| 1. |
- Abou-Hamdan, Abbas, et al.
(författare)
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Functional design of bacterial superoxide : quinone oxidoreductase
- 2022
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Ingår i: Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Bioenergetics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0005-2728 .- 1879-2650. ; 1863:7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The superoxide anion - molecular oxygen reduced by a single electron - is produced in large amounts by enzymatic and adventitious reactions. It can perform a range of cellular functions, including bacterial warfare and iron uptake, signalling and host immune response in eukaryotes. However, it also serves as precursor for more deleterious species such as the hydroxyl anion or peroxynitrite and defense mechanisms to neutralize superoxide are important for cellular health. In addition to the soluble proteins superoxide dismutase and superoxide reductase, recently the membrane embedded diheme cytochrome b561 (CybB) from E. coli has been proposed to act as a superoxide:quinone oxidoreductase. Here, we confirm superoxide and cellular ubiquinones or menaquinones as natural substrates and show that quinone binding to the enzyme accelerates the reaction with superoxide. The reactivity of the substrates is in accordance with the here determined midpoint potentials of the two b hemes (+48 and -23 mV / NHE). Our data suggest that the enzyme can work near the diffusion limit in the forward direction and can also catalyse the reverse reaction efficiently under physiological conditions. The data is discussed in the context of described cytochrome b561 proteins and potential physiological roles of CybB.
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| 2. |
- Chaptal, Vincent, et al.
(författare)
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Substrate-bound and substrate-free outward-facing structures of a multidrug ABC exporter
- 2022
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Ingår i: Science Advances. - : American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). - 2375-2548. ; 8:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Multidrug ABC transporters translocate drugs across membranes by a mechanism for which the molecular features of drug release are so far unknown. Here, we resolved three ATP-Mg2+-bound outward-facing conformations of the Bacillus subtilis (homodimeric) BmrA by x-ray crystallography and single-particle cryo-electron microscopy (EM) in detergent solution, one of them with rhodamine 6G (R6G), a substrate exported by BmrA when over-expressed in B. subtilis. Two R6G molecules bind to the drug-binding cavity at the level of the outer leaflet, between transmembrane (TM) helices 1-2 of one monomer and TM5'-6' of the other. They induce a rearrangement of TM1-2, highlighting a local flexibility that we confirmed by hydrogen/deuterium exchange and molecular dynamics simulations. In the absence of R6G, simulations show a fast postrelease occlusion of the cavity driven by hydrophobicity, while when present, R6G can move within the cavity, maintaining it open.
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| 3. |
- Shilova, Anastasiia, et al.
(författare)
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Current status and future opportunities for serial crystallography at MAX IV Laboratory
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Synchrotron Radiation. - Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell. - 0909-0495 .- 1600-5775. ; 27, s. 1095-1102
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Over the last decade, serial crystallography, a method to collect complete diffraction datasets from a large number of microcrystals delivered and exposed to an X-ray beam in random orientations at room temperature, has been successfully implemented at X-ray free-electron lasers and synchrotron radiation facility beamlines. This development relies on a growing variety of sample presentation methods, including different fixed target supports, injection methods using gas-dynamic virtual-nozzle injectors and high-viscosity extrusion injectors, and acoustic levitation of droplets, each with unique requirements. In comparison with X-ray free-electron lasers, increased beam time availability makes synchrotron facilities very attractive to perform serial synchrotron X-ray crystallography (SSX) experiments. Within this work, the possibilities to perform SSX at BioMAX, the first macromolecular crystallography beamline at studies from the SSX user program: an implementation of a high-viscosity extrusion injector to perform room temperature serial crystallography at BioMAX using two solid supports - silicon nitride membranes (Silson, UK) and XtalTool (Jena Bioscience, Germany). Future perspectives for the dedicated serial crystallography beamline MicroMAX at MAX IV Laboratory, which will provide parallel and intense micrometre-sized X-ray beams, are discussed.
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| 4. |
- Diamanti, Riccardo, et al.
(författare)
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Comparative structural analysis provides new insights into the function of R2-like ligand-binding oxidase
- 2022
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Ingår i: FEBS Letters. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0014-5793 .- 1873-3468. ; 596:12, s. 1600-1610
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- R2-like ligand-binding oxidase (R2lox) is a ferritin-like protein that harbours a heterodinuclear manganese–iron active site. Although R2lox function is yet to be established, the enzyme binds a fatty acid ligand coordinating the metal centre and catalyses the formation of a tyrosine–valine ether cross-link in the protein scaffold upon O2 activation. Here, we characterized the ligands copurified with R2lox by mass spectrometry-based metabolomics. Moreover, we present the crystal structures of two new homologs of R2lox, from Saccharopolyspora erythraea and Sulfolobus acidocaldarius, at 1.38 Å and 2.26 Å resolution, respectively, providing the highest resolution structure for R2lox, as well as new insights into putative mechanisms regulating the function of the enzyme.
