for improving mental health in athletes : a scoping review
- 2023
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In: International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology. - Oxon : Routledge. - 1750-984X .- 1750-9858.
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Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The aims of this scoping review were to map the current literature on interventions for improving mental health in athletes, identify knowledge gaps, and generate future research questions. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guided this review. A systematic literature search was conducted in SPORTDiscus, PsycINFO, and SCOPUS and 44 intervention studies met the inclusion criteria. Results showed that 22 studies (50%) implemented cognitive behavioural principles, and the majority of these studies were influenced by various mindfulness programmes. Most studies (93%) included healthy athlete samples, and athletes aged 15–19 were the most examined age group (43%). Only three studies used clinical criteria in their sampling of participants and mediators were examined in two studies. The scarcity of studies examining mediators and subclinical or clinical samples revealed critical knowledge gaps in the literature. Furthermore, the critical appraisal showed that regardless of study design, most studies demonstrated low internal validity. We propose the use of high-quality single-case studies with athletes who experience subclinical or clinical mental health issues, and further investigation of mechanisms of change linking intervention components to outcomes of interest.
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| 10. |
- Ekman, Elizabeth, et al.
(author)
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Do athletes have more of a cognitive profile with ADHD criteria than non-athletes?
- 2021
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In: Sports. - : MDPI. - 2075-4663. ; 9:5
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The current study investigates the possibility that athletes have more parallel ADHD symptoms than non-athletes. High-level youth sport athletes were compared with non-athletes in leisure time (i.e., sport) and in the school in ADHD symptoms. Athletes and students were evaluated by a trained psychotherapist using Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS) on activities at school and during activities in leisure/sports time. They also filled in the Autism Spectrum Questionnaire (AQ) as a self-report assessment. Results showed significant differences in ASRS-scores for athletes in school and in their sport, with high scores in school and low scores in sport. No differences were found in AQ between the groups. The findings indicate that many athletes might display a cognitive profile of parallel of ADHD criteria. Future research needs to further investigate potential benefits of the cognitive profile in athletes and how they handle different contexts including sport and school settings.
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
- Gustafsson, Henrik, 1974-, et al.
(author)
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Fear of Failure in Athletes : Fanning the Fire of Sport Desire or Burning Out?
- 2023
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In: Routledge International Handbook of Failure. - London : Routledge. - 9780429355950 - 9780367404048 ; , s. 53-66
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Book chapter (other academic/artistic)abstract
- In sport, athletes commonly describe fear of failure in relation to the experience of stress and anxiety. Athletes attempts to avoid failure can manifest serious behavioural consequences that impact upon both health and performance. One potential outcome is burnout. This chapter outlines how fear of failure can be linked to burnout in athletes by providing a brief background of research examining fear of failure in sport and related studies of athlete burnout. The current research and associations between fear of failure and burnout are presented in an integrated model to identify and stimulate further lines of research inquiry. The role of significant others (e.g. coaches, parents) is also discussed to outline their potential influence on athletes fear of failure. Advice on how athletes can be assisted in handling their fear of failure as well as applied implications and interventions targeting fear of failure and burnout are presented. Finally, this chapter offers guidance for future research and suggestions for practitioners in order to optimise athletes health and maximise performance.
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| 13. |
- Haraldsen, Heidi M. M., et al.
(author)
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An exploration of reciprocity among teacher and students in female pre-professional ballet education : a shared reality theory perspective
- 2023
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In: Frontiers in Education. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 2504-284X. ; 8
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The purpose of the present study was to explore perceptions of shared reality in teacher-student partnerships in ballet, and how these perceptions were related to experiences of quality in the relationship and well-being. A longitudinal qualitative study design was adopted, with three female ballet students and their teacher participating in three semi-structured interviews each over an eight-month period. Data were analyzed using a combination of thematic and narrative analysis. Findings indicated that across the teacher-student relationships there were perceptions of a shared reality only on the professional and distanced level and not on a relational and personal level. This was achieved by a common experience of what matters in the world of ballet education as well as students finding their teacher as trustworthy. Furthermore, it appeared that the authoritarian apprenticeship culture in ballet, where the teachers give clear instructions and feedback, and where the student role is to listen and adapt to the teacher's instructions, was a barrier to fully achieving a shared reality on a personal and deeper level. In turn, this influenced the quality of the relationship and the wellbeing of both teacher and students. The present study offers critical reflections on the cultural backdrop of teaching and learning in ballet and highlights the importance of teachers to facilitate a supportive, unconditional, and trustworthy relationship so that they can work together in a more productive manner.
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| 14. |
- Hassmén, Peter, et al.
(author)
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Coach Burnout in Relation to Perfectionistic Cognitions and Self-Presentation
- 2020
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In: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. - : MDPI. - 1661-7827 .- 1660-4601. ; 17
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Coaching athletes is highly rewarding yet stressful, especially at the elite level wheremedia, fans, and sponsors can contribute to an environment that, if not well-managed by the coach,can lead to burnout. Coaches who display perfectionistic tendencies, such as striving for flawlessness,may be particularly vulnerable—even more so if they are overly critical of themselves and havea tendency to ruminate over their performance, or if they are attempting to convey an image offaultlessness, or both. A total of 272 coaches completed a battery of inventories assessing burnout,perfectionistic thoughts, and the tendency for perfectionistic self-presentation. All variables correlatedsignificantly: coaches with higher scores on exhaustion scored higher both on perfectionistic thoughtsand self-presentation. However, when three subscales of perfectionistic self-presentation wereconsidered separately, lower and nonsignificant correlations emerged. We believe that this can beexplained by the heterogeneous group of coaches participating in this study. Whereas all coaches mayat times ruminate privately—self-oriented perfectionism—about their perceived failure to performto expectations, not all may feel the pressure to present themselves to others as faultless—a moresocially prescribed perfectionism. This finding warrants further investigation, preferably comparingcoaches at dierent levels of public scrutiny.
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| 15. |
- Johles, Lis, et al.
(author)
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Psychological Flexibility Among Competitive Athletes : A Psychometric Investigation of a New Scale
- 2020
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In: Frontiers in Sports and Active Living. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 2624-9367. ; 2:110
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- There is increasing interest in applying acceptance and mindfulness interventions amongathletes. However, there is a lack of sport-specific psychometrically evaluated scales tomeasure the impact of these interventions. The present study describes the developmentof a measure: the Psychological Flexibility in Sport Scale (PFSS). Its validity was testedin two studies. In the first study, with 152 elite athletes from various sports, explorativefactor analysis was used to evaluate the scale’s validity, and one factor emerged withseven items. Significant correlations between psychological flexibility, performance, andquality of life were found. Moreover, the PFSS was significantly negatively associated withage, number of years in sport, and number of years as an elite athlete. In the secondstudy, the confirmatory factor analysis with a new population (252 athletes) supportedthe one-factor solution. Further, positive associations were found with anxiety (BAI) anddepression (BDI-I), indicating construct validity. In conclusion, this study presents a scalefor measuring psychological flexibility in a broad range of athletes, with satisfactorypsychometric properties and the potential to be a useful instrument for both researchersand clinicians in the sport field
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
- Jordan, Martina, PhD student, et al.