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| 5. |
- Diamanti, Riccardo, 1988-
(författare)
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Shining light on unknown function proteins
- 2022
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The study of protein structure and function is a fundamental step for understanding biological systems and for creating a solid ground for future drug development. Despite the development of novel ground-breaking biochemical and bioinformatical tools in the last decades, most proteins found in nature still have unknown assigned function. In this thesis, I present four publications aimed at protein structure and function determination. In these publications we present one method for high-throughput condition screening of membrane proteins for structural studies and three publications that aim at contributing to the understanding of proteins found in the pathogenic bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the deadliest bacterium worldwide, responsible for over 1 million deaths every year. Membrane proteins are very important targets for drug development. However, the study of membrane proteins is much more complex than fortheir soluble counterpart. In paper I, we developed a high-throughput method for detergent screening of membrane proteins that significantly reduces the time needed to find optimal conditions for structural studies. We developed amethod that allows for the screening of 192 protein-detergent conditions in 3 days. We used a TEV-folding reporter GFP-His tag vector to be able to measure the stability and amount of each sample after detergent solubilization of the cell lysate.In paper II, we characterized the Mycobacterium smegmatis respiratory supercomplex accessory proteins AscF and AscG. AscF and AscG arelocated in close proximity to the D and K proton pathways of Cytochrome c oxidase and might play a regulatory role in the respiratory supercomplex. Wes how how AscF and AscG do not bind nor metals nor nucleotides, but that they are essential for the normal growth of the M. smegmatis. We also show that both proteins are highly conserved in almost whole Mycobacteriales families, including M. tuberculosis. In paper III, we present two novel structures of the ferritin-like protein R2lox and further characterize the co-purified ligands in its lipid-binding pocket. We demonstrate how the two prevalent ligands that co-purify with the enzyme are fatty acids that host a C12 hydroxy-group and a double bond between the hydroxy group and the carboxylic group. The new structures from Sulfolobus acidocaldarius and Saccharopolyspora erythraea reveal new information about the enzyme’s possible regulatory mechanism and its possible interaction with partner proteins. In paper IV, we performed structural and functional studies of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) synthase (NadE), which performs the last step of the de novo synthesis of NAD+: the amidation of nicotinic acidadenine dinucleotide (NaAD) into NAD+. We showed that some prokaryotes concert up to three NadE isoforms depending on external ammonium (NH3) availability. During high external concentrations of NH3, the ammonium-dependent NadE acts as primary catalyst of NAD+ synthesis. However, two glutamine-dependent homologues are capable of deamidation of glutamine when external ammonium availability is reduced. We show how the octameric glutamine-dependent NadE is the principal catalyst during nitrogen-fixing conditions, while the dimeric variant is the primary catalyst when NH3 availability is limited.
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| 6. |
- Grāve, Kristīne, 1988-, et al.
(författare)
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High-throughput strategy for identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis membrane protein expression conditions using folding reporter GFP
- 2022
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Ingår i: Protein Expression and Purification. - : Elsevier BV. - 1046-5928 .- 1096-0279. ; 198
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis membrane protein biochemistry and structural biology studies are often hampered by challenges in protein expression and selection for well-expressing protein candidates, suitable for further investigation. Here we present a folding reporter GFP (frGFP) assay, adapted for M. tuberculosis membrane protein screening in Escherichia coli Rosetta 2 (DE3) and Mycobacterium smegmatis mc24517. This method allows protein expression condition screening for multiple protein targets simultaneously by monitoring frGFP fluorescence in growing cells. We discuss the impact of common protein expression conditions on 42 essential M. tuberculosis H37Rv helical transmembrane proteins and establish the grounds for their further analysis. We have found that the basal expression of the lac operon in the T7-promoter expression system generally leads to high recombinant protein yield in M. smegmatis, and we suggest that a screening condition without the inducer is included in routine protein expression tests. In addition to the general observations, we describe conditions allowing high-level expression of more than 25 essential M. tuberculosis membrane proteins, containing 2 to 13 transmembrane helices. We hope that these findings will stimulate M. tuberculosis membrane protein research and aid the efforts in drug development against tuberculosis.