(author)
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Using motivational interviewing to promote teacher efficacy, autonomy-supportive teaching and students’ academic motivation
- 2023
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In: Cogent Education. - : Taylor & Francis. - 2331-186X. ; 10:2
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Motivational interviewing (MI) is a collaborative communication style used to promote individuals’ motivation, and there is growing support for using MI in schools. This study aims to test whether a teacher-focused intervention program based on MI and autonomy-supportive teaching increases teachers’ autonomy-supportive teaching, teacher efficacy and students’ academic motivation and perceptions of autonomy support. In this intervention study with a short-term longitudinal design, teachers were trained in MI and autonomy-supportive teaching style, along with a control group in which the students’ teachers did not receive specific training. 14 teachers and 478 students (10–12 years) participated in the study. The MI-based intervention were found to significantly increase teachers’ perceived autonomy-supportive teaching and sense of efficacy in student engagement, instructional strategies, and classroom management from Time 1 to Time 2. However, the intervention did not increase students’ academic motivation or perceptions of teacher autonomy support over time. The current study indicate that school-based MI may be more important for teachers’ professional development than for younger students’ academic motivation. This study demonstrates that MI training can have an impact on teachers’ instructional behaviors and increase teacher efficacy, providing valuable insights for both teacher education and school leaders.
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| 18. |
- Josefsson, Torbjörn, 1965-, et al.
(author)
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Mindfulness and shooting performance in biathlon. A prospective study
- 2021
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In: European Journal of Sport Science. - Abingdon : Taylor & Francis. - 1746-1391 .- 1536-7290. ; 21:8, s. 1176-1182
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The aim of the study was to examine the temporal relationship between facets of sport-specific dispositional mindfulness (i e., Awareness, Refocusing, Nonjudgemental attitude) and shooting performance in actual competitions, in a population of 25 elite biathlon athletes. Findings indicated that mindfulness facets were positively associated with shooting performance, with higher levels of Awareness, Refocusing, and Awareness being related to better shooting performance in competitions. In spite of the fact that the explained variance was quite small, even a minor shooting performance enhancement may increase an athlete's chance of winning a biathlon competition.
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| 19. |
- Josefsson, Torbjörn, 1965-, et al.
(author)
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Practitioners’ reflections of working with the Mindfulness-Acceptance-Commitment (MAC) approach in team sport settings
- 2020
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In: Journal of Sport Psychology in Action. - Philadelphia, PA : Taylor & Francis. - 2152-0704 .- 2152-0712. ; 11:2, s. 92-102
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The aim of this article was to describe the implementation of a team-based MAC intervention, and discuss important aspects to consider when implementing the MAC protocol in elite team sports. The MAC program contains seven modules in which core concepts such as mindfulness, acceptance, and values-driven behavior are being taught and practiced. We experienced conceptual as well as practical challenges in the application of the MAC protocol. A general recommendation in implementing MAC concepts and exercises for teams is to make the content of the program sport-specific.
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| 20. |
- Klockare, Ellinor, et al.
(author)
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Sport Psychology Consultants’ Views on Working with Perfectionistic Elite Athletes
- 2022
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In: The Sport psychologist. - Champaign, IL, United States : Human Kinetics. - 0888-4781 .- 1543-2793. ; 36:3, s. 219-227
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The purpose of this study was to explore the views and experiences of sport psychology consultants who have worked with perfectionistic elite athletes and, particularly, their views on the use of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). Semi-structured interviews were conducted with four professional sport psychology consultants who identified themselves as having experience of working with athletes they consider to be perfectionistic. Two themes were generated: manifestations of perfectionism, and management of perfectionism. The consultants found perfectionistic athletes to have rigid attitudes and strong negative emotional experiences, to use safety behaviors and to regularly underperform. CBT techniques such as mindfulness, cognitive restructuring, and psychological skills training were most commonly used and were largely viewed as effective against a backdrop of sporting environment that could often encourage athletes to be perfectionistic. The findings highlight the complexity of perfectionism from a consultancy perspective and the challenges associated with working with perfectionistic athletes.
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| 21. |
- Lundkvist, Erik, Fil Dr, 1978-, et al.
(author)
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Relating Competitive Golfers’ Perceived Emotions and Performance
- 2021
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In: Perceptual and Motor Skills. - Thousand Oaks : Sage Publications. - 0031-5125 .- 1558-688X. ; 128:4, s. 1549-1568
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The present study examined relationships between golfers’ self-perceived emotions (e.g., irritability, nervousness, tension), task-oriented coping, perceived control, and performance during a golf competition. We implemented a process-oriented golf analysis in which competitors rated these variables hole-by-hole in a competitive golf round. Within a two-level Bayesian multivariate autoregressive model, we showed that (a) within persons, emotions and task-oriented coping were reactions that stemmed from performance on the previous hole; and (b) between persons, player skill level predicted both better scores and the ability to limit the influence of negative affect on performance. These findings highlight the complex nature of the relationship between emotions and performance. Future studies might use a similarly ecologically valid research design to more precisely measure aspects of time and potentially moderating effects of player skill level and personality. An increased understanding of the dynamic relationship between emotions and performance can promote the development of effective psychological interventions for optimal performance outcomes.
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| 22. |
- Lundkvist, Erik, Fil Dr, 1978-, et al.
(author)
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The prevalence of emotional exhaustion in professional and semiprofessional coaches
- 2023
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In: Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology. - : Human Kinetics. - 1932-9261 .- 1932-927X. ; 17:4, s. 376-389
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The present study examined levels of emotional exhaustion, a key symptom of burnout, in Swedish professional and semiprofessional sport coaches in comparison to the normative values specified in the Maslach Burnout Inventory manual, and to the clinical cutoffs developed by Kleijweg, Verbraak, and Van Dijk. The sample contained 318 Swedish coaches (Mage = 42.7 years, 12% female) working at least 50% full time away from both team (60%) and individual (40%) sports. Our study shows that, in general, coaches in this sample experience lower average levels of exhaustion than normative samples both regarding the Maslach Burnout Inventory and clinical cutoffs. Two groups of coaches did, however, stand out. Coaches living in single households as well as coaches working part time had higher risk of severe levels of emotional exhaustion. These results place coach exhaustion levels in relation to other occupations and highlight that in this sample, the coaching profession does not stand out as more emotionally exhausting than other occupations.
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| 23. |
- Madigan, Daniel J., et al.
(author)
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Perspectives on the Future of Burnout in Sport
- 2022
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In: Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology. - : Human Kinetics. - 1932-9261 .- 1932-927X. ; 16:1, s. 75-88
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The present editorial provides a series of perspectives on the future of burnout in sport. Specifically, for the first time, seven burnout researchers have offered their opinions and suggestions for how, as a field, we can progress our understanding of this important topic. A broad range of ideas are discussed, including the relevance of the social context, the value of theory and collaboration, and the use of public health frameworks in future work. It is hoped that these perspectives will help stimulate debate, reinforce and renew priorities, and guide research in this area over the coming years.
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| 24. |
- Madigan, Daniel J., et al.
(author)
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Reducing Burnout in Athletes
- 2023. - 1st
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In: Routledge Handbook of Mental Health in Elite Sport. - New York : Taylor & Francis. - 9781003099345 ; , s. 177-187
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Book chapter (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Burnout is a growing concern for those working in sport. This is because burnout is relatively common among athletes, and it negatively influences their performance, motivation, and well-being. However, currently, few guidelines exist for how to deal with burnout in practice. Consequently, the present chapter seeks to provide initial recommendations for how to reduce burnout in athletes. To do so, we first provide an introduction to athlete burnout. This includes a definition and description of burnout, details of how to measure burnout, models outlining the development of burnout, and an overview of the consequences of burnout for athletes. We then provide a review of research that has examined the efficacy of interventions in reducing burnout. Because of a lack of studies in sport, this review focuses on studies in other professions such as physicians, nurses, and teachers, where much more evidence exists. We review 13 meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials of burnout interventions in these professions. Based on the findings of this review, we provide suggestions for how practitioners might reduce burnout in athletes. It is hoped that these suggestions are useful in alleviating the symptoms of burnout, and safeguarding athletes from its negative consequences.