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| 7. |
- Grāve, Kristīne, 1988-
(författare)
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Structural basis for metalloprotein catalysis : Characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis phosphatidylinositol phosphate synthase PgsA1 and Bacillus anthracis ribonucleotide reductase R2
- 2020
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- About a third of all proteins need to associate with a particular metal ion or metallo-inorganic cofactor to function. This interplay expands the catalytic repertoire of enzymes and reflects the adaption of these catalytic macromolecules to the environments they have evolved in. A large portion of this work focuses on the membrane metalloprotein PgsA1 from the pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis and a radical-harboring protein R2 from the pathogen Bacillus anthracis, offering a glimpse into the metalloprotein universe and the catalysis they perform.This thesis is divided into two parts; the first part describes a method for high-throughput M. tuberculosis membrane protein expression screening in Escherichia coli and Mycobacterium smegmatis. This method employs target membrane protein fusions with the folding reporter Green Fluorescent Protein, allowing for fast selection of well-expressing membrane protein targets for further structural and functional characterization. This technique allowed overexpression of M. tuberculosis phosphatidylinositol phosphate synthase PgsA1, leading to its crystallization and the characterization of its high-resolution three-dimensional structure. PgsA1 is a MgII- dependent enzyme, catalyzing a vital step in the biosynthesis of phosphatidylinositol – one of the major phospholipids comprising the complex mycobacterial cell envelope. Therefore, PgsA1 presents an attractive target for the development of new antibiotics against tuberculosis.The second part of this thesis concerns the structural characterization of the B. anthracis class Ib ribonucleotide reductase radical-generating subunit R2 (R2b). R2b contains a dinuclear metallocofactor, which is able to be activated by dioxygen and generates a stable tyrosyl radical; the radical is further used for initiation of nucleotide reduction in the catalytic subunit of ribonucleotide reductase. R2b proteins utilize a di-manganese cofactor in vivo, but can also generate the radical using a di-iron cofactor in vitro, albeit less efficiently. How does R2b achieve correct metallation for efficient catalysis? We show that the B. anthracis R2b protein scaffold is able to select manganese over iron, and furthermore, describe the structural features that govern this metal-specificity. In addition, we describe redox-dependent structural changes in di-iron B. anthracis R2b after reaction with O2, and propose their role in gating solvent access to the metallocofactor and the radical site.
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| 8. |
- Grāve, Kristīne, et al.
(författare)
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The Bacillus anthracis class Ib ribonucleotide reductase subunit NrdF intrinsically selects manganese over iron
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0949-8257 .- 1432-1327. ; 25:4, s. 571-582
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Correct protein metallation in the complex mixture of the cell is a prerequisite for metalloprotein function. While some metals, such as Cu, are commonly chaperoned, specificity towards metals earlier in the Irving-Williams series is achieved through other means, the determinants of which are poorly understood. The dimetal carboxylate family of proteins provides an intriguing example, as different proteins, while sharing a common fold and the same 4-carboxylate 2-histidine coordination sphere, are known to require either a Fe/Fe, Mn/Fe or Mn/Mn cofactor for function. We previously showed that the R2lox proteins from this family spontaneously assemble the heterodinuclear Mn/Fe cofactor. Here we show that the class Ib ribonucleotide reductase R2 protein from Bacillus anthracis spontaneously assembles a Mn/Mn cofactor in vitro, under both aerobic and anoxic conditions, when the metal-free protein is subjected to incubation with Mn-II and Fe-II in equal concentrations. This observation provides an example of a protein scaffold intrinsically predisposed to defy the Irving-Williams series and supports the assumption that the Mn/Mn cofactor is the biologically relevant cofactor in vivo. Substitution of a second coordination sphere residue changes the spontaneous metallation of the protein to predominantly form a heterodinuclear Mn/Fe cofactor under aerobic conditions and a Mn/Mn metal center under anoxic conditions. Together, the results describe the intrinsic metal specificity of class Ib RNR and provide insight into control mechanisms for protein metallation.