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| 25. |
- Nilson, Finn, 1980-, et al.
(author)
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Has the second ‘running boom’ democratized running? : A study on the sociodemographic characteristics of finishers at the world’s largest half marathon
- 2021
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In: Sport in Society. - Abingdon : Taylor & Francis Group. - 1743-0437 .- 1743-0445. ; 24:4, s. 659-669
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Previous studies have shown that runners differ in terms of sociodemographic characteristics. However, given the increase in participants at running races, the question arises whether these sociodemographic differences have been erased and if the second running boom has democratized running. An online questionnaire was sent to a randomized sample (n = 2378) of finishers at the 2017 Gothenburg half marathon (Göteborgsvarvet). The self-reported sociodemographic variables were then compared to Swedish national averages. The results show that Göteborgsvarvet finishers are considerably more likely to be men, well-educated and employed, compared to the general population of Sweden. This study indicates, therefore, that half marathon finishers are still distinctly different in terms of sociodemographic variables compared to the general population. These differences need to be taken into consideration when conclusions are drawn concerning running and its health effects on runners.
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| 26. |
- Nyberg, Claes, 1971-, et al.
(author)
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Dual career support among world-class athletes in Sweden : Performance, education, and employment
- 2023
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In: Frontiers in Psychology. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 1664-1078. ; 13
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In order to help talented athletes to combine sport and education, different forms of Dual Career Support (DCS) have been developed in many countries. The effectiveness of these support systems have been debated. Most studies have investigated young athletes in the beginning of their careers, less is known about athletes who reached the highest levels. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore the extent to which former Swedish world-class athletes have attended dual career sport programs at upper secondary school. A retrospective design was used with 274 former world-class athletes who answered a questionnaire. In order to investigate whether there was a relationship between attending a dual career sport school and athletic characteristics, as well as post career educational and employment outcomes, a series of Chi-square tests were conducted. The main results show that more than half of the athletes did not take part in any DCS. These results indicate that DCS in Sweden is not a decisive factor for success in sports as intended. Half of all participants, regardless of whether they studied at DCS, have studied at university, and all participants had a job at the time of data collection. The majority also consider that their financial situation has improved after their sports career.
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| 27. |
- Pires, Daniel Alvarez, et al.
(author)
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Five unsolved issues concerning burnout in athletes : An expert perspective
- 2024
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In: Sports Psychiatry. - : Hogrefe & Huber Publishers. - 2674-0052. ; 3:1, s. 39-46
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Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Introduction: Concern about mental health is an increasingly relevant topic in high-performance sport. In this regard, because burnout can be harmful to both the health and performance of athletes, it is of particular importance. Although a great deal of time and effort has been dedicated to the study of athlete burnout, there are still issues that require further work. Therefore, in the present paper, we aim to highlight what, in our perspective, are the most important unsolved issues regarding burnout in athletes. Methods: We brought together expert athlete burnout scholars to offer their perspectives on five unresolved issues in this research area. Results: We describe the following five issues that require further research attention: (i) burnout as a syndrome, (ii) the negative consequences of burnout, (iii) the role of recovery in burnout, (iv) the importance of the social environment, and (v) developing effective interventions to reduce/prevent burnout. Conclusion: Our commentary provides suggestions for future research to help solve these problems, advance our understanding of athlete burnout, and ultimately safeguard the mental health of athletes.
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| 28. |
- Skarin, Frida, et al.
(author)
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Maintaining or Losing Intervention-Induced Health-Related Behavior Change. : A Mixed Methods Field Study
- 2021
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In: Frontiers in Psychology. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 1664-1078. ; 12
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The aim of this mixed methods field study was to gain a better understanding of how psychological factors can contribute to success in intervention-induced behavior change over time. While it can be difficult to change behavior, the use of interventions means that most participants succeed in change during the intervention. However, it is rare for the immediate change to automatically transform into maintained behavior changes. Most research conducted on health-related behavior change interventions contains quantitative studies that investigate key intervention components on a group level. Hence, to bring more knowledge about maintained intervention-induced behavior change, there is need for a study approach that enhances the understanding of individual participants' experiences during and after the intervention. Therefore, the present study, which was conducted in Sweden, used a mixed methods design (triangulation) consisting of pre-, post-, and follow-up quantitative data (questionnaires and body measurements) and qualitative data (interviews), where the individuals' accounts are used to broaden the understanding of the intervention and the behavior change process. All study participants were enrolled in a volitional (fee-based and non-manipulated) intervention given by certified gyms. The quantitative data collection included 22 participants who completed questionnaires and body measurements before and after the intervention, plus 13 complete body measurements 6 months after the intervention. The qualitative data included pre-interviews with 12 participants and six follow-up-interviews. The questions in both questionnaires and interviews related to expectations, efficacy, motivation, goals, achievements, behavior change, and future. Overall, the results show that levels of expectations, efficacy, and motivation cannot be used in isolation to predict maintained intervention-induced behavior change. To successfully extend and maintain immediate change, it was crucial to experience goal achievement (but not BMI change). Furthermore, enabling talk was salient in the pre-interviews with participants reporting successful immediate (and maintained) change. By contrast, pre-interview disabling talk turned out to be evident in interviews, with participants not responding to follow-up. When the qualitative and quantitative results are summarized and integrated, it appears that subjective goal achievement, combined with enabling self-talk, were crucial factors in successful maintained behavior change.
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| 29. |
- Skarin, Frida
(author)
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Positive change for wellbeing : Maintained intervention-induced behaviors and healthier lifestyles
- 2023
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Lifestyle behaviors such as increased private car use, stress, low physical activity, and unhealthy eating negatively affect individual and global health, environment and economy. We must change behavior, not only to decrease suffering and economical costs, but to promote wellbeing for flourishing human beings on a living planet. It may not be simple to change ingrained behaviors. Nevertheless, with aid from interventions, the success rate for behavioral change is high, yet not automatically lasting. Despite growing harm, and that brief change generates brief effects, research on maintained intervention-induced behavior is scarce. Due to this research gap, this thesis aims to broaden understanding of psychological mechanisms involved in health- and lifestyle-related intervention-induced behavior and maintenance and suggest potential development for intervention initiators and participants. The aim is approached through three field studies: Study I uses a quantitative approach to investigate motives for intervention participation, as well as psychological mechanisms in early phases of behavior adoption, in relation to immediate behavior change in a travel-intervention setting using incentives. Study II uses a quantitative approach to investigate psychological mechanisms in adopting and maintaining behavior in a mandatory, wellbeing intervention setting. Study III uses a mixed-methods approach to investigate psychological mechanisms on a deeper level, in a fee-based lifestyle intervention. For maintained intervention-induced behavioral change, the main findings indicate the importance of: Focusing on behavior goals; undergoing positive experiences during an intervention; experiencing gains from immediate outcomes; and learning to apply a flexible approach that meets shifting conditions and responses through the different intervention phases.
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| 30. |
- Solstad, Bard Erlend, et al.