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| 9. |
- John, Juliane, 1987-
(författare)
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High (valent) on O2 : Ribonucleotide Reductase and Methane Monooxygenase
- 2023
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Macromolecular X-ray crystallography (MX) is a powerful method to investigate protein structures. However, proteins with redox-active centres and radicals are very susceptible to photoreduction. It is therefore challenging to acquire structural details of redox-active centres in defined oxidation states or protein radicals using synchrotron radiation. Serial femtosecond crystallography (SFX) using X-ray free electron laser (XFEL) radiation mitigates this problem. XFELs produce intense pulses of femtosecond length that give rise to diffraction before photoinduced movement can occur in the illuminated protein. Additionally, SFX allows experiments at room temperature and induction of reactions in crystallo. In this thesis two different redox-active enzyme systems were investigated with MX and SFX. The first part examines ribonucleotide reductase (RNR). RNR is the only known enzyme to synthesize de novo deoxyribonucleotides, the building blocks of DNA. Class I RNR consists of a small subunit R2 and a large subunit R1. R2 generates a radical in an oxygen dependent way and delivers it to R1 for ribonucleotide reduction. After catalysis the radical is transferred back to R2 until further use. Class I RNR is divided in five subclasses, mostly based on their mechanism of radical generation. In Paper I class Ib R2 is investigated. R2b binds two manganese ions that react with superoxide to produce a radical. The superoxide is provided by a small flavoprotein, NrdI, bound to R2. When exposed to molecular oxygen, reduced NrdI generates superoxide that is transferred to the R2 active site. Here two SFX structures of reduced and oxidized NrdI in complex with R2 are presented and it is suggested how the binding and NrdI oxidation state could influence the superoxide production. In Paper II the SFX structure of a R2e protein radical is presented. Class Ie R2 contains a metal-free active site. The comparison of the radical structure with a ground state structure highlights the changes induced by radical formation. A mechanism for the initiation of the radical transfer to R1 is proposed based on the structural details observed. In Paper III light is shed on a new variant of R2e. Three of the typically conserved active site residues are mutated in R2e; from three glutamates to valine, proline and lysine (VPK) or to glutamine, serine and lysine (QSK). Other publications, including Paper II, describe the VPK mutation but as of now the QSK variant has not been examined. Here, crystal structures of a R2e QSK protein are shown. A tyrosine close to the active site is post-translationally modified to a dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA). The amount of modified protein is shown to scale with the coexpression of other proteins of the RNR operon. The second redox-active enzyme investigated is soluble methane monooxygenase (sMMO). sMMO oxidizes methane to methanol and is produced by methanotrophs; bacteria that use methane as their sole carbon source. Methane is a potent greenhouse gas and can be found in ever increasing concentrations in the atmosphere due to human activities; sMMO is thus a compelling target for biotechnological development. Paper IV presents SFX structures of the catalytic subunit MMOH in complex with its small regulatory subunit MMOB in the oxidized and reduced resting state. It is also demonstrated that the complex can undergo the catalytic cycle in crystallo, allowing investigation of reaction cycle intermediates in the future.
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| 10. |
- John, Juliane, et al.
(författare)
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Redox-controlled reorganization and flavin strain within the ribonucleotide reductase R2b–NrdI complex monitored by serial femtosecond crystallography
- 2022
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Ingår i: eLIFE. - 2050-084X. ; 11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Redox reactions are central to biochemistry and are both controlled by and induce protein structural changes. Here, we describe structural rearrangements and crosstalk within the Bacillus cereus ribonucleotide reductase R2b–NrdI complex, a di-metal carboxylate-flavoprotein system, as part of the mechanism generating the essential catalytic free radical of the enzyme. Femtosecond crystallography at an X-ray free electron laser was utilized to obtain structures at room temperature in defined redox states without suffering photoreduction. Together with density functional theory calculations, we show that the flavin is under steric strain in the R2b–NrdI protein complex, likely tuning its redox properties to promote superoxide generation. Moreover, a binding site in close vicinity to the expected flavin O2 interaction site is observed to be controlled by the redox state of the flavin and linked to the channel proposed to funnel the produced superoxide species from NrdI to the di-manganese site in protein R2b. These specific features are coupled to further structural changes around the R2b–NrdI interaction surface. The mechanistic implications for the control of reactive oxygen species and radical generation in protein R2b are discussed.
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| 11. |
- John, Juliane, et al.
(författare)
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Redox-controlled reorganization and flavin strain within the ribonucleotide reductase R2b–NrdI complex monitored by serial femtosecond crystallography
- 2022
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Ingår i: eLIFE. - : eLife Sciences Publications Ltd. - 2050-084X. ; 11
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Redox reactions are central to biochemistry and are both controlled by and induce protein structural changes. Here, we describe structural rearrangements and crosstalk within the Bacillus cereus ribonucleotide reductase R2b–NrdI complex, a di-metal carboxylate-flavoprotein system, as part of the mechanism generating the essential catalytic free radical of the enzyme. Femtosecond crystallography at an X-ray free electron laser was utilized to obtain structures at room temperature in defined redox states without suffering photoreduction. Together with density functional theory calculations, we show that the flavin is under steric strain in the R2b–NrdI protein complex, likely tuning its redox properties to promote superoxide generation. Moreover, a binding site in close vicinity to the expected flavin O2 interaction site is observed to be controlled by the redox state of the flavin and linked to the channel proposed to funnel the produced superoxide species from NrdI to the di-manganese site in protein R2b. These specific features are coupled to further structural changes around the R2b–NrdI interaction surface. The mechanistic implications for the control of reactive oxygen species and radical generation in protein R2b are discussed.
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| 12. |
- Kisgeropoulos, Effie C., et al.
(författare)
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Key Structural Motifs Balance Metal Binding and Oxidative Reactivity in a Heterobimetallic Mn/Fe Protein
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of the American Chemical Society. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0002-7863 .- 1520-5126. ; 142:11, s. 5338-5354
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Heterobimetallic Mn/Fe proteins represent a new cofactor paradigm in bioinorganic chemistry and pose countless outstanding questions. The assembly of the active site defies common chemical convention by contradicting the Irving-Williams series, while the scope of reactivity remains unexplored. In this work, the assembly and C-H bond activation process in the Mn/Fe R2-like ligand-binding oxidase (R2lox) protein is investigated using a suite of biophysical techniques, including time-resolved optical spectroscopy, global kinetic modeling, X-ray crystallography, electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, protein electrochemistry, and mass spectrometry. Selective metal binding is found to be under thermodynamic control, with the binding sites within the apoprotein exhibiting greater Mn-II affinity than Fe-II affinity. The comprehensive analysis of structure and reactivity of wild-type R2lox and targeted primary and secondary sphere mutants indicate that the efficiency of C-H bond activation directly correlates with the Mn/Fe cofactor reduction potentials and is inversely related to divalent metal binding affinity. These findings suggest the R2lox active site is precisely tuned for achieving both selective heterobimetallic binding and high levels of reactivity and offer a mechanism to examine the means by which proteins achieve appropriate metal incorporation.
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| 13. |
- Król, Sylwia, et al.
(författare)
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Electron and proton transfer in the M. smegmatis III2IV2 supercomplex
- 2022
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Ingår i: Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Bioenergetics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0005-2728 .- 1879-2650. ; 1863:7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The M. smegmatis respiratory III2IV2 supercomplex consists of a complex III (CIII) dimer flanked on each side by a complex IV (CIV) monomer, electronically connected by a di-heme cyt. cc subunit of CIII. The supercomplex displays a quinol oxidation‑oxygen reduction activity of ~90 e−/s. In the current work we have investigated the kinetics of electron and proton transfer upon reaction of the reduced supercomplex with molecular oxygen. The data show that, as with canonical CIV, oxidation of reduced CIV at pH 7 occurs in three resolved components with time constants ~30 μs, 100 μs and 4 ms, associated with the formation of the so-called peroxy (P), ferryl (F) and oxidized (O) intermediates, respectively. Electron transfer from cyt. cc to the primary electron acceptor of CIV, CuA, displays a time constant of ≤100 μs, while re-reduction of cyt. cc by heme b occurs with a time constant of ~4 ms. In contrast to canonical CIV, neither the P → F nor the F → O reactions are pH dependent, but the P → F reaction displays a H/D kinetic isotope effect of ~3. Proton uptake through the D pathway in CIV displays a single time constant of ~4 ms, i.e. a factor of ~40 slower than with canonical CIV. The slowed proton uptake kinetics and absence of pH dependence are attributed to binding of a loop from the QcrB subunit of CIII at the D proton pathway of CIV. Hence, the data suggest that function of CIV is modulated by way of supramolecular interactions with CIII.
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| 14. |
- Lebrette, Hugo, 1986-, et al.
(författare)
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Structure of a ribonucleotide reductase R2 protein radical
- 2023
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Ingår i: Science. - : American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). - 0036-8075 .- 1095-9203. ; 382:6666, s. 109-113
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aerobic ribonucleotide reductases (RNRs) initiate synthesis of DNA building blocks by generating a free radical within the R2 subunit; the radical is subsequently shuttled to the catalytic R1 subunit through proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET). We present a high-resolution room temperature structure of the class Ie R2 protein radical captured by x-ray free electron laser serial femtosecond crystallography. The structure reveals conformational reorganization to shield the radical and connect it to the translocation path, with structural changes propagating to the surface where the protein interacts with the catalytic R1 subunit. Restructuring of the hydrogen bond network, including a notably short O-O interaction of 2.41 angstroms, likely tunes and gates the radical during PCET. These structural results help explain radical handling and mobilization in RNR and have general implications for radical transfer in proteins.