(author)
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An exploration of reciprocity between female athletes and their coach in elite junior swimming : a shared reality theory perspective
- 2022
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In: Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health. - : Taylor & Francis. - 2159-676X .- 2159-6778. ; 14:4, s. 545-563
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Based on the proposition that the relationship between a coach and athlete is at its best when both parties contribute to enhancing its quality, the present study sought to investigate if Shared Reality Theory could provide new insights on the topic. Specifically, the purpose of the present study was to explore: (a) how a shared reality is established, or fails to be established, over the course of the sporting partnership between athletes and their coach; and (b) how the presence of a shared reality (or not) in the coach-athlete relationship is related to the experienced quality of the relationship between athletes and their coach, as recorded over time. Narrative inquiry, embedded within a longitudinal qualitative approach, was adopted. Six female elite junior swimmers and their head coach completing three interviews each over a 9-month period. Data were analysed using narrative thematic analysis, leading to the development of two narratives: A prevention-oriented narrative and a promotion-oriented narrative. Overall, the findings suggests that athletes who experience a shared reality with their coach are more motivated and report a higher sense of psychological well-being. To establish the experience of a shared reality, reciprocal and honest communication motivated by trust in the other is needed. Due to power imbalance, it is deemed important for coaches to be supportive and trustworthy to encourage athletes to communicate with them, so the coach and his/her athletes can work together in a synergistic manner.
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| 31. |
- Svensson, Martina, et al.
(author)
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Can motivational interviewing be a helpful professional tool? : Investigating teachers' experiences
- 2021
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In: Educational research (Windsor. Print). - : Taylor & Francis. - 0013-1881 .- 1469-5847. ; 63:4, s. 440-455
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: Motivational interviewing (MI) is a collaborative communication style used to enhance behaviour change, and there is increasing support for using MI in schools. However, little is known about school-based MI from a teacher perspective and how MI is applied by teachers in their daily work. Understanding teachers' use and experiences of MI could provide valuable information for future school development and teacher education. Purpose: This study aimed to explore teachers' experiences and perceptions of applying MI in Swedish compulsory schools (grades 1-9; 7-15 years). Methods: Interviews were conducted with 13 teachers, who taught different subjects in grades 4-9 (10-15 years). The teachers were from five schools in five different municipalities. They all had received a three- or four-day intensive training programme in MI. A qualitative content analysis approach was used to analyse the data. Findings: Our analysis indicated that teachers perceived MI to be a useful method that provided concrete tools to apply in their daily work. The teachers thought that MI facilitated their relational work, and helped them to become more guiding and autonomy-supportive than before. Hence, the teachers expressed a wish that MI should be included in teacher education. In addition, some teachers felt that MI could be effective in conflict management, to respond to pupils with challenging behaviour and to strengthen pupils' motivation, as well as in conversations with parents. However, teachers considered that lack of time was an obstacle to the application of MI in school and noted that MI requires ongoing training and continuity in order to be effective. Conclusions: This small-scale study draws attention to MI's potential as a supportive tool. Further research is needed to determine how far it may help teachers in a range of educational settings as they seek to foster collaborative relationships in school and facilitate relational work with their pupils.
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| 32. |
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| 33. |
- Wagnsson, Stefan, Docent, 1969-, et al.
(author)
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Lessons Learned from a Multi-Level Intervention Program to Reduce Swedish Female Floorballers' Dropout Rate
- 2021
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In: Journal of Sport Psychology in Action. - : Taylor & Francis. - 2152-0704 .- 2152-0712. ; 12:4, s. 226-244
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The purpose of this paper was to describe the development, implementation and outcomes of an intervention program designed to reduce female youth floorballers' (13-18 years) dropout rate over a 2-year period. A strategy, based on a multi-level approach and empirically validated theories of motivation was used in developing and implementing the intervention. Various measures were implemented which may have contributed to the reduction of dropouts. These included: changes to the targeted club policy; hiring a coach responsible for youth sport; forming a youth sport committee and a youth sport group; recruiting a liaison officer who acted as a communication link between various teams, coaches, athletes and the parents; and carrying out an ongoing education program for key stakeholders (i.e., coaches, parents and athletes).
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| 34. |
- Wagnsson, Stefan, Docent, 1969-, et al.
(author)
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Åtgärderna som får fler tonårstjejer att stanna i idrotten
- 2021
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In: Svensk Idrottsforskning. - 1103-4629.