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| 15. |
- Lundgren, Camilla A. K., et al.
(författare)
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Solution and Membrane Interaction Dynamics of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Fatty Acyl-CoA Synthetase FadD13
- 2021
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Ingår i: Biochemistry. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0006-2960 .- 1520-4995. ; 60:19, s. 1520-1532
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The very-long-chain fatty acyl-CoA synthetase FadD13 from Mycobacterium tuberculosis activates fatty acids for further use in mycobacterial lipid metabolism. FadD13 is a peripheral membrane protein, with both soluble and membrane-bound populations in vivo. The protein displays a distinct positively charged surface patch, suggested to be involved in membrane association. In this paper, we combine structural analysis with liposome co-flotation assays and membrane association modeling to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms behind membrane association. We show that FadD13 has affinity for negatively charged lipids, such as cardiolipin. Addition of a fatty acid substrate to the liposomes increases the apparent affinity of FadD13, consistent with our previous hypothesis that FadD13 can utilize the membrane to harbor its very-long-chain fatty acyl substrates. In addition, we unambiguously show that FadD13 adopts a dimeric arrangement in solution. The dimer interface partly buries the positive surface patch, seemingly inconsistent with membrane binding. Notably, when cross-linking the dimer, it lost its ability to bind and co-migrate with liposomes. To better understand the dynamics of association, we utilized two mutant variants of FadD13, one in which the positively charged patch was altered to become more negative and one more hydrophobic. Both variants were predominantly monomeric in solution. The hydrophobic variant maintained the ability to bind to the membrane, whereas the negative variant did not. Taken together, our data indicate that FadD13 exists in a dynamic equilibrium between the dimer and monomer, where the monomeric state can adhere to the membrane via the positively charged surface patch.
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| 16. |
- Martiel, Isabelle, et al.
(författare)
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Versatile microporous polymer-based supports for serial macromolecular crystallography
- 2021
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Ingår i: Acta Crystallographica Section D. - 2059-7983. ; 77, s. 1153-1167
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Serial data collection has emerged as a major tool for data collection at state-of-the-art light sources, such as microfocus beamlines at synchrotrons and X-ray free-electron lasers. Challenging targets, characterized by small crystal sizes, weak diffraction and stringent dose limits, benefit most from these methods. Here, the use of a thin support made of a polymer-based membrane for performing serial data collection or screening experiments is demonstrated. It is shown that these supports are suitable for a wide range of protein crystals suspended in liquids. The supports have also proved to be applicable to challenging cases such as membrane proteins growing in the sponge phase. The sample-deposition method is simple and robust, as well as flexible and adaptable to a variety of cases. It results in an optimally thin specimen providing low background while maintaining minute amounts of mother liquor around the crystals. The 2 × 2 mm area enables the deposition of up to several microlitres of liquid. Imaging and visualization of the crystals are straightforward on the highly transparent membrane. Thanks to their affordable fabrication, these supports have the potential to become an attractive option for serial experiments at synchrotrons and free-electron lasers.
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| 17. |
- Martínez-Carranza, Markel, et al.
(författare)
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A ribonucleotide reductase from Clostridium botulinum reveals distinct evolutionary pathways to regulation via the overall activity site
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Biological Chemistry. - : American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. - 0021-9258 .- 1083-351X. ; 295:46, s. 15576-15587
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) is a central enzyme for the synthesis of DNA building blocks. Most aerobic organisms, including nearly all eukaryotes, have class I RNRs consisting of R1 and R2 subunits. The catalytic R1 subunit contains an overall activity site that can allosterically turn the enzyme on or off by the binding of ATP or dATP, respectively. The mechanism behind the ability to turn the enzyme off via the R1 subunit involves the formation of different types of R1 oligomers in most studied species and R1–R2 octamers in Escherichia coli. To better understand the distribution of different oligomerization mechanisms, we characterized the enzyme from Clostridium botulinum, which belongs to a subclass of class I RNRs not studied before. The recombinantly expressed enzyme was analyzed by size-exclusion chromatography, gas-phase electrophoretic mobility macromolecular analysis, EM, X-ray crystallography, and enzyme assays. Interestingly, it shares the ability of the E. coli RNR to form inhibited R1–R2 octamers in the presence of dATP but, unlike the E. coli enzyme, cannot be turned off by combinations of ATP and dGTP/dTTP. A phylogenetic analysis of class I RNRs suggests that activity regulation is not ancestral but was gained after the first subclasses diverged and that RNR subclasses with inhibition mechanisms involving R1 oligomerization belong to a clade separated from the two subclasses forming R1–R2 octamers. These results give further insight into activity regulation in class I RNRs as an evolutionarily dynamic process.
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| 18. |
- Moe, Agnes, et al.
(författare)
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The respiratory supercomplex from C. glutamicum
- 2022
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Ingår i: Structure. - : Elsevier BV. - 0969-2126 .- 1878-4186. ; 30:3, s. 338-349
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Corynebacterium glutamicum is a preferentially aerobic gram-positive bacterium belonging to the phylum Actinobacteria, which also includes the pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In these bacteria, respiratory complexes III and IV form a CIII2CIV2 supercomplex that catalyzes oxidation of menaquinol and reduction of dioxygen to water. We isolated the C. glutamicum supercomplex and used cryo-EM to determine its structure at 2.9 Å resolution. The structure shows a central CIII2 dimer flanked by a CIV on two sides. A menaquinone is bound in each of the QN and QP sites in each CIII and an additional menaquinone is positioned ∼14 Å from heme bL. A di-heme cyt. cc subunit electronically connects each CIII with an adjacent CIV, with the Rieske iron-sulfur protein positioned with the iron near heme bL. Multiple subunits interact to form a convoluted sub-structure at the cytoplasmic side of the supercomplex, which defines a path for proton transfer into CIV.
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| 19. |
- Pata, Jorgaq, et al.
(författare)
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Purification and characterization of Cdr1, the drug-efflux pump conferring azole resistance in Candida species
- 2024
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Ingår i: Biochimie. - 0300-9084 .- 1638-6183. ; 220, s. 167-178
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Candida albicans and C. glabrata express exporters of the ATP -binding cassette (ABC) superfamily and address them to their plasma membrane to expel azole antifungals, which cancels out their action and allows the yeast to become multidrug resistant (MDR). In a way to understand this mechanism of defense, we describe the purification and characterization of Cdr1, the membrane ABC exporter mainly responsible for such phenotype in both species. Cdr1 proteins were functionally expressed in the baker yeast, tagged at their C -terminal end with either a His -tag for the glabrata version, cgCdr1-His, or a green fluorescent protein (GFP) preceded by a proteolytic cleavage site for the albicans version, caCdr1-P-GFP. A membrane Cdr1-enriched fraction was then prepared to assay several detergents and stabilizers, probing their level of extraction and the ATPase activity of the proteins as a functional marker. Immobilized metal -affinity and size -exclusion chromatographies (IMAC, SEC) were then carried out to isolate homogenous samples. Overall, our data show that although topologically and phylogenetically close, both proteins display quite distinct behaviors during the extraction and purification steps, and qualify cgCdr1 as a good candidate to characterize this type of proteins for developing future inhibitors of their azole antifungal efflux activity.
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| 20. |
- Srinivas, Vivek, et al.
(författare)
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High-Resolution XFEL Structure of the Soluble Methane Monooxygenase Hydroxylase Complex with its Regulatory Component at Ambient Temperature in Two Oxidation States
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of the American Chemical Society. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0002-7863 .- 1520-5126. ; 142:33, s. 14249-14266
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Soluble methane monooxygenase (sMMO)is a multicomponent metalloenzyme that catalyzes the conversion of methane to methanol at ambient temperature using a nonheme, oxygen-bridged dinuclear iron cluster in the active site. Structural changes in the hydroxylase component (sMMOH) containing the diiron cluster caused by complex formation with a regulatory component (MMOB) and by iron reduction are important for the regulation of O-2 activation and substrate hydroxylation. Structural studies of metalloenzymes using traditional synchrotron-based X-ray crystallography are often complicated by partial X-ray-induced photoreduction of the metal center, thereby obviating determination of the structure of the enzyme in pure oxidation states. Here, microcrystals of the sMMOH:MMOB complex from Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b were serially exposed to X-ray free electron laser (XFEL) pulses, where the <= 35 fs duration of exposure of an individual crystal yields diffraction data before photoreduction-induced structural changes can manifest. Merging diffraction patterns obtained from thousands of crystals generates radiation damage-free, 1.95 angstrom resolution crystal structures for the fully oxidized and fully reduced states of the sMMOH:MMOB complex for the first time. The results provide new insight into the manner by which the diiron cluster and the active site environment are reorganized by the regulatory protein component in order to enhance the steps of oxygen activation and methane oxidation. This study also emphasizes the value of XFEL and serial femtosecond crystallography (SFX) methods for investigating the structures of metalloenzymes with radiation sensitive metal active sites.