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Journal article (pop. science, debate, etc.)abstract
- Att minska avhoppen från ungdomsidrotten är en högaktuell fråga, inte minst i kölvattnet av coronapandemin och de utmaningar den ställer på föreningsidrotten. Ett projekt vid Karlstads universitet visar att det med en kombination av olika insatser går att göra stor skillnad och få många fler att fortsätta idrotta.Det ett välbekant fenomen att en hög andel utövare, och då speciellt tjejer, tenderar att lämna föreningsidrotten under tonåren. Hur får vi tonårstjejer att stanna kvar länge i idrotten? Det är en angelägen fråga för såväl enskilda individer som för samhället i stort.Med anledning av detta startades ett tvåårigt forskningsprojekt på Karlstad Universitet tillsammans med en lokal innebandyförening, där syftet var att skapa förutsättningar för tonårstjejer att spela innebandy i föreningen så länge som möjligt.Projektet finansierades av Svenska Innebandyförbundet och Karlstads kommun och tog sig an utmaningen genom att rikta en mångfald av åtgärder på flera olika nivåer. Utvärderingen av projektet visade att efter två år hade endast 11 procent (9 av 85 tjejer) av de som inledningsvis ingick i projektet slutat att spela innebandy. Detta kan jämföras med tidigare forskning som visat att det sker ett genomsnittligt årligt avbrott från den organiserade idrotten på 30-35 procent (1,2).Vilka åtgärder var det då som genomfördes? Nedan redovisas de mest centrala åtgärder som implementerades under projektperioden.
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| 35. |
- Watson, Dean, et al.
(author)
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Working with Perfectionistic Athletes in Sport : An Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Perspective
- 2023. - 2nd
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In: The Psychology of Perfectionism in Sport, Dance, and Exercise. - Milton : Taylor & Francis. - 9781003288015 - 9781032255903 - 9781032263786 ; , s. 285-304
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Book chapter (other academic/artistic)abstract
- In this chapter we draw on our applied experiences and research to highlight how perfectionistic athletes can be supported using Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT). The first part of the chapter describes ACT and research that has examined its use for perfectionism. In keeping with other chapters in this section of the book, the second part of the chapter presents a case example of a perfectionistic athlete. Our case example is an aspiring young athlete who in making the transition to the senior performance squad has begun to experience emotional and behavioural problems. Our novel contribution to previous work of this kind is our focus on ACT. Few studies have adopted ACT interventions to reduce perfectionism even though we believe it to be a valuable way of doing so. In addition, there are even fewer exemplars of how to implement this type of intervention in sport. As such, our intention is that the chapter serves as a guide for practitioners unfamiliar with ACT and is a useful addition to other illustrative examples of how to work effectively with perfectionistic athletes.
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| 36. |
- Wilhelmsen, Terese, et al.
(author)
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Experiences of Participants with Spinal Cord Injury at an Active Rehabilitation Camp
- 2024
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In: Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology. - : MDPI. - 2411-5142. ; 9:1
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This study explored the physical, social, and psychological benefits of an active rehabilitation (AR) camp as experienced by participants with spinal cord injury (SCI), and perceived fitness and mastery of being physically active six months after the camp. The study used a mixed-method design with pre- (n = 23), post- (n = 23), and follow-up questionnaires (n = 18) and individual interviews (n = 8). Fuzzy qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) was used to analyze the quantitative data and qualitative content analysis was used to analyze the qualitative data. Results showed that benefits were mainly experienced in the social and psychological domains. As for the physical domain, younger and more recently injured persons with tetraplegia reported more benefits. Six months after the camp, being in the preparation stage of change and being somewhat physically active were necessary and sufficient conditions for experiencing mastery of physical activity regardless of injury type, but only persons with paraplegia experienced fitness benefits. Qualitative data shed further light on the perceived benefits of the camp. The knowledge gained from this study might help practitioners to tailor interventions to individual needs and researchers to ask questions that take into consideration the complexity of active rehabilitation and changes in physical activity behavior for people with SCI.
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