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| 21. |
- Wiseman, Benjamin, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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Alternating L4 loop architecture of the bacterial polysaccharide co-polymerase WzzE
- 2023
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Ingår i: Communications Biology. - 2399-3642. ; 6:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Lipopolysaccharides such as the enterobacterial common antigen are important components of the enterobacterial cell envelope that act as a protective barrier against the environment and are often polymerized by the inner membrane bound Wzy-dependent pathway. By employing cryo-electron microscopy we show that WzzE, the co-polymerase component of this pathway that is responsible for the length modulation of the enterobacterial common antigen, is octameric with alternating up-down conformations of its L4 loops. The alternating up-down nature of these essential loops, located at the top of the periplasmic bell, are modulated by clashing helical faces between adjacent protomers that flank the L4 loops around the octameric periplasmic bell. This alternating arrangement and a highly negatively charged binding face create a dynamic environment in which the polysaccharide chain is extended, and suggest a ratchet-type mechanism for polysaccharide elongation. Cryo-EM structure of bacterial polysaccharide co-polymerase WzzE provides insight into possible mechanisms of lipopolysaccharide elongation and length regulation.
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| 22. |
- Wiseman, Benjamin, et al.
(författare)
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Conformational changes in Apolipoprotein N-acyltransferase (Lnt)
- 2020
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Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2045-2322. ; 10, s. 1-11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Lipoproteins are important components of the cell envelope and are responsible for many essential cellular functions. They are produced by the post-translational covalent attachment of lipids that occurs via a sequential 3-step process controlled by three integral membrane enzymes. The last step of this process, unique to Gram-negative bacteria, is the N-acylation of the terminal cysteine by Apolipoprotein N-acyltransferase (Lnt) to form the final mature lipoprotein. Here we report 2 crystal forms of Lnt from Escherichia coli. In one form we observe a highly dynamic arm that is able to restrict access to the active site as well as a covalent modification to the active site cysteine consistent with the thioester acyl-intermediate. In the second form, the enzyme crystallized in an open conformation exposing the active site to the environment. In total we observe 3 unique Lnt molecules that when taken together suggest the movement of essential loops and residues are triggered by substrate binding that could control the interaction between Lnt and the incoming substrate apolipoprotein. The results provide a dynamic context for residues shown to be central for Lnt function and provide further insights into its mechanism.
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| 23. |
- Wiseman, Benjamin, et al.
(författare)
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Structure of a full-length bacterial polysaccharide co-polymerase
- 2021
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Ingår i: Nature Communications. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2041-1723. ; 12:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Lipopolysaccharides are important components of the bacterial cell envelope that among other things act as a protective barrier against the environment and toxic molecules such as antibiotics. One of the most widely disseminated pathways of polysaccharide biosynthesis is the inner membrane bound Wzy-dependent pathway. Here we present the 3.0 Å structure of the co-polymerase component of this pathway, WzzB from E. coli solved by single-particle cryo-electron microscopy. The overall architecture is octameric and resembles a box jellyfish containing a large bell-shaped periplasmic domain with the 2-helix transmembrane domain from each protomer, positioned 32 Å apart, encircling a large empty transmembrane chamber. This structure also reveals the architecture of the transmembrane domain, including the location of key residues for the Wzz-family of proteins and the Wzy-dependent pathway present in many Gram-negative bacteria, explaining several of the previous biochemical and mutational studies and lays the foundation for future investigations.
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| 24. |
- Zhao, Jingjing, et al.
(författare)
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A simple pressure-assisted method for MicroED specimen preparation
- 2021
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Ingår i: Nature Communications. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2041-1723. ; 12:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Micro-crystal electron diffraction (MicroED) has shown great potential for structure determination of macromolecular crystals too small for X-ray diffraction. However, specimen preparation remains a major bottleneck. Here, we report a simple method for preparing MicroED specimens, named Preassis, in which excess liquid is removed through an EM grid with the assistance of pressure. We show the ice thicknesses can be controlled by tuning the pressure in combination with EM grids with appropriate carbon hole sizes. Importantly, Preassis can handle a wide range of protein crystals grown in various buffer conditions including those with high viscosity, as well as samples with low crystal concentrations. Preassis is a simple and universal method for MicroED specimen preparation, and will significantly broaden the applications of MicroED.
